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- Data acquisition (56)
- Geschwindigkeit (56)
- Development (55)
- Speed (55)
- injury) (55)
- Entwicklung (54)
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- Verletzung) (54)
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- Driving (veh) (38)
- Modification (38)
- Motorcyclist (38)
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- Motorway (38)
- Passives Sicherheitssystem (38)
- Pkw (38)
- Use (38)
- Education (37)
- Fahrerassistenzsystem (37)
- Prognose (37)
- Rechenmodell (37)
- Wirksamkeitsuntersuchung (37)
- Accident rate (36)
- Data bank (36)
- Erziehung (36)
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- Lorry (36)
- Mathematical model (36)
- Verkehrssteuerung (36)
- Belastung (35)
- Durability (35)
- Load (35)
- Organisation (35)
- Unfallhäufigkeit (35)
- Verkehrsstärke (35)
- Verminderung (35)
- Dauerhaftigkeit (34)
- Driver assistance system (34)
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- Traffic control (34)
- Urban area (34)
- Veränderung (34)
- Design (overall design) (33)
- Fahranfänger (33)
- Fernverkehrsstraße (33)
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- Verkehrserhebung (33)
- Child (32)
- Decrease (32)
- Frontalzusammenstoß (32)
- Kosten (32)
- Modell (32)
- Passive safety system (32)
- Recently qualified driver (32)
- Road network (32)
- Straßennetz (32)
- Vehicle occupant (32)
- Head on collision (31)
- Highway design (31)
- Lkw (31)
- Alte Leute (30)
- Condition survey (30)
- Cost (30)
- Impact test (veh) (30)
- Straßenentwurf (30)
- Zustandsbewertung (30)
- Accident reconstruction (29)
- Attitude (psychol) (29)
- Information (29)
- Old people (29)
- Skill (road user) (29)
- Surfacing (29)
- Traffic count (29)
- Active safety system (28)
- Driver training (28)
- Driving aptitude (28)
- Erste Hilfe (28)
- Jugendlicher (28)
- Knotenpunkt (28)
- Risikobewertung (28)
- Adolescent (27)
- Ausrüstung (27)
- Equipment (27)
- Gestaltung (27)
- Motorrad (27)
- Norm (tech) (27)
- Sachschaden (27)
- Verkehrsfluss (27)
- Administration (26)
- Aktives Sicherheitssystem (26)
- Concrete (26)
- Damage (26)
- Decke (Straße) (26)
- Einstellung (psychol) (26)
- Emission (26)
- Fahrausbildung (26)
- First aid (26)
- Legislation (26)
- Motorcycle (26)
- Risk assessment (26)
- Road construction (26)
- Straßenbau (26)
- Traffic concentration (26)
- Beton (25)
- Bituminous mixture (25)
- Gesetzgebung (25)
- Instandsetzung (25)
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- Layout (25)
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- Bearing capacity (24)
- Bituminöses Mischgut (24)
- Deformation (24)
- Numerisches Modell (24)
- Quality assurance (24)
- Qualitätssicherung (24)
- Tragfähigkeit (24)
- Verkehrsinfrastruktur (24)
- Verwaltung (24)
- Digital model (23)
- Festigkeit (23)
- Freeway (23)
- Maintenance (23)
- Model (not math) (23)
- Unterhaltung (23)
- Verformung (23)
- Construction (22)
- Fahrgeschicklichkeit (22)
- Forschungsarbeit (22)
- Lebenszyklus (22)
- Spannbeton (22)
- Specification (standard) (22)
- Database (21)
- Economic efficiency (21)
- PKW (21)
- Prestressed concrete (21)
- Strength (mater) (21)
- Wirtschaftlichkeit (21)
- Bau (20)
- Baustelle (20)
- Error (20)
- Fire (20)
- Information documentation (20)
- Kontrolle (20)
- Landstraße (20)
- Oberfläche (20)
- Sicherheitsgurt (20)
- Surface (20)
- Surveillance (20)
- Transport infrastructure (20)
- Verhütung (20)
- Anthropometric dummy (19)
- Cost benefit analysis (19)
- Head (19)
- Kopf (19)
- Life cycle (19)
- Rural road (19)
- Technologie (19)
- Technology (19)
- Water (19)
- Before and after study (18)
- Bindemittel (18)
- Binder (18)
- Construction site (18)
- Eigenschaft (18)
- Environment (18)
- Fehler (18)
- Grenzwert (18)
- Griffigkeit (18)
- Limit (18)
- Metal bridge (18)
- Organization (association) (18)
- Perception (18)
- Pollutant (18)
- Properties (18)
- Quality (18)
- Qualität (18)
- Safety belt (18)
- Seitlicher Zusammenstoß (18)
- Straßenverkehr (18)
- Temperatur (18)
- Temperature (18)
- Traffic lane (18)
- Verkehrsteilnehmer (18)
- Vorher Nachher Untersuchung (18)
- Wahrnehmung (18)
- Wasser (18)
- Betonstraße (Oberbau) (17)
- Biomechanics (17)
- Biomechanik (17)
- Cracking (17)
- Emergency (17)
- Fahrleistung (17)
- Notfall (17)
- Reinforcement (in mater) (17)
- Research project (17)
- Rigid pavement (17)
- Rissbildung (17)
- Road user (17)
- Side impact (17)
- Skidding resistance (17)
- Standardisierung (17)
- Straßenverkehrsrecht (17)
- Traffic regulations (17)
- Umwelt (17)
- Vehicle mile (17)
- Witterung (17)
- Age (16)
- Alter (16)
- Articulated vehicle (16)
- Bremsung (16)
- Experience (human) (16)
- Fahrstreifen (16)
- Fahrzeugsitz (16)
- Gelenkfahrzeug (16)
- Kapazität (Straße) (16)
- Medical aspects (16)
- Medizinische Gesichtspunkte (16)
- Reinforced concrete (16)
- Schutzhelm (16)
- Sensor (16)
- Standardization (16)
- Traffic restraint (16)
- Wirtschaftlichkeitsrechnung (16)
- Airbag (15)
- Bewehrung (15)
- Bitumen (15)
- Boden (15)
- Braking (15)
- Comprehension (15)
- Crash helmet (15)
- Detection (15)
- Drunkenness (15)
- Dummy (15)
- EU (15)
- Erfahrung (menschl) (15)
- Leg (human) (15)
- Lärm (15)
- Mobilität (15)
- Seat (veh) (15)
- Software (15)
- Soil (15)
- Stahlbeton (15)
- Stahlbrücke (15)
- Trunkenheit (15)
- Verkehrsbeschränkung (15)
- Weather (15)
- Air pollution (14)
- Auffahrunfall (14)
- Bicycle (14)
- Bus (14)
- Classification (14)
- Decision process (14)
- Entscheidungsprozess (14)
- Experimental road (14)
- Fahrrad (14)
- Fahrstabilität (14)
- International (14)
- Klassifizierung (14)
- Krankenhaus (14)
- Luftverunreinigung (14)
- Medizinische Untersuchung (14)
- Noise (14)
- Organization (14)
- Rear end collision (14)
- Schadstoff (14)
- Telematik (14)
- Vehicle handling (14)
- Baustoff (13)
- Bauwerk (13)
- Brustkorb (13)
- Communication (13)
- Droge (13)
- Drugs (13)
- Engineering structure (13)
- Expert opinion (13)
- Fahrtauglichkeit (13)
- Flexible pavement (13)
- Gutachten (13)
- Güterverkehr (13)
- Hospital (13)
- Human factor (13)
- Medical examination (13)
- Menschlicher Faktor (13)
- Messgerät (13)
- Mobility (13)
- Personal (13)
- Personnel (13)
- Psychologie (13)
- Psychology (13)
- Vereinigtes Königreich (13)
- Versuchsstrecke (13)
- Überschlagen (13)
- Aggregate (12)
- Apparatus (measuring) (12)
- Automatisch (12)
- Beam (12)
- Delivery vehicle (12)
- Driver information (12)
- Führerschein (12)
- Kommunikation (12)
- Laboratorium (12)
- Level of service (12)
- Lichtsignal (12)
- Material (constr) (12)
- Nachhaltige Entwicklung (12)
- Orthotropic plate (12)
- Stability (12)
- Sustainability (12)
- Telematics (12)
- Time (12)
- Traffic signal (12)
- Verkehrsqualität (12)
- Verständnis (12)
- Air bag (restraint system) (11)
- Asphaltstraße (Oberbau) (11)
- Austria (11)
- Bein (menschl) (11)
- Capacity (road, footway) (11)
- Carriageway marking (11)
- Datenverarbeitung (11)
- Deicing (11)
- Ermüdung (mater) (11)
- Fahrbahn (11)
- Fahrbahnmarkierung (11)
- Fahrerinformation (11)
- Fatigue (mater) (11)
- Feuer (11)
- Finite element method (11)
- Impact test (11)
- Interior (veh) (11)
- Japan (11)
- Krankheit (11)
- Oberflächentextur (11)
- Ort (Position) (11)
- Overturning (veh) (11)
- School (11)
- Schule (11)
- Sound (11)
- Standfestigkeit (11)
- Thorax (11)
- USA (11)
- Unfallschwerpunkt (11)
- Sichtbarkeit (11)
- Winter maintenance (11)
- Winterdienst (11)
- Zuschlagstoff (11)
- Österreich (11)
- Accident black spot (10)
- Aufmerksamkeit (10)
- Auftaumittel (10)
- Balken (10)
- Behinderter (10)
- Beinahe Unfall (10)
- Brand (10)
- Bremse (10)
- Chemical analysis (10)
- Chemische Analyse (10)
- Data processing (10)
- Digitale Bildverarbeitung (10)
- Driving (10)
- Driving test (10)
- Einsatzfahrzeug (10)
- Emergency vehicle (10)
- Fahreignung (10)
- Fahrprüfung (10)
- Fahrsimulator (10)
- Fahrzeuginnenraum (10)
- Feinstaub (10)
- Jahr (10)
- Location (10)
- Nacht (10)
- Near miss (10)
- Night (10)
- Nitrogen oxide (10)
- Occupation (10)
- Policy (10)
- Politik (10)
- Psychological aspects (10)
- Psychological examination (10)
- Psychologische Gesichtspunkte (10)
- Psychologische Untersuchung (10)
- Public transport (10)
- Publicity (10)
- Reaction (human) (10)
- Reaktionsverhalten (10)
- Residential area (10)
- Sample (stat) (10)
- Schall (10)
- Stadtplanung (10)
- Stichprobe (10)
- Town planning (10)
- Traffic density (10)
- United Kingdom (10)
- Verkehrszusammensetzung (10)
- Werbung (10)
- Wohngebiet (10)
- Zeit (10)
- Öffentlicher Verkehr (10)
- Adaptation (psychol) (9)
- Anpassung (psychol) (9)
- Antikollisionssystem (9)
- Attention (9)
- Blood alcohol content (9)
- Blutalkoholgehalt (9)
- Brake (9)
- Cement (9)
- Coefficient of friction (9)
- Cycle track (9)
- Detektion (9)
- Dynamics (9)
- Dynamik (9)
- Einbau (9)
- Eye movement (9)
- Front (9)
- Gemeindeverwaltung (9)
- Gesetzesübertretung (9)
- Highway traffic (9)
- Illness (9)
- Image processing (9)
- In situ (9)
- Konzentration (chem) (9)
- Kunststoff (9)
- Laboratory (not an organization) (9)
- Laying (9)
- Local authority (9)
- Manufacture (9)
- Particulate matter (9)
- Pavement (9)
- Pavement Management System (9)
- Probability (9)
- Radweg (9)
- Reibungsbeiwert (9)
- Road traffic (9)
- Schutzeinrichtung (9)
- Shear (9)
- Sichtbarkeit (9)
- Simulator (driving) (9)
- Steifigkeit (9)
- Stickoxid (9)
- Stiffness (9)
- Surface texture (9)
- Traffic composition (9)
- Traffic engineering (9)
- Verbundbrücke (9)
- Wahrscheinlichkeit (9)
- Wirbelsäule (9)
- Zement (9)
- Abbiegen (8)
- Anti locking device (8)
- Augenbewegungen (8)
- Automatic (8)
- Bend (road) (8)
- Berufsausübung (8)
- Bevölkerung (8)
- Blood (8)
- Blut (8)
- Bridge deck (8)
- CEN (8)
- Carriageway (8)
- Cervical vertebrae (8)
- Composite bridge (8)
- Concentration (chem) (8)
- Durchlässigkeit (8)
- Ebenheit (8)
- Ecobalance (8)
- Electronic stability program (8)
- Financing (8)
- Finanzierung (8)
- Fracture (bone) (8)
- Frau (8)
- Fuge (8)
- Geschichte (8)
- Government (national) (8)
- Halswirbel (8)
- Herstellung (8)
- History (8)
- Immission (8)
- Innenstadt (8)
- Intelligent transport system (8)
- Intelligentes Transportsystem (8)
- Joint (structural) (8)
- Knochenbruch (8)
- Leistungsfähigkeit (Fahrer) (8)
- Methode der finiten Elemente (8)
- Oberbau (8)
- Offence (8)
- Offender (8)
- Orthotrope Fahrbahntafel (8)
- Permeability (8)
- Personality (8)
- Persönlichkeit (8)
- Plastic material (8)
- Querschnitt (8)
- Rechtsübertreter (8)
- Rehabilitation (8)
- Reinforcement (gen) (8)
- Severity (acid (8)
- Straßenkurve (8)
- Stress (psychol) (8)
- Town centre (8)
- Vegetation (8)
- Vehicle regulations (8)
- Verarbeitbarkeit (8)
- Verkehrsablauf (8)
- Verkehrsuntersuchung (8)
- Verstärkung (allg) (8)
- Wearing course (8)
- Workability (8)
- Year (8)
- Ökobilanz (8)
- Abdichtung (7)
- Accompanied driving (7)
- Alignment (7)
- Antiblockiereinrichtung (7)
- Audit (7)
- Auftrag (7)
- Begleitetes Fahren (7)
- Betriebshof (7)
- Bruch (mech) (7)
- Brückenbelag (7)
- China (7)
- Collision avoidance system (7)
- Compliance (specif) (7)
- Continuous (7)
- Contract (7)
- Cross section (7)
- Deckschicht (7)
- Disabled person (7)
- Driving licence (7)
- Eins (7)
- Elektrofahrzeug (7)
- Elektronisches Stabilitätsprogramm (7)
- Entdeckung (7)
- Fahrbahntafel (7)
- France (7)
- Frankreich (7)
- Frequency (7)
- Führerschein Punktesystem (7)
- Geschwindigkeitsbeschränkung (7)
- Goods traffic (7)
- Interchange (7)
- Knee (human) (7)
- Kontinuierlich (7)
- Lieferfahrzeug (7)
- Linienführung (7)
- One (7)
- Optimum (7)
- Overtaking (7)
- Point demerit system (7)
- Pollution (7)
- Pollution concentration (7)
- Population (7)
- Rehabilitation (road user) (7)
- Reifen (7)
- Reproducibility (7)
- Reproduzierbarkeit (7)
- Retraining of drivers (7)
- Risk taking (7)
- Rückfalltäter (7)
- Safety fence (7)
- Sample (mater) (7)
- Seite (7)
- Spinal column (7)
- Spreading (7)
- Stahl (7)
- Steel (7)
- Stress (7)
- Traffic survey (7)
- Tragschicht (7)
- Tunnel lining (7)
- Tunnelauskleidung (7)
- Tyre (7)
- Verkehrsverflechtung (7)
- Waterproofing (7)
- Wear (7)
- Weight (7)
- Wet road (7)
- Winkel (7)
- Woman (7)
- Überholen (7)
- Activity report (6)
- Ageing (6)
- Angle (6)
- Annual average daily traffic (6)
- Anschlussstelle (6)
- Arbeitsgruppe (6)
- Arzneimittel (6)
- Asphaltoberbau (6)
- Auswahl (6)
- Bepflanzung (6)
- Bridge surfacing (6)
- Case law (6)
- Case study (6)
- Compaction (6)
- Compatibility (6)
- Contact (tyre road) (6)
- Defect (tech) (6)
- Deflection (6)
- Depot (transp) (6)
- Design (6)
- Distraction (6)
- Druck (6)
- Durchbiegung (6)
- Eindringung (6)
- Electric vehicle (6)
- Empfindlichkeit (6)
- Evakuierung (6)
- Evenness (6)
- Fahrernachschulung (6)
- Fahrzeugabstand (6)
- Failure (6)
- Fallstudie (6)
- Fiber reinforced concrete (6)
- Gas (6)
- Gesundheit (6)
- Health (6)
- Human body (6)
- Impact sled (6)
- Incident detection (6)
- India (6)
- Indien (6)
- Information management (6)
- JDTV (6)
- Knie (menschl) (6)
- Kompatibilität (6)
- Langfristig (6)
- Lenken (Fahrzeug) (6)
- Life-cycle (6)
- Long term (6)
- Mechanics (6)
- Mechanik (6)
- Medication (6)
- Menschlicher Körper (6)
- Merging traffic (6)
- Mittelwert (6)
- Nasse Straße (6)
- Network (traffic) (6)
- Nutzwertanalyse (6)
- Penetration (6)
- Platte (6)
- Portugal (6)
- Post crash (6)
- Pressure (6)
- Provisorisch (6)
- Quer (6)
- Rechtsprechung (6)
- Recidivist (6)
- Recycling (6)
- Roadbase (6)
- Schutz (6)
- Selection (6)
- Sensitivity (6)
- Shock (6)
- Slab (6)
- Speed limit (6)
- Spurrinne (6)
- Steering (process) (6)
- Straßenverkehrstechnik (6)
- Tag (24 Stunden) (6)
- Technische Vorschriften (Kraftfahrzeug) (6)
- Temporary (6)
- Theorie (6)
- Theory (6)
- Transverse (6)
- Trend (stat) (6)
- Tätigkeitsbericht (6)
- Umweltschutz (6)
- Value analysis (6)
- Variable message sign (6)
- Vehicle spacing (6)
- Verdichtung (6)
- Verkehrsnetz (6)
- Verteilung (mater) (6)
- Vorn (6)
- Vorschrifteneinhaltung (6)
- Wechselverkehrszeichen (6)
- Welding (6)
- Windschutzscheibe (6)
- Working group (6)
- Zusammensetzung (6)
- Ablenkung (psychol) (5)
- Abnutzung (5)
- Absorption (5)
- Acceleration (5)
- Accessibility (5)
- Akzeptanz (5)
- Alcohol (5)
- Alkohol (5)
- Alterung (mater) (5)
- Analyse (Math) (5)
- Animal (5)
- Arbeitsbedingungen (5)
- Aufbereitungsanlage (5)
- Aufprallschlitten (5)
- Ausführungsfehler (5)
- Average (5)
- Ballungsgebiet (5)
- Bauweise (5)
- Beschichtung (5)
- Beschilderung (5)
- Beschleunigung (5)
- Betriebsverhalten (5)
- Bottleneck (5)
- Breite (5)
- Coach (5)
- Coating (5)
- Control (5)
- Conurbation (5)
- Correlation (math, stat) (5)
- Cycling (5)
- Deformable barrier (impact test) (5)
- Depth (5)
- Diffusion (5)
- Earthworks (5)
- Economics (5)
- Einfahrt (5)
- Eingabedaten (5)
- Emission control (5)
- Emissionskontrolle (5)
- Engpass (5)
- Erdarbeiten (5)
- Ergonomics (5)
- Ergonomie (5)
- Evacuation (5)
- Exhaust aftertreatment (5)
- Expert system (5)
- Expertensystem (5)
- Fahrtüchtigkeit (5)
- Fahrzeugrückhaltesystem (5)
- Faserbewehrter Beton (5)
- Fatigue (human) (5)
- Fleet of vehicles (5)
- Frequenz (5)
- Full depth asphalt pavement (5)
- Genauigkeit (5)
- Geschwindigkeitsminderung (bauliche Elemente) (5)
- Goods transport (5)
- Haftung (jur) (5)
- Hard shoulder (5)
- Heat (5)
- In service behavior (5)
- Incident management (5)
- Input data (5)
- Installation (5)
- Itinerary (5)
- Kleintransporter (5)
- Koordinierte Signalsteuerung (5)
- Korn (5)
- Korngestuftes Mineralgemisch (5)
- Layer (5)
- Length (5)
- Liability (5)
- Linked signals (5)
- Longitudinal (5)
- Man (5)
- Mann (5)
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Institut
- Sonstige (1109) (entfernen)
A series of drop tests and vehicle tests with the adult head impactor according to Regulation (EC) 631/2009 and drop tests with the phantom head impactor according to UN Regulation No. 43 have been carried out by the German Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt) on behalf of the German Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development (BMVBS). Aim of the test series was to study the injury risk for vulnerable road users, especially pedestrians, in case of being impacted by a motor vehicle in a way described within the European Regulations (EC) 78/2009 and (EC) 631/2009. Furthermore, the applicability of the phantom head drop test described in UN Regulation No. 43 for plastic glazing should be investigated. In total, 30 drop tests, thereof 18 with the adult head impactor and 12 with the phantom head impactor, and 49 vehicle tests with the adult head impactor were carried out on panes of laminated safety glass (VSG), polycarbonate (PC) and laminated polycarbonate (L-PC). The influence of parameters such as the particular material properties, test point locations, fixations, ambient conditions (temperature and impact angle) was investigated in detail. In general, higher values of the Head Injury Criterion (HIC) were observed in tests on polycarbonate glazing. As the HIC is the current criterion for the assessment of head injury risk, polycarbonate glazing has to be seen as more injurious in terms of vulnerable road user protection. In addition, the significantly higher rebound of the head observed in tests with polycarbonate glazing is suspected to lead to higher neck loads and may also cause higher injury risks in secondary impacts of vulnerable road users. However, as in all tests with PC glazing no damage of the panes was observed, the risk of skin cut injuries may be expected to be reduced significantly. The performed test series give no indication for the test procedure prescribed in UN Regulation No. 43 as a methodology to approve glass windscreen not being feasible for polycarbonate glazing, as all PC panes tested fulfilled the UN R 43 requirements. The performance of the windscreen area will not be relevant for vehicle type approval according to the upcoming UN Regulation for pedestrian protection. However, it is recommended that pedestrian protection being considered for plastic windscreens to ensure at least the same level of protection as glass windscreens.
The aim of this study is to investigate the differences in car occupant injury severity recorded in AIS 2005 compared to AIS 1990 and to outline the likely effects on future data analysis findings. Occupant injury data in the UK Cooperative Crash Injury Study Database (CCIS) were coded for the period February 2006 to November 2007 using both AIS 1990 and AIS 2005. Data for 1,994 occupants with over 6000 coded injuries were reviewed at the AIS and MAIS level of severities and body regions to determine changes between the two coding methodologies. Overall there was an apparent general trend for fewer injuries to be coded at the AIS 4+ severity and more injuries to be coded at the AIS 2 severity. When these injury trends were reviewed in more detail it was found that the body regions which contributed the most to these changes in severity were the head, thorax and extremities. This is one of the first studies to examine the implications for large databases when changing to an updated method for coding injuries.
In this study, we compared the injury severity of occupants according to the seating position and the crashing direction in motor vehicle accidents. In the driver's point of view, it was separated the seating position as "Near-side" and "Far-side". The study subjects were targeted by people who visited 4 regional emergency centers following motor vehicle accidents. Real-world investigation was performed by direct and indirect methods after patient- consent. The information of the damaged vehicle was informed by Collision Deformation Classification (CDC) code and the information of the injury of patients was informed by using the Abbreviated Injury Score (AIS) and Injury Severity Score (ISS). When the column 3 in CDC code was P, damaged at the middle part of lateral side, the average point of AIS 3 was 1.91-±1.72 in near-side and 1.02-±1.31 in far-side (p<0.01). The average point of maximum AIS (MAIS) was 2.78-±1.39 in near-side and 2.02-±1.11 in far-side (p<0.01). The average point of ISS was 15.74-±14.71 in near-side and 8.11-±8.39 in far-side (p<0.01). Also, when the column 3 in CDC code was D, damaged at the whole part of lateral side, it was significant that the average point of AIS 3 and MAIS in near-side was bigger than in far-side (p=0.02).
For the determination of the road surface roughness common methods have been established, like Skid Resistance Tester (SRT) or the Sideway-force Coefficient Routine Investigation Machine (SCRIM). Both methods are used to measure a comparable and reliable maximum friction potential value and to assess the quality of the road surface. However, the comparison of the measurements under real conditions and the results of measurements with SRT and SCRIM showed only minor correlations. The paper shows the comparison between these standardised methods and real vehicle braking tests and discusses the results.
In the European Project FIMCAR, a proposal for a frontal impact test configuration was developed which included an additional full width deformable barrier (FWDB) test. Motivation for the deformable element was partly to measure structural forces as well as to produce a severe crash pulse different from that in the offset test. The objective of this study was to analyze the safety performance of vehicles in the full width rigid barrier test (FWRB) and in the full width deformable barrier test (FWDB). In total, 12 vehicles were crashed in both configurations. Comparison of these tests to real world accident data was used to identify the crash barrier most representative of real world crashes. For all vehicles, the airbag visible times were later in the FWDB configuration. This was attributed to the attenuation of the initial acceleration peak, observed in FWRB tests, by the addition of the deformable element. These findings were in alignment with airbag triggering times seen in real world crash data. Also, the dummy loadings were slightly worse in FWDB compared to FWRB tests, which is possibly linked to the airbag firing and a more realistic loading of the vehicle crash structures in the FWDB configuration. Evaluations of the lower extremities have shown a general increasing of the tibia index with the crash pulse severity.
In order to enable foreseeing or comparing the benefit of safety systems or driver assistance systems in Germany, in the United States and in Japan, the traffic accident databases in those three countries are examined. The variables used are culpable party, collision partner, accident type, and injury level and the method to re-classify the databases for comparison are proposed. The result indicates that single passenger car fatality is the most frequent in Germany and in the United States, while passenger car vs. pedestrian is the most frequent fatality scenario in Japan. When the casualty by fatality ratio is focused, the greatest difference is observed in rear-end collisions. The ratio of slight injuries in Japan yields about eighteen times as many as those in Germany, and about eight times as many as those in the United States.
In recent years the boundaries between active and passive safety blurred more and more. Passive safety in the traditional term includes all safety aspects to prevent occupants to be injured or at least injury severity should be reduced. Passive Safety starts with the collision (first vehicle contact) and ends with rescue (open vehicle doors). Within this phase the occupant has to be protected by the passenger compartment whereby no intrusion should occur. Active safety on the other side was developed to interact prior to the collision whereby the goal is to prevent accidents. The extensive interaction between active and passive safety led to the terminologies "Primary" and "Secondary" safety whereas the expression Integrated Safety Concept was generated. Within this study the most well documented single vehicle accidents with cars not equipped with ESP were identified from the PENDANT database and reconstructed. Additional cases were found in the database ZEDATU of TU Graz. In comparison each case was simulated with the assumption that the cars were equipped with ESP. The differences regarding accident avoidance or crash severity as well as reduction of injury risk were analysed.
The levels of continuous vehicle automation have become common knowledge. They facilitate overall understanding of the issue. Yet, continuous vehicle automation described therein does not cover "automated driving" as a whole: Functions intervening temporarily in accident-prone situations can obviously not be classified by means of continuous levels. Continuous automation describes the shift in workload from purely human driven vehicles to full automation. Duties of the driver are assigned to the machine as automation levels rise. Emergency braking, e.g., is obviously discontinuous and intensive automation. It cannot be classified under this regime. The resulting absence of visibility of these important functions cannot satisfy " especially in the light of effect they take on traffic safety. Therefore, in order to reach a full picture of vehicle automation, a comprehensive approach is proposed that can map out different characteristics as "Principle of Operation" at top level. On this basis informing and warning functions as well as functions intervening only temporarily in near-accident situations can be described. To reach a complete picture, levels for the discontinuous, temporarily intervening functions are proposed " meant to be the counterpart of the continuous levels already in place. This results in a detailed and independent classification for accident-prone situations. This finally provides for the visibility these important functions deserve.
Accidents involving two wheels vehicles represent one of the more important types of accidents in Europe. These accidents are usually not easy to reconstruct specially for the analysis of the injuries and its correlation with accident dynamics and evidences. Different methodologies are applied in this work for the reconstruction of two wheeler accidents, especially accident involving motorcycles. From the typologies of road evidences like skid marks, to the use of Pc-Crash and the use of Madymo models, different reconstruction of real accidents are presented. One of the questions that sometimes arise for legal purposes when some type of head injuries arise is if the occupant was wearing or not a helmet. The correlation of head injuries with the use of the helmet is a very important issue, therefore an important legal aspect. One of the key questions for the reconstructions that is difficult to analyze, is if the vehicle occupant, was or not, wearing the helmet. Based on the previously collected information, a generic model of a helmet was developed on CAD 3D, followed by its conversion into finite elements, all in order to perform impact tests using the Madymo software that would help improve the helmet- safety, but that also can be used as a tool in accident reconstruction.
Das Ziel des Projektes war eine Bestandsaufnahme des Einsatzes computerbasierter Lehr-Lern-Medien in der Fahranfängervorbereitung und ihrer Anwendung im In- und Ausland. Darauf aufbauend sollten die Anforderungen herausgearbeitet werden, die an eine künftige umfassende Einbeziehung dieser Medien in die Fahranfängervorbereitung zu stellen sind. Zunächst wurde eine umfangreiche Recherche zu Erfassung der national und international in Anwendung befindlichen Lehr-Lern-Medien durchgeführt. Daraufhin konnte eine erste grobe Kategorisierung der Applikationen vorgenommen werden. Zudem zeigte sich, dass die Verbreitung verschiedener Produktgruppen im internationalen Vergleich stark variiert und ganz entscheidend von den jeweiligen gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen abhängt. Es folgte die Ableitung einer Systematisierungsgrundlage, mit Hilfe derer computergestützte Lehr-Lern-Medien detailliert betrachtet und bewertet werden können. Diese Systematisierungsgrundlage basiert in wesentlichen Teilen auf Erkenntnissen der Lehr-Lern-Forschung speziell im Bereich des E-Learning. Unter Beachtung einschlägiger Arbeiten im Bereich der Verkehrspsychologie, insbesondere zum Thema der Fahraufgabe. wurde ein starker Fokus auf den Erwerb fahraufgabenrelevanter Wissensinhalte beziehungsweise Kompetenzen gelegt. Anschließend wurden ausgewählte computerbasierte Lehr-Lern-Medien vor dem Hintergrund der zuvor erarbeiteten Systematisierungsgrundlage betrachtet und bewertet. Zudem wurden die Möglichkeiten, die sich durch die Nutzung derartiger Anwendungen ergeben, diskutiert sowie diesbezügliche Grenzen des bestehenden Systems der Fahrausbildung identifiziert. Im abschließenden Ausblick konnten Entwicklungspotentiale im Bereich der computerbasierten Lehr-Lern-Medien aufgezeigt sowie Empfehlungen zur Verbesserung der bisherigen Praxis der Fahranfängervorbereitung formuliert werden.
Because of actual developments and the continuous increase in the field of drive assistant systems, representative and detailed investigations of accident databases are necessary. This lecture describes the possibility to estimate the potential of primary and secondary safety measures by means of a computerized case by case analysis. Single primary or secondary safety measures as well as a combination of both are presented. The method is exemplarily shown for the primary safety measure "Brake Assist" in pedestrian accidents. Regarding accident prevention only the primary safety measure is determined.
The fact that ADAC Air Rescue handles approximately 4,000 road accident missions every year gave rise to set up an accident research programme for which ADAC Air Rescue provides its data. This data is of initial informational quality and will be supplemented by data from the police, experts, fire brigades as well as hospitals and forensic institutes. Although the number of cases is still rather low, certain tendencies can be identified. The causes for most accidents occur when joining or intersecting traffic, followed by speeding in road bends and tailgating. Many accidents involve HGV rear end collisions, often causing serious injuries, considerable damage and technical problems for the rescue operations. With regard to the various impact types, it has become obvious that most of the extremely serious injuries are inflicted during a passenger car side impact. In addition, access to and removal of trapped passengers is becoming more and more complicated, partly due to the increasing use of high-strength materials, and rescue operations tend to be more time consuming.
The current paper reports on the results of a pilot study aiming to investigate the effect of mobile telephone use on the driving performance of 5 amateur and 5 professional drivers. Their driving acuity was tested through a driving simulator. Analysis and interpretation of the results occurred comparing the drivers' driving performance while talking, reading messages and writing a message on the mobile phone (intervention time) with the drivers' driving performance engaged in no activity (control time). The variables affected by the mobile phone were the "steering", the "lane offset" and the "duration of lane offset". Moreover, the drivers involved in a car crash in the last five years appeared to differ from those who were not involved in a crash in both "lane offset" and "following distance". The results of this pilot study will inform the design of a large experimental study on 50 professional and 50 amateur drivers.
The Netherlands is on the way to change its existing skid resistance measuring method for its highway network from the Dutch RAW 72, a longitudinal force method, to the Sideway Force method. This method is described in the Technical Specification 15901-8 (SKM device) as well as 15901-6 (SCRIM device) and is in use in 9 European countries. The CEN TC 227 WG5 on Surface Characteristics is currently working on combining of these two technical Specifications into a European standard for Sideway-Force (SWF) measurement devices. The idea of this change in the Netherlands was perceived in 2013 and since then a lot of meetings have been held with the different Dutch decision makers as well as with countries which currently operate SWF devices. There was an intensive exchange of knowledge about these devices and their corresponding quality assurance systems, because the Netherlands wanted to incorporate and rely on an existing system of a neighbor country without losing their present level of quality. The Netherlands has therefore decided to incorporate the German SKM approach. The network monitoring with the new system will start in 2017. To ensure the quality of skid resistance measurements and further cooperation in this field, it has been decided to initiate an alliance between BASt and the Dutch road owner Rijkswaterstaat (RWS). This alliance will facilitate an exchange of research activities, calibration of the Dutch systems according to the existing German Standard as well as control measurements with a BASt-device on the Dutch network during the network monitoring. During 2016 also comparative measurements will be performed on a network level with the current Dutch device and with an SKM device to determine a conversion between the two and to be able to define new threshold values.
Active safety systems are aimed at accident prevention, hence the knowledge required for their development is different from that required for passive safety systems aimed at injury prevention. Particularly, knowledge about accident causation is required. When looking at existing accident causation data, it is argued it fails to explain in sufficient detail how and why the accidents occur. Therefore, there is a need for detailed micro-level descriptions of accident causation mechanisms, and also of methodologies suitable for creating such descriptions. One study addressing these needs is the Swedish project FICA (Factors Influencing the Causation of Accidents and Incidents), where an accident investigation methodology suitable for active safety is developed, and in-depth accident investigations following this methodology are carried out on-scene in the area of Gothenburg by a multidisciplinary team. A preliminary aggregated analysis of different cases shows that the methodology developed is adequate for pointing out common contributing factors and devising principal countermeasures.
Crash involvement studies using routine accident and exposure data : a case for case-control designs
(2009)
Fortunately, accident involvement is a rare event: the chance of an individual road user trip to end up in a crash is close to zero. Thus, according to general epidemiological principles one can expect the case-control study design to be especially suitable for quantifying the relative risk (odds ratio) of accident involvement of road users with a certain risk factor as compared to road users that do not have this characteristic. Ideally, of course, the database for such a case-control study should be established by drawing two independent random samples of cases (accidental units) and controls (nonaccidental units), respectively. If, however, special data collection is not an option, it is nevertheless possible to analyze routine accident and exposure data under a case-control design in order to fully exploit the information contained in already existing databases. As a prerequisite, accident and exposure data from different sources are to be combined in a single file of micro or grouped data in a way consistent with the case-control study design. Among other things, the proposed methodological approach offers the possibility to use in-depth data of the GIDAS type also in investigations of active vehicle safety by combining this data with appropriate vehicle trip data collected in mobility surveys.
Since a number of human models have been developed it appears sensible to use these models also in the accident analysis. Especially the understanding of injury mechanisms and probably even injury risk curves can be significantly improved when interesting accidents are reconstructed using human body models. However, an important limitation for utilising human models for accident reconstruction is the effort needed to develop detailed FE models of the accident partners or to prepare the human model reconstruction by running physical accident reconstructions. The proposed approach for using human models for accident reconstruction is to use simplified and parametric car models. These models can be adapted to the crash opponents in a fast and cost effective way. Although, accuracy is less compared to detailed FE models, the relevant change in velocity can be simulated well, indicating that the computation of a detailed crash pulse is not needed. Two frontal impact test accidents that were reconstructed experimentally and using the parametric car models are indicating sufficient correlation of the adapted parametric car models with the full scale crash reconstructions. However, further developments of the parametric models to be capable for the use in lateral impacts and rear impacts are needed. For the PC Crash simulation runs the output sampling rate is too large to allow sufficient analysis. In addition the performance appears to be too general.
The utilisation of secondary-safety systems to protect occupants has attained a very high level over the past decades. Further improvements are still possible, but increasingly minor progress is only to be had with a high degree of effort. Thus, a key aspect must be the impact to overall safety in an accident. If reliable information is available on an imminent crash, measures already taken in the pre-crash phase can result in a significantly great influence on the outcomes of the crash. With this background preventive measures are the key to a sustainable further reduction of the figures of crash victims on our roads. This paper aims to show a preventive approach that can contribute to lessening the consequences of a crash by creating an optimum interaction of measures in the fields of primary and secondary safety. To further enhance vehicle safety, driver assistant systems are already available that warn the driver of an imminent front-to-rear-end crash. The next step is to support him in his reactions or if he fails to react sufficiently, to even initiate an automatic braking when the crash becomes unavoidable. Automatic pre-crash braking can, in an ideal situation, fully prevent a crash or can significantly reduce the impact speed and thus the impact energy (and the severity of the accident). If a vehicle is being braked in the pre-crash phase, the occupants are already being pre-stressed by the deceleration. The information available about the imminent crash can be used to activate the belt tensioners and likewise other secondary safety systems in the vehicle right before the impact. The pre-crash deceleration also causes the front of the vehicle to dip. Conventional crash tests do not take this specific impact situation into consideration. This is why, for example, the influences of the pre-crash displacements of the occupants are not recorded in the test results. Furthermore, a reproducible representation of the benefit of the vehicle safety systems which prepare the occupants for the imminent impact is not possible. In order to demonstrate the functions of automated pre-crash braking and to investigate the differences during the impact as a consequence of the altered occupant positions as well as the initiation of force and deformations of the vehicle front, DEKRA teamed up with BMW to carry out a joint crash test with the latest BMW 5 series vehicle. It involved the vehicle braking automatically from a starting test speed of 64 km/h (corresponding to the impact speed set by Euro NCAP) down to 40 km/h. The test was still run by the intelligent drive system of the crash test facility. This required several modifications to be made to the test facility as well as to the vehicle. The paper will describe and discuss some relevant results of the crash test. In addition, the possible benefits of such systems will also be considered. The test supplemented the work of the vFSS working group (vFSS stands advanced Forward-looking Safety Systems).
The price of a new car increased almost every year for a long period. In recent years however, the budget available to most people for purchasing a car either did not grow or became even smaller. Therefore it was in the interest of some OEMs to offer economical car models in the so-called "8,000- Euro class". Here an important question arose regarding the safety of these vehicles. There is no question that the very high safety level of cars reached in Europe during the last decades should not be sacrificed as a consequence of smaller budgets. Customers with sense of responsibility have the right to be properly informed about the balance between safety and price so that they can make a deliberate decision when buying either a new or a used car. Against this background, the German magazine "AutoBILD" commissioned DEKRA to conduct fullscale frontal crash tests with a view to publishing the results. These tests have been carried out in accordance with the corresponding Euro NCAP crash test requirements and performance criteria. The tested vehicles were two new Logans produced by the manufacturer Dacia, two used cars of the type VW Golf IV (registration date 2000) and one new VW Fox. This paper describes the safety features of the vehicles and the results of the five crash tests to demonstrate state-of-the-art safety levels and what levels may be expected from vehicles in the "8,000- Euro class". Looking at real-world crashes it is of interest to think about future trends in a more detailed manner. Therefore it will be more and more necessary to supplement the federal statistics with more detailed in-depth information about the consequences of accidents and the safety performance of crashed vehicles.
The incidence of side impacts was investigated from GIDAS data. Both vehicle-fixed object and vehicle-vehicle collisions were analysed as these are enclosed within the consumer testing program. Vehicle-fixed object collisions were stratified according to ESC availability. Results indicated that vehicles equipped with ESC rarely have pure-lateral impacts. An increase in oblique collisions was seen for the vehicles with ESC whereby most vehicle were driving in left curves. The analysis of vehicle-vehicle collisions developed injury risk curves were developed at the AIS3+ injury severity for the vehicle-vehicle side impacts. Results suggested that greatest injury risk occurred when a Pre Euro NCAP vehicle was struck by a Post Euro-NCAP vehicle. The remaining curves did not show different behaviour, indicating that stiffness increased have been equally combated. This was attributable to the few Post Euro-NCAP vehicles that had a deployed curtain airbag available in the sample. The integration of Euro NCAP testing has shown to improve vehicle crashworthiness for pole collisions, as those vehicles with ESC rarely incur lateral impacts.