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- Data acquisition (56)
- Geschwindigkeit (56)
- Development (55)
- Speed (55)
- injury) (55)
- Entwicklung (54)
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- Verletzung) (54)
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- Driving (veh) (38)
- Modification (38)
- Motorcyclist (38)
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- Motorway (38)
- Passives Sicherheitssystem (38)
- Pkw (38)
- Use (38)
- Education (37)
- Fahrerassistenzsystem (37)
- Prognose (37)
- Rechenmodell (37)
- Wirksamkeitsuntersuchung (37)
- Accident rate (36)
- Data bank (36)
- Erziehung (36)
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- Lorry (36)
- Mathematical model (36)
- Verkehrssteuerung (36)
- Belastung (35)
- Durability (35)
- Load (35)
- Organisation (35)
- Unfallhäufigkeit (35)
- Verkehrsstärke (35)
- Verminderung (35)
- Dauerhaftigkeit (34)
- Driver assistance system (34)
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- Traffic control (34)
- Urban area (34)
- Veränderung (34)
- Design (overall design) (33)
- Fahranfänger (33)
- Fernverkehrsstraße (33)
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- Verkehrserhebung (33)
- Child (32)
- Decrease (32)
- Frontalzusammenstoß (32)
- Kosten (32)
- Modell (32)
- Passive safety system (32)
- Recently qualified driver (32)
- Road network (32)
- Straßennetz (32)
- Vehicle occupant (32)
- Head on collision (31)
- Highway design (31)
- Lkw (31)
- Alte Leute (30)
- Condition survey (30)
- Cost (30)
- Impact test (veh) (30)
- Straßenentwurf (30)
- Zustandsbewertung (30)
- Accident reconstruction (29)
- Attitude (psychol) (29)
- Information (29)
- Old people (29)
- Skill (road user) (29)
- Surfacing (29)
- Traffic count (29)
- Active safety system (28)
- Driver training (28)
- Driving aptitude (28)
- Erste Hilfe (28)
- Jugendlicher (28)
- Knotenpunkt (28)
- Risikobewertung (28)
- Adolescent (27)
- Ausrüstung (27)
- Equipment (27)
- Gestaltung (27)
- Motorrad (27)
- Norm (tech) (27)
- Sachschaden (27)
- Verkehrsfluss (27)
- Administration (26)
- Aktives Sicherheitssystem (26)
- Concrete (26)
- Damage (26)
- Decke (Straße) (26)
- Einstellung (psychol) (26)
- Emission (26)
- Fahrausbildung (26)
- First aid (26)
- Legislation (26)
- Motorcycle (26)
- Risk assessment (26)
- Road construction (26)
- Straßenbau (26)
- Traffic concentration (26)
- Beton (25)
- Bituminous mixture (25)
- Gesetzgebung (25)
- Instandsetzung (25)
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- Layout (25)
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- Bearing capacity (24)
- Bituminöses Mischgut (24)
- Deformation (24)
- Numerisches Modell (24)
- Quality assurance (24)
- Qualitätssicherung (24)
- Tragfähigkeit (24)
- Verkehrsinfrastruktur (24)
- Verwaltung (24)
- Digital model (23)
- Festigkeit (23)
- Freeway (23)
- Maintenance (23)
- Model (not math) (23)
- Unterhaltung (23)
- Verformung (23)
- Construction (22)
- Fahrgeschicklichkeit (22)
- Forschungsarbeit (22)
- Lebenszyklus (22)
- Spannbeton (22)
- Specification (standard) (22)
- Database (21)
- Economic efficiency (21)
- PKW (21)
- Prestressed concrete (21)
- Strength (mater) (21)
- Wirtschaftlichkeit (21)
- Bau (20)
- Baustelle (20)
- Error (20)
- Fire (20)
- Information documentation (20)
- Kontrolle (20)
- Landstraße (20)
- Oberfläche (20)
- Sicherheitsgurt (20)
- Surface (20)
- Surveillance (20)
- Transport infrastructure (20)
- Verhütung (20)
- Anthropometric dummy (19)
- Cost benefit analysis (19)
- Head (19)
- Kopf (19)
- Life cycle (19)
- Rural road (19)
- Technologie (19)
- Technology (19)
- Water (19)
- Before and after study (18)
- Bindemittel (18)
- Binder (18)
- Construction site (18)
- Eigenschaft (18)
- Environment (18)
- Fehler (18)
- Grenzwert (18)
- Griffigkeit (18)
- Limit (18)
- Metal bridge (18)
- Organization (association) (18)
- Perception (18)
- Pollutant (18)
- Properties (18)
- Quality (18)
- Qualität (18)
- Safety belt (18)
- Seitlicher Zusammenstoß (18)
- Straßenverkehr (18)
- Temperatur (18)
- Temperature (18)
- Traffic lane (18)
- Verkehrsteilnehmer (18)
- Vorher Nachher Untersuchung (18)
- Wahrnehmung (18)
- Wasser (18)
- Betonstraße (Oberbau) (17)
- Biomechanics (17)
- Biomechanik (17)
- Cracking (17)
- Emergency (17)
- Fahrleistung (17)
- Notfall (17)
- Reinforcement (in mater) (17)
- Research project (17)
- Rigid pavement (17)
- Rissbildung (17)
- Road user (17)
- Side impact (17)
- Skidding resistance (17)
- Standardisierung (17)
- Straßenverkehrsrecht (17)
- Traffic regulations (17)
- Umwelt (17)
- Vehicle mile (17)
- Witterung (17)
- Age (16)
- Alter (16)
- Articulated vehicle (16)
- Bremsung (16)
- Experience (human) (16)
- Fahrstreifen (16)
- Fahrzeugsitz (16)
- Gelenkfahrzeug (16)
- Kapazität (Straße) (16)
- Medical aspects (16)
- Medizinische Gesichtspunkte (16)
- Reinforced concrete (16)
- Schutzhelm (16)
- Sensor (16)
- Standardization (16)
- Traffic restraint (16)
- Wirtschaftlichkeitsrechnung (16)
- Airbag (15)
- Bewehrung (15)
- Bitumen (15)
- Boden (15)
- Braking (15)
- Comprehension (15)
- Crash helmet (15)
- Detection (15)
- Drunkenness (15)
- Dummy (15)
- EU (15)
- Erfahrung (menschl) (15)
- Leg (human) (15)
- Lärm (15)
- Mobilität (15)
- Seat (veh) (15)
- Software (15)
- Soil (15)
- Stahlbeton (15)
- Stahlbrücke (15)
- Trunkenheit (15)
- Verkehrsbeschränkung (15)
- Weather (15)
- Air pollution (14)
- Auffahrunfall (14)
- Bicycle (14)
- Bus (14)
- Classification (14)
- Decision process (14)
- Entscheidungsprozess (14)
- Experimental road (14)
- Fahrrad (14)
- Fahrstabilität (14)
- International (14)
- Klassifizierung (14)
- Krankenhaus (14)
- Luftverunreinigung (14)
- Medizinische Untersuchung (14)
- Noise (14)
- Organization (14)
- Rear end collision (14)
- Schadstoff (14)
- Telematik (14)
- Vehicle handling (14)
- Baustoff (13)
- Bauwerk (13)
- Brustkorb (13)
- Communication (13)
- Droge (13)
- Drugs (13)
- Engineering structure (13)
- Expert opinion (13)
- Fahrtauglichkeit (13)
- Flexible pavement (13)
- Gutachten (13)
- Güterverkehr (13)
- Hospital (13)
- Human factor (13)
- Medical examination (13)
- Menschlicher Faktor (13)
- Messgerät (13)
- Mobility (13)
- Personal (13)
- Personnel (13)
- Psychologie (13)
- Psychology (13)
- Vereinigtes Königreich (13)
- Versuchsstrecke (13)
- Überschlagen (13)
- Aggregate (12)
- Apparatus (measuring) (12)
- Automatisch (12)
- Beam (12)
- Delivery vehicle (12)
- Driver information (12)
- Führerschein (12)
- Kommunikation (12)
- Laboratorium (12)
- Level of service (12)
- Lichtsignal (12)
- Material (constr) (12)
- Nachhaltige Entwicklung (12)
- Orthotropic plate (12)
- Stability (12)
- Sustainability (12)
- Telematics (12)
- Time (12)
- Traffic signal (12)
- Verkehrsqualität (12)
- Verständnis (12)
- Air bag (restraint system) (11)
- Asphaltstraße (Oberbau) (11)
- Austria (11)
- Bein (menschl) (11)
- Capacity (road, footway) (11)
- Carriageway marking (11)
- Datenverarbeitung (11)
- Deicing (11)
- Ermüdung (mater) (11)
- Fahrbahn (11)
- Fahrbahnmarkierung (11)
- Fahrerinformation (11)
- Fatigue (mater) (11)
- Feuer (11)
- Finite element method (11)
- Impact test (11)
- Interior (veh) (11)
- Japan (11)
- Krankheit (11)
- Oberflächentextur (11)
- Ort (Position) (11)
- Overturning (veh) (11)
- School (11)
- Schule (11)
- Sound (11)
- Standfestigkeit (11)
- Thorax (11)
- USA (11)
- Unfallschwerpunkt (11)
- Sichtbarkeit (11)
- Winter maintenance (11)
- Winterdienst (11)
- Zuschlagstoff (11)
- Österreich (11)
- Accident black spot (10)
- Aufmerksamkeit (10)
- Auftaumittel (10)
- Balken (10)
- Behinderter (10)
- Beinahe Unfall (10)
- Brand (10)
- Bremse (10)
- Chemical analysis (10)
- Chemische Analyse (10)
- Data processing (10)
- Digitale Bildverarbeitung (10)
- Driving (10)
- Driving test (10)
- Einsatzfahrzeug (10)
- Emergency vehicle (10)
- Fahreignung (10)
- Fahrprüfung (10)
- Fahrsimulator (10)
- Fahrzeuginnenraum (10)
- Feinstaub (10)
- Jahr (10)
- Location (10)
- Nacht (10)
- Near miss (10)
- Night (10)
- Nitrogen oxide (10)
- Occupation (10)
- Policy (10)
- Politik (10)
- Psychological aspects (10)
- Psychological examination (10)
- Psychologische Gesichtspunkte (10)
- Psychologische Untersuchung (10)
- Public transport (10)
- Publicity (10)
- Reaction (human) (10)
- Reaktionsverhalten (10)
- Residential area (10)
- Sample (stat) (10)
- Schall (10)
- Stadtplanung (10)
- Stichprobe (10)
- Town planning (10)
- Traffic density (10)
- United Kingdom (10)
- Verkehrszusammensetzung (10)
- Werbung (10)
- Wohngebiet (10)
- Zeit (10)
- Öffentlicher Verkehr (10)
- Adaptation (psychol) (9)
- Anpassung (psychol) (9)
- Antikollisionssystem (9)
- Attention (9)
- Blood alcohol content (9)
- Blutalkoholgehalt (9)
- Brake (9)
- Cement (9)
- Coefficient of friction (9)
- Cycle track (9)
- Detektion (9)
- Dynamics (9)
- Dynamik (9)
- Einbau (9)
- Eye movement (9)
- Front (9)
- Gemeindeverwaltung (9)
- Gesetzesübertretung (9)
- Highway traffic (9)
- Illness (9)
- Image processing (9)
- In situ (9)
- Konzentration (chem) (9)
- Kunststoff (9)
- Laboratory (not an organization) (9)
- Laying (9)
- Local authority (9)
- Manufacture (9)
- Particulate matter (9)
- Pavement (9)
- Pavement Management System (9)
- Probability (9)
- Radweg (9)
- Reibungsbeiwert (9)
- Road traffic (9)
- Schutzeinrichtung (9)
- Shear (9)
- Sichtbarkeit (9)
- Simulator (driving) (9)
- Steifigkeit (9)
- Stickoxid (9)
- Stiffness (9)
- Surface texture (9)
- Traffic composition (9)
- Traffic engineering (9)
- Verbundbrücke (9)
- Wahrscheinlichkeit (9)
- Wirbelsäule (9)
- Zement (9)
- Abbiegen (8)
- Anti locking device (8)
- Augenbewegungen (8)
- Automatic (8)
- Bend (road) (8)
- Berufsausübung (8)
- Bevölkerung (8)
- Blood (8)
- Blut (8)
- Bridge deck (8)
- CEN (8)
- Carriageway (8)
- Cervical vertebrae (8)
- Composite bridge (8)
- Concentration (chem) (8)
- Durchlässigkeit (8)
- Ebenheit (8)
- Ecobalance (8)
- Electronic stability program (8)
- Financing (8)
- Finanzierung (8)
- Fracture (bone) (8)
- Frau (8)
- Fuge (8)
- Geschichte (8)
- Government (national) (8)
- Halswirbel (8)
- Herstellung (8)
- History (8)
- Immission (8)
- Innenstadt (8)
- Intelligent transport system (8)
- Intelligentes Transportsystem (8)
- Joint (structural) (8)
- Knochenbruch (8)
- Leistungsfähigkeit (Fahrer) (8)
- Methode der finiten Elemente (8)
- Oberbau (8)
- Offence (8)
- Offender (8)
- Orthotrope Fahrbahntafel (8)
- Permeability (8)
- Personality (8)
- Persönlichkeit (8)
- Plastic material (8)
- Querschnitt (8)
- Rechtsübertreter (8)
- Rehabilitation (8)
- Reinforcement (gen) (8)
- Severity (acid (8)
- Straßenkurve (8)
- Stress (psychol) (8)
- Town centre (8)
- Vegetation (8)
- Vehicle regulations (8)
- Verarbeitbarkeit (8)
- Verkehrsablauf (8)
- Verkehrsuntersuchung (8)
- Verstärkung (allg) (8)
- Wearing course (8)
- Workability (8)
- Year (8)
- Ökobilanz (8)
- Abdichtung (7)
- Accompanied driving (7)
- Alignment (7)
- Antiblockiereinrichtung (7)
- Audit (7)
- Auftrag (7)
- Begleitetes Fahren (7)
- Betriebshof (7)
- Bruch (mech) (7)
- Brückenbelag (7)
- China (7)
- Collision avoidance system (7)
- Compliance (specif) (7)
- Continuous (7)
- Contract (7)
- Cross section (7)
- Deckschicht (7)
- Disabled person (7)
- Driving licence (7)
- Eins (7)
- Elektrofahrzeug (7)
- Elektronisches Stabilitätsprogramm (7)
- Entdeckung (7)
- Fahrbahntafel (7)
- France (7)
- Frankreich (7)
- Frequency (7)
- Führerschein Punktesystem (7)
- Geschwindigkeitsbeschränkung (7)
- Goods traffic (7)
- Interchange (7)
- Knee (human) (7)
- Kontinuierlich (7)
- Lieferfahrzeug (7)
- Linienführung (7)
- One (7)
- Optimum (7)
- Overtaking (7)
- Point demerit system (7)
- Pollution (7)
- Pollution concentration (7)
- Population (7)
- Rehabilitation (road user) (7)
- Reifen (7)
- Reproducibility (7)
- Reproduzierbarkeit (7)
- Retraining of drivers (7)
- Risk taking (7)
- Rückfalltäter (7)
- Safety fence (7)
- Sample (mater) (7)
- Seite (7)
- Spinal column (7)
- Spreading (7)
- Stahl (7)
- Steel (7)
- Stress (7)
- Traffic survey (7)
- Tragschicht (7)
- Tunnel lining (7)
- Tunnelauskleidung (7)
- Tyre (7)
- Verkehrsverflechtung (7)
- Waterproofing (7)
- Wear (7)
- Weight (7)
- Wet road (7)
- Winkel (7)
- Woman (7)
- Überholen (7)
- Activity report (6)
- Ageing (6)
- Angle (6)
- Annual average daily traffic (6)
- Anschlussstelle (6)
- Arbeitsgruppe (6)
- Arzneimittel (6)
- Asphaltoberbau (6)
- Auswahl (6)
- Bepflanzung (6)
- Bridge surfacing (6)
- Case law (6)
- Case study (6)
- Compaction (6)
- Compatibility (6)
- Contact (tyre road) (6)
- Defect (tech) (6)
- Deflection (6)
- Depot (transp) (6)
- Design (6)
- Distraction (6)
- Druck (6)
- Durchbiegung (6)
- Eindringung (6)
- Electric vehicle (6)
- Empfindlichkeit (6)
- Evakuierung (6)
- Evenness (6)
- Fahrernachschulung (6)
- Fahrzeugabstand (6)
- Failure (6)
- Fallstudie (6)
- Fiber reinforced concrete (6)
- Gas (6)
- Gesundheit (6)
- Health (6)
- Human body (6)
- Impact sled (6)
- Incident detection (6)
- India (6)
- Indien (6)
- Information management (6)
- JDTV (6)
- Knie (menschl) (6)
- Kompatibilität (6)
- Langfristig (6)
- Lenken (Fahrzeug) (6)
- Life-cycle (6)
- Long term (6)
- Mechanics (6)
- Mechanik (6)
- Medication (6)
- Menschlicher Körper (6)
- Merging traffic (6)
- Mittelwert (6)
- Nasse Straße (6)
- Network (traffic) (6)
- Nutzwertanalyse (6)
- Penetration (6)
- Platte (6)
- Portugal (6)
- Post crash (6)
- Pressure (6)
- Provisorisch (6)
- Quer (6)
- Rechtsprechung (6)
- Recidivist (6)
- Recycling (6)
- Roadbase (6)
- Schutz (6)
- Selection (6)
- Sensitivity (6)
- Shock (6)
- Slab (6)
- Speed limit (6)
- Spurrinne (6)
- Steering (process) (6)
- Straßenverkehrstechnik (6)
- Tag (24 Stunden) (6)
- Technische Vorschriften (Kraftfahrzeug) (6)
- Temporary (6)
- Theorie (6)
- Theory (6)
- Transverse (6)
- Trend (stat) (6)
- Tätigkeitsbericht (6)
- Umweltschutz (6)
- Value analysis (6)
- Variable message sign (6)
- Vehicle spacing (6)
- Verdichtung (6)
- Verkehrsnetz (6)
- Verteilung (mater) (6)
- Vorn (6)
- Vorschrifteneinhaltung (6)
- Wechselverkehrszeichen (6)
- Welding (6)
- Windschutzscheibe (6)
- Working group (6)
- Zusammensetzung (6)
- Ablenkung (psychol) (5)
- Abnutzung (5)
- Absorption (5)
- Acceleration (5)
- Accessibility (5)
- Akzeptanz (5)
- Alcohol (5)
- Alkohol (5)
- Alterung (mater) (5)
- Analyse (Math) (5)
- Animal (5)
- Arbeitsbedingungen (5)
- Aufbereitungsanlage (5)
- Aufprallschlitten (5)
- Ausführungsfehler (5)
- Average (5)
- Ballungsgebiet (5)
- Bauweise (5)
- Beschichtung (5)
- Beschilderung (5)
- Beschleunigung (5)
- Betriebsverhalten (5)
- Bottleneck (5)
- Breite (5)
- Coach (5)
- Coating (5)
- Control (5)
- Conurbation (5)
- Correlation (math, stat) (5)
- Cycling (5)
- Deformable barrier (impact test) (5)
- Depth (5)
- Diffusion (5)
- Earthworks (5)
- Economics (5)
- Einfahrt (5)
- Eingabedaten (5)
- Emission control (5)
- Emissionskontrolle (5)
- Engpass (5)
- Erdarbeiten (5)
- Ergonomics (5)
- Ergonomie (5)
- Evacuation (5)
- Exhaust aftertreatment (5)
- Expert system (5)
- Expertensystem (5)
- Fahrtüchtigkeit (5)
- Fahrzeugrückhaltesystem (5)
- Faserbewehrter Beton (5)
- Fatigue (human) (5)
- Fleet of vehicles (5)
- Frequenz (5)
- Full depth asphalt pavement (5)
- Genauigkeit (5)
- Geschwindigkeitsminderung (bauliche Elemente) (5)
- Goods transport (5)
- Haftung (jur) (5)
- Hard shoulder (5)
- Heat (5)
- In service behavior (5)
- Incident management (5)
- Input data (5)
- Installation (5)
- Itinerary (5)
- Kleintransporter (5)
- Koordinierte Signalsteuerung (5)
- Korn (5)
- Korngestuftes Mineralgemisch (5)
- Layer (5)
- Length (5)
- Liability (5)
- Linked signals (5)
- Longitudinal (5)
- Man (5)
- Mann (5)
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Institut
- Sonstige (1109) (entfernen)
The first stage of the work has been to collate information on bridge assessment from the participating countries. In the later stages, the aim is to provide guidelines that reflect the current best practices, a methodology that will allow for future development and sufficient flexibility to accommodate variations in national priorities as the process of harmonisation is pursued. The following tasks fall within the scope of the project: (1) a review of current procedures and standards used for bridge assessment in Europe; (2) the development of models for taking into account the bridge specific traffic conditions and material properties; (3) the use of reliability methods based on a probabilistic approach for bridge assessment including the use of measurements for updating the reliability of structural elements; and (4) the provision of recommendations for methods and procedures that can be adopted for the assessment module of the management framework highlighting where further development will be beneficial.
The GIDAS-investigation team of Dresden (VUFO) has documented more than 11.500 accidents since 1999. The documentation of the accident includes beside vehicle-, injury- and environmental-data very detailed reconstruction data. Within this accident investigation the VUFO began to record the skid resistance of the accident site in 2009. The measurements are divided in macro- and microroughness (Sand depth method and Portable Skid Resistance Tester-SRT-by Munro-Stanley London-©). Both methods are used to determine the skid resistance for more than 1000 passenger cars. The aim of the present study is to find out a relationship between the measured skid resistance, the road conditions and the friction coefficient, which is used to calculate the maximum accelerations and decelerations during a reconstruction of an accident. Basic approach to convert the SRT-value into the friction coefficient is the calculation of the theoretical absorbed energy of the spring rubber system of the swinging arm of lever. This absorbed energy is used to get the friction coefficient by using the equations for the work of friction. To consider the road-behavior, in correlation to the friction coefficient, the results will be merged with existing literature. Last step for this study will be a comparison between actual used friction coefficients all over the GIDAS-database and the theoretical results. The study shows, if it is possible to use the SRT-Measurement for the estimation of a friction coefficient for the reconstruction of a traffic accident. As expected, the GIDAS-Database and the additional measurement of the roughness of the road directly on the spot are an enormous useful dataset.
Das Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung zu den verkehrssicherheitsrelevanten Folgen des Cannabisgebrauchs war es, Daten zur potenziellen und tatsächlichen verkehrsbezogenen Gefährlichkeit im Hinblick auf die Fahreignung zu evaluieren. Im ersten Teil der Untersuchungen wurde durch die Düsseldorfer Arbeitsgruppe eine detaillierte Analyse der vorhandenen Forschungsliteratur zu den neuropsychologischen und psychiatrischen Effekten des Cannabiskonsums durchgeführt, die sowohl die Konsistenz eines Beeinträchtigungsnachweises als auch die Qualität der vorhandenen Studien berücksichtigt hat. Die meisten konsistent nachgewiesenen Defizite wurden dabei für die Konsumsituation des "Gelegenheitskonsumenten nach akutem Konsum" gefunden. Für abstinente oder sich in der Residualphase befindende Gelegenheitskonsumenten sind bisher keine Defizite auf Verhaltensebene konsistent nachgewiesen worden. Weiterhin wurden keine Hinweise dafür gefunden, dass bei regelmäßigen Cannabiskonsumenten nach akutem Cannabiskonsum oder während der Abstinenz mit stärkeren Verhaltensdefiziten zu rechnen ist als bei Gelegenheitskonsumenten. Diese Befunde machen eine Unterscheidung zwischen gelegentlichen und regelmäßigen Cannabiskonsumenten bezüglich der zu erwartenden Verhaltensdefizite hinfällig. Im zweiten Teil wurden durch die Heidelberger Arbeitsgruppe als Cannabinoid-positiv ermittelte Fälle aus 3 Jahren (2000—2002), die im Straßenverkehr beobachtete Auffälligkeiten zeigten, unter Berücksichtigung der gemessenen Cannabinoid-Plasmakonzentrationen betrachtet. Dabei wurde geprüft, ob und gegebenenfalls welcher Zusammenhang zwischen den analytisch ermittelten Konzentrationen an THC und seinen Metaboliten und den Auffälligkeiten, die im ärztlichen Blutentnahmeprotokoll und im polizeilichen Bericht vermerkt sind, besteht. Weder die Gesamteinschätzung der Auffälligkeiten durch die Polizei und den Blutentnahmearzt noch die Beurteilung des Beeinflussungsgrades durch den Arzt waren jeweils mit den Serumspiegeln an THC oder 11-OH-THC (Carbonsäure) korreliert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass durch Einschätzungen von Polizei und Arzt weder Art und Grad der Beeinträchtigung konsistent erfasst noch Personen mit regelmäßigem und gelegentlichem Konsum sich mit der notwendigen Sicherheit voneinander trennen lassen. Welche Aspekte sich daraus in Hinblick auf die Fahreignungsdiagnostik ergeben, wird im letzten Kapitel angesprochen.
Im Forschungsbericht wird das Car-Sharing, also das organisierte Teilen von Kraftfahrzeugen, in Gemeinden unter 100.000 Einwohnern betrachtet. Nach einer begrifflichen Abgrenzung der verschiedenen Formen von Mobilitätsdienstleistungen auf Basis flexibler Autonutzung werden die Konkurrenzbeziehungen zwischen den beiden bedeutendsten Mobilitätsdienstleistungen - dem Car-Sharing und der Autovermietung - untersucht. Es stellt sich heraus, dass in einzelnen Marktsegmenten eine solche besteht. Darauf folgend wird eine umfassende Marktanalyse vorgestellt. Für die kleinen Gemeinden mit weniger als 20.000 Einwohnern wurde eine schriftliche Befragung zum Thema durchgeführt, zu den mittleren Gemeinden zwischen 20.000 und 100.000 Einwohnern eine entsprechende Internetrecherche. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass Car-Sharing in kleinen und mittleren Gemeinden im Vergleich zu den Großstädten geringer verbreitet ist. Eine Analyse der Wirtschaftlichkeit von Car-Sharing in kleinen und mittleren Gemeinden ergab, dass vor allem in den kleinen Gemeinden häufig die Rahmenbedingungen für Car-Sharing ungünstig sind. Dies betrifft vor allem die Siedlungsstruktur, welche mit abnehmender Gemeindegröße das Entstehen und Wachsen von Car-Sharing behindert. Auch der Öffentliche Personennahverkehr (ÖPNV) ist häufig mangelhaft. Weiterhin können Kostenvorteile größerer Organisationen identifiziert werden. Sie kommen vor allem in kleineren Gemeinden nur dann zum Tragen, wenn das Car-Sharing vor Ort als Filialbetrieb organisiert wird. Kostennachteile kleiner Organisationen können allerdings durch ehrenamtliche Tätigkeit zum Teil kompensiert werden. Auch das in Großstädten häufig praktizierte Eingehen von Kooperationen mit Verkehrsbetrieben kann vor allem in den kleineren Gemeinden aus Mangel an Möglichkeiten kaum praktiziert werden. Darüber hinaus gibt es bestimmte kritische Unternehmensphasen, die in kleinen und mittleren Gemeinden eine relativ große Rolle spielen. Im Rahmen von Fallstudien wurden Expertengespräche bei Vertretern von Car-Sharing-Organisationen geführt. Dabei wurden die zuvor erarbeiteten Erkenntnisse auf ihre Praxisrelevanz hin überprüft. Es zeigt sich, dass die aufgezeigten Probleme in kleinen und mittleren Gemeinden in der Praxis relevant sind. Die Fallstudien zeigen aber auch, dass auch in kleinen und mittleren Gemeinden Car-Sharing wirtschaftlich und zum Teil mit beachtlichen Nutzerzahlen betrieben werden kann. Für kleine Gemeinden sind spezielle Modelle entwickelt worden, die Car-Sharing auch mit sehr geringen Nutzerzahlen ermöglichen. Die Nutzung von Car-Sharing durch Gemeindeverwaltungen oder Firmen kann für eine bestimmte Grundauslastung der Fahrzeuge sorgen und so einen Standort sichern. Schließlich wird aufgezeigt, welche vielfältigen Möglichkeiten Gemeindeverwaltungen haben, das Car-Sharing in ihrem Gemeindegebiet zu unterstützen. Neben der eigenen Teilnahme am Car-Sharing, die auch für die Gemeindeverwaltung vorteilhaft sein kann, ist hier auch die Bereitstellung von Infrastruktur (zum Beispiel von Stellplätzen) oder die Bestellung von Car-Sharing-Leistungen in Orientierung an der Aufgabenträgerschaft des öffentlichen Personennahverkehrs denkbar. Eine Bestätigung der bis dahin gewonnenen Erkenntnisse liefert die Auswertung einer schriftlichen Befragung sämtlicher deutscher Car-Sharing-Organisationen, welche in Zusammenarbeit mit den Bearbeitern eines Parallelprojektes durchgeführt wurde (FE 77.461/2001: Bestandsaufnahme und Möglichkeiten der Weiterentwicklung des Car-Sharing). Auf der geschaffenen Wissensgrundlage werden vier Car-Sharing-Modelle dargestellt, die den besonderen Erfordernissen in kleinen und mittleren Gemeinden angepasst sind. Es handelt sich dabei um herkömmliches Car-Sharing, das sog. Einbringermodell, Car-Sharing mit Deckungsgarantie sowie privates Autoteilen auf vertraglicher Basis. Die Modelle werden im Forschungsbericht erläutert und mit Beispielen aus der Praxis belegt. Abschließend wird weiterer Forschungsbedarf aus Sicht der Projektbearbeiter aufgezeigt.
The presence and performance of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) has increased over last years. Systems available on the market address also conflicts with vulnerable road users (VRUs) such as pedestrians and cyclists. Within the European project PROSPECT (Horizon2020, funded by the EC) improved VRU ADAS systems are developed and tested. However, before determining systems" properties and starting testing, an up-to-date analysis of VRU crashes was needed in order to derive the most important Use Cases (detailed crash descriptions) the systems should address. Besides the identified Accident Scenarios (basic crash descriptions), this paper describes in short the method of deriving the Use Cases for car-to-cyclist crashes. Method Crashes involving one passenger car and one cyclist were investigated in several European crash databases looking for all injury severity levels (slight, severe and fatal). These data sources included European statistics from CARE, data on national level from Germany, Sweden and Hungary as well as detailed accident information from these three countries using GIDAS, the Volvo Cars Cyclist Accident database and Hungarian in-depth accident data, respectively. The most frequent accident scenarios were studied and Use Cases were derived considering the key aspects of these crash situations (e.g., view orientation of the cyclist and the car driver- manoeuvre intention) and thus, form an appropriate basis for the development of Test Scenarios. Results Latest information on car-to-cyclist crashes in Europe was compiled including details on the related crash configurations, driving directions, outcome in terms of injury severity, accident location, other environmental aspects and driver responsibilities. The majority of car-to-cyclist crashes occurred during daylight and in clear weather conditions. Car-to-cyclist crashes in which the vehicle was traveling straight and the cyclist is moving in line with the traffic were found to result in the greatest number of fatalities. Considering also slightly and seriously injured cyclists led to a different order of crash patterns according to the three considered European countries. Finally the paper introduced the Use Cases derived from the crash data analysis. A total of 29 Use Cases were derived considering the group of seriously or fatally injured cyclists and 35 Use Cases were derived considering the group of slightly, seriously or fatally injured cyclists. The highest ranked Use Case describes the collision between a car turning to the nearside and a cyclist riding on a bicycle lane against the usual driving direction. A unified European dataset on car-to-cyclist crash scenarios is not available as the data available in CARE is limited, hence national datasets had to be used for the study and further work will be required to extrapolate the results to a European level. Due to the large number of Use Cases, the paper shows only highest ranked ones.
Causation of traffic accidents with children from the perspective of all involved participants
(2017)
In the year 2014 about 2,800 children between zero and 14 years got injured due to traffic accidents in Austria. More than 50% were taking part in traffic as active road users like cyclists or pedestrians. Within this study 46 real world traffic accidents between vehicles and children as pedestrians were analysed. In 39 cases, car drivers hit the crossing children. In the other cases, the collision opponents were busses, trucks or motorcycles. Most of the children got hit while crossing a road at urban sites. By analysing the traffic accidents from the perspectives of all involved participants, vehicle drivers and injured children, it is possible to identify factors for each participant, which led to the accident and factors that contributed the accident. The main task is to find patterns in the behaviour of crash victims (children and driver) before the collision. One important fact is that in more than 50% of the analysed cases sight obstructions were an important contributing factor for both, the driver and the child. From drivers view situations in which the child moved unexpected into the driven road lane were often found. For the injured child, factors like: no attention to the road traffic or no sufficient traffic observation were found to be relevant. Further it- possible to sensitise children and adults to possible source of critical traffic situations according to the findings of this study.
Causation patterns and data collection blind spots for fatal intersection accidents in Norway
(2010)
Norwegian fatal intersection accidents from the years 2005-2007 were analysed to identify any causation patterns among their underlying contributing factors, and also to evaluate whether the data collection and documentation procedures used by the Norwegian in-depth investigation teams produces the information necessary to perform causation pattern analysis. A total of 28 fatal accidents were analysed. Details on crash contributing factors for each driver in each crash were first coded using the Driving Reliability and Error Analysis Method (DREAM), and then aggregated based on whether the driver was going straight or turning. Analysis results indicate that turning drivers to a large extent are faced with perception difficulties and unexpected behaviour from the primary conflict vehicle, while at the same time trying to negotiate a demanding traffic situation. Drivers going straight on the other hand have less perception difficulties. Instead, their main problem is that they largely expect turning drivers to yield. When this assumption is violated, they are either slow to react or do not react at all. Contributing factors often pointed to in literature, e.g. high speed, drugs and/or alcohol and inadequate driver training, played a role in 12 of 28 accidents. While this confirms their prevalence, it also indicates that most drivers end up in these situations due to combinations of less auspicious contributing factors. In terms of data collection and documentation, information on blunt end factors (those more distant in time/space, yet important for the development of events) was more limited than information on sharp end factors (those close in time/space to the crash). A possible explanation is that analysts may view some blunt end factors as event circumstances rather than contributing factors in themselves, and therefore do not report them. There was also an asymmetry in terms of reported obstructions to view due to signposts and vegetation. While frequently reported as contributing for turning drivers, they were rarely reported as contributing for their counterparts in the same accidents. This probably reflects an involuntary focus of the analyst on identifying contributing factors for the driver legally held liable, while less attention is paid to the driver judged not at fault. Since who to blame often is irrelevant from a countermeasure development point of view, this underlying investigator mindset needs addressing to avoid future bias in crash investigation reports.
Introduction: The incidence of trauma-related cervical-spine fractures is 19-88 / 100.000. In contrast, the incidence of cervical spine injuries is as high as 19% - 51% of all spinal trauma. Cervical spine injuries in non-polytrauma patients are rare. However, due to the potential damage to the spinal cord these traumata are feared and mustn't be missed. Cervical spine injuries represent the highest reported early mortality rate of all spinal trauma. The rate of functional impairment afterwards is high and the rate of reintegration into work is low compared to other organ systems. In the past, trauma surgeons often did x-rays of the cervical spine with low inhibition threshold and often without strong clinical suggestion for vertebral or discoligamental injuries. This practice was queried by the Canadian C-Spine rule and extensively discussed in the past. Therefore we did a retrospective study whether non-polytrauma patients benefit from cervical spine x-rays.
Event data recorders (EDRs) are a valuable tool for in-depth investigation of traffic accidents. EDRs are installed on the airbag control module (ACM) to record vehicle and occupant information before, during, and after a crash event. This study evaluates EDR characteristics and aims at better understanding EDR performance for the improvement of accident reconstruction with more reliable and accurate information regarding accidents. The analysis is based on six crash tests with corresponding EDR datasets.
The national accident statistics demonstrate that the situation of passenger car side impacts is dominated by car to car accidents. Car side to pole impacts are relatively infrequent events. However the importance of car side to pole impacts is significantly increasing with fatal and seriously injured occupants. For the present study the German in-depth database GIDAS (German In-Depth-Accident Study) and the UK based database CCIS (Co-operative Crash Injury Study) were used. Two approaches were undertaken to better understand the scenario of car to pole impacts. The first part is a statistical analysis of passenger car side to pole impacts to describe the characteristics and their importance relevant to other types of impact and to get further knowledge about the main factors influencing the accident outcome. The second part contains a case by case review on passenger cars first registered 1998 onwards to further investigate this type of impact including regression analysis to assess the relationship between injury severity and pole impact relevant factors.
Powered Two Wheelers (PTWs) accidents constitute one of the road safety problems in Europe. PTWs fatalities represent 22% at EU level in 2006, having increased during last years, representing an opposite trend compared to other road users" figures. In order to reduce these figures it is necessary to investigate the accident causation mechanisms from different points of view (e.g.: human factor, vehicle characteristics, influence of the environment, type of accident). SAFERIDER project ("Advanced telematics for enhancing the SAFEty and comfort of motorcycle RIDERs", under the European Commission "7th Framework Program") has investigated PTW accident mechanisms through literature review and statistical analyses of National and In-depth accident databases; detecting and describing all the possible PTW's accident configurations where the implementation of ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems) and IVIS (In-Vehicle Information Systems) could contribute to avoid an accident or mitigate its severity. DIANA, the Spanish in-depth database developed by CIDAUT, has been analyzed for that purpose. DIANA comprises of accident investigation teams, in close cooperation with police forces, medical services, forensic surgeons, garages and scrap yards. An important innovation is the fact that before injured people arrive to hospitals, photographs and explanations about the possible accident injury mechanisms are sent to the respective hospitals (via 3G GPRS technology). By this, additional information to medical staff can be provided in order to predict in advance possible internal injuries and select the best medical treatment. This methodology is presented in this paper. On the other hand, the main results (corresponding to road, rider and PTW characteristics; pre and post-accident manoeuvres; road layout; rider behaviour; impact points; accident causations;...) from the analyses of the PTW accidents used for SAFERIDER are shown. Only accident types relevant to ADAS and IVIS devices have been considered.
Urban runoff is known to transport a significant pollutant load consisting of e.g. heavy metals, salts and hydrocarbons. Interactions between solid and dissolved compounds, proper understanding of particle size distribution, dissolved pollutant fractions and seasonal variations is crucial for the selection and development of appropriate road runoff treatment devices. Road runoff at an arterial road in Augsburg, Germany, has been studied for 3.5 years. A strong seasonal variation was observed, with increased heavy metal concentrations with doubled and tripled median concentrations for heavy metals during the cold season. Correlation analysis showed that de-icing salt is not the only factor responsible for increased pollutant concentrations in winter. During the cold period, the fraction of dissolved metals was lower compared to the warm season. In road dust, the highest metal concentrations were measured for fine particles. Metals in road runoff were found to show a significant correlation to fine particles SS63 (<63 μm). Therefore, it is debatable whether treatment devices only implementing sedimentation processes provide sufficient removal rates.
Zielstellung der hier vorliegenden Arbeit war die Entwicklung eines Verfahrens zur Charakterisierung der akustischen Eigenschaften offenporiger Straßenbeläge in situ. Das Verfahren sollte auf indirektem Wege quantitative Aussagen über den zu erwartenden Fahrzeuggeräuschpegel LVeh nach der Methode der "Statistischen Vorbeifahrt" (DIN EN IS0 11819-1) liefern, sich unproblematisch durchführen lassen und tolerant gegenüber Störeinflüssen aus der Umgebung sein. Innerhalb der Untersuchungen wurden daher in situ Messverfahren verwendet und gegebenenfalls weiterentwickelt, bei denen davon auszugehen ist, dass sie Aussagen zum Einfluss der beiden Hauptmechanismen der lärmmindernden Wirkung offenporiger Asphalte, nämlich der Reduzierung des "Airpumping-Effekts" und der Schallabsorption im Nah- und Fernfeld vom Reifen, erlauben. Als Verfahren kamen dabei zur Anwendung: - Messung der Wasserdurchlässigkeit , - Messung und Schätzung des Strömungswiderstandes Messung des Schallabsorptionsgrades nach DIN ISO 13472, Teil 1 , - Schallausbreitungsmessungen. Diese Messverfahren sind an sieben Orten auf Bundesautobahnen eingesetzt worden. Die Ergebnisse der Messungen wurden anschließend mit nahezu zeitgleich bestimmten Fahrzeuggeräuschpegeln korreliert. Auf die Korrelation der Ergebnisse des Schätzverfahrens zur Bestimmung des Strömungswiderstands wurde dabei jedoch verzichtet, da es sich während der Untersuchungen herausstellte, dass dieses Verfahren eine nur unzureichende Genauigkeit aufweist. Als wesentliches Ergebnis der Untersuchungen zur Korrelation kann festgehalten werden, dass zur indirekten Bestimmung der lärmmindernden Wirkung von offenporigen Asphalten zwei Verfahren, die Messung des effektiven spezifischen Strömungswiderstandes R' und die Bestimmung des Schallabsorptionsgrades a, gleichberechtigt Anwendung finden müssen. Der effektive spezifische Strömungswiderstand R's soll dabei in der Rollspur des ersten Fahrstreifens gemessen werden. Die Bestimmung des Schallabsorptionsgrades a ist dagegen in der Mitte des ersten Fahrstreifens durchzuführen.
Road authorities, freight, and logistic industries face a multitude of challenges in a world changing at an ever growing pace. While globalization, changes in technology, demography, and traffic, for instance, have received much attention over the bygone decades, climate change has not been treated with equal care until recently. However, since it has been recognized that climate change jeopardizes many business areas in transport, freight, and logistics, research programs investigating future threats have been initiated. One of these programs is the Conference of European Directors of Roads (CEDR) Transnational Research Programme (TRP), which emerged about a decade ago from a cooperation between European National Road Authorities and the EU. This paper presents findings of a CEDR project called CliPDaR, which has been designed to answer questions from road authorities concerning climate-driven future threats to transport infrastructure. Pertaining results are based on two potential future socio-economic pathways of mankind (one strongly economically oriented "A2" and one more balanced scenario "A1B"), which are used to drive global climate models (GCMs) producing global and continental scale climate change projections. In order to achieve climate change projections, which are valid on regional scales, GCM projections are downscaled by regional climate models. Results shown here originate from research questions raised by European Road Authorities. They refer to future occurrence frequencies of severely cold winter seasons in Fennoscandia, to particularly hot summer seasons in the Iberian Peninsula and to changes in extreme weather phenomena triggering landslides and rutting in Central Europe. Future occurrence frequencies of extreme winter and summer conditions are investigated by empirical orthogonal function analyses of GCM projections driven with by A2 and A1B pathways. The analysis of future weather phenomena triggering landslides and rutting events requires downscaled climate change projections. Hence, corresponding results are based on an ensemble of RCM projections, which was available for the A1B scenario. All analyzed risks to transport infrastructure are found to increase over the decades ahead with accelerating pace towards the end of this century. Mean Fennoscandian winter temperatures by the end of this century may match conditions of rather warm winter season experienced in the past and particularly warm future winter temperatures have not been observed so far. This applies in an even more pronounced manner to summer seasons in the Iberian Peninsula. Occurrence frequencies of extreme climate phenomena triggering landslides and rutting events in Central Europe are also projected to rise. Results show spatially differentiated patterns and indicate accelerated rates of increases.
The average CO2 concentrations relevant to a motorcyclist wearing an integral helmet were measured twenty years ago and found to be alarmingly high. The present study examined gas concentrations typically inhaled by a motorcyclist. Average concentrations of CO2 for persons (n=4) wearing integral motorcycle helmets were measured in the laboratory and the field to facilitate comparison to previous work, and similarly high average concentrations were found: above 2% when stationary, well below 1% for speeds of 50km/h or more. Detailed measurements of the time-dependent CO2 concentrations during normal inhalation showed levels of about half of the corresponding average concentrations, including 1% at standstill, though higher concentrations (4% or more) are inhaled at the beginning of each breath. Opening the visor at standstill lowered the average inhaled concentration only to about 0.8%. The oxygen deficiency is equal to the CO2 concentration, and could also contribute negatively to motorcyclist cognitive abilities.
Measuring and characterizing airborne particulate matter (PM) is an important research area because PM can lead to impacts on health and to visibility reduction, material damage and groundwater pollution. In regard to road dust, suspension and re-suspension and the contribution of non-exhaust PM to total traffic emissions are expected to increase as a result of predicted climate scenarios. European environmental regulations have been enforced to reduce exhaust particle emissions from road traffic, but little attention has been paid to reducing non-exhaust coarse particle emissions due to traffic. Therefore, a monitoring program for coarse PM has been initiated in early 2013 to assess the predicted increase in the abundance of non-exhaust particles. Particle sampling was performed with the passive-sampler technique Sigma-2. The subsequent single-particle analysis allows for characterization of individual particles, determination of PM size distribution, and calculation of PM mass concentrations. Two motorways n ear Cologne (Koeln), Germany were selected as sampling sites, and the experimental setup in the field was realized with a so-called twin-site method. The present study reports single-particle analysis data for samples collected between May 31, 2013 and May 30, 2014. Coarse PM, generated through multi-source mechanisms, consists of, e.g., tire-wear, soot aggregates, and mineral dust. The highest mass concentration occurs at both motorways in spring, and the observed PM mainly contains traffic-abrasion particles. The field measurements show that the minimum PM concentration was found in the 5 to 12-°C temperature range, whereas the maximum concentration was observed in both the "5 to 5-°C and the 12 to 24-°C ranges, in agreement with previous laboratory measurements. Correlation between super-coarse (d p 10"80 μm, geometric equivalent diameter) PM concentration and precipitation displays a significant increase in concentration with decreasing number of precipitation events (dry weather periods).
This paper uses the national accident statistics of Great Britain to evaluate the effectiveness of Electronic Stability Control Systems (ESC) to reduce crash involvement rates. The crash experience of 8,951 cars is analysed and compared to a closely matching set of non-ESC cars using case-control methods. This is one of the largest ESC samples analysed to date. Overall the cars with ESC are involved in 3% fewer crashes although the effectiveness is substantially higher under conditions of adverse road friction. ESC equipped cars are involved in 15% fewer fatal crashes although this reduction represents the combined effect of ESC and passive safety improvements.
One goal of the assessment of the crashworthiness of passenger cars is to characterize the potential of injury outcome to occupants of cars involved in an accident. This can be achieved by the help of an index that puts the number of injured occupants of passenger cars in relation to the number of cars involved in an accident. As a consequence, this index decreases with a lower potential of injury and rises with a higher number of injuries while assuming a fixed number of accidents. Another index is introduced that uses an economical weighting of each injury level. The consequential injury costs are calculated using the average economical costs for lightly, severely and fatally injured persons. The calculation of the safety indices is based on an anonymized sample of accident data provided by the Federal Statistical Office. An index of Mercedes passenger car drivers depending on the year of registration between 1991 and 2006 is compared to the index of drivers of cars of other makes within the same range of registration years.
Cycle helmets have continued to increase in popularity since their introduction half a century ago. Many studies indicate that overall, head injury can be significantly reduced by wearing them. This study was conducted using two distinct sets of real-world cycling collision data from Ireland, namely cases involving police collision reports and cases involving admission to a hospital emergency department. The analyses sought to simulate and analyse the protective performance of cycle helmets in such collision scenarios, by comparing the Head Injury Criterion score and peak head accelerations, both linear and angular. Cycle collisions were simulated using the specialised commercial software MADYMO. From the simulation results, these key metrics were compared between the same-scenario helmeted and unhelmeted cyclist models. Results showed that the inclusion of bicycle helmets reduced linear accelerations very significantly, but also increased angular accelerations significantly compared to unhelmeted situations. Given the modest protective performance of cycle helmets against angular accelerations, it is recommended that cycle helmet manufacturers and international test standards need to pay more attention to head angular accelerations.
This study aimed at comparing head Wrap Around Distance (WAD) of Vulnerable Road User (VRU) obtained from the German in-depth Accident Database (GIDAS), the China in-depth Accident Database (CIDAS) and the Japanese in-depth Accident Database (ITARDA micro). Cumulative distribution of WAD of pedestrian and cyclist were obtained for each database (AIS2+) showing that WAD of cyclists were larger than the ones of pedestrians. Comparing three regions, the 50%tile WAD of GIDAS was larger than that of both Asian accident databases. Using linear regression that might predict WAD of pedestrians and cyclists from Impact speed and VRU height, WADs were calculated to be 206cm/219cm (Pedestrian/Cyclist) for GIDAS, 170cm/192cm for CIDAS and 211cm/235cm for ITARDA. In addition, this study may be helpful for reconsideration of WAD measurement alignment between accident reconstruction and test procedures.