Abteilung Fahrzeugtechnik
Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
Dokumenttyp
- Konferenzveröffentlichung (97)
- Buch (Monographie) (49)
- Wissenschaftlicher Artikel (45)
- Arbeitspapier (13)
- Teil eines Buches (Kapitel) (5)
Sprache
- Englisch (106)
- Deutsch (101)
- Mehrsprachig (2)
Schlagworte
- Safety (77)
- Sicherheit (76)
- Fahrzeug (57)
- Vehicle (57)
- Bewertung (51)
- Deutschland (46)
- Germany (46)
- Anfahrversuch (45)
- Evaluation (assessment) (45)
- Impact test (veh) (42)
- Versuch (42)
- Test (40)
- Test method (38)
- Prüfverfahren (37)
- Conference (34)
- Konferenz (34)
- Unfall (32)
- Accident (30)
- Fußgänger (30)
- Pedestrian (30)
- Driver assistance system (27)
- Fahrerassistenzsystem (27)
- Forschungsbericht (27)
- Verletzung (27)
- Injury (26)
- Car (25)
- Research report (25)
- Dummy (22)
- Simulation (22)
- Anthropometric dummy (21)
- Pkw (21)
- Collision (20)
- Frontalzusammenstoß (20)
- Messung (20)
- Head on collision (19)
- Measurement (19)
- Zusammenstoß (18)
- Driver (17)
- Driver information (17)
- Fahrer (17)
- Fahrerinformation (17)
- Fahrzeugführung (17)
- Gesetzgebung (17)
- Kompatibilität (17)
- Legislation (17)
- Method (17)
- Passives Sicherheitssystem (17)
- Verfahren (17)
- Compatibility (16)
- Head (16)
- Kopf (16)
- Passive safety system (16)
- Analyse (math) (15)
- Analysis (math) (15)
- Europa (15)
- Europe (15)
- Biomechanik (14)
- Driving (veh) (14)
- Shock (14)
- Unfallverhütung (14)
- Accident prevention (13)
- Biomechanics (13)
- Child (13)
- Development (13)
- Entwicklung (13)
- Improvement (13)
- Insasse (13)
- Kind (13)
- Radfahrer (13)
- Research project (13)
- Schlag (13)
- Schweregrad (Unfall, Verletzung) (13)
- Vehicle occupant (13)
- Verbesserung (13)
- injury) (13)
- Ausrüstung (12)
- Equipment (12)
- Forschungsarbeit (12)
- Lkw (12)
- Lorry (12)
- Motorrad (12)
- Severity (accid, injury) (12)
- Technische Vorschriften (Kraftfahrzeug) (12)
- Verletzung) (12)
- Wirtschaftlichkeitsrechnung (12)
- Automatic (11)
- Automatisch (11)
- Cost benefit analysis (11)
- Cyclist (11)
- Motorcycle (11)
- Perception (11)
- Prevention (11)
- Schweregrad (Unfall (11)
- Standardisierung (11)
- Vehicle regulations (11)
- Wahrnehmung (11)
- Active safety system (10)
- Aktives Sicherheitssystem (10)
- Behaviour (10)
- Communication (10)
- Elektronische Fahrhilfe (10)
- Kommunikation (10)
- Leistungsfähigkeit (allg) (10)
- Seitlicher Zusammenstoß (10)
- Severity (accid (10)
- Side impact (10)
- Statistik (10)
- Technologie (10)
- Technology (10)
- Verhalten (10)
- Autonomes Fahren (9)
- Autonomous driving (9)
- Belastung (9)
- Bemessung (9)
- Decrease (9)
- Design (overall design) (9)
- EU (9)
- Efficiency (9)
- Electronic driving aid (9)
- Ergonomics (9)
- Fahrstabilität (9)
- Geschwindigkeit (9)
- Load (9)
- Reifen (9)
- Speed (9)
- Tyre (9)
- Vehicle handling (9)
- Verminderung (9)
- Bremsung (8)
- Brustkorb (8)
- Error (8)
- Fahrzeuginnenraum (8)
- Fehler (8)
- Interior (veh) (8)
- Safety belt (8)
- Sicherheitsgurt (8)
- Standardization (8)
- Thorax (8)
- Traffic (8)
- Verhütung (8)
- Verkehr (8)
- Verkehrssteuerung (8)
- Braking (7)
- Knee (human) (7)
- Motorcyclist (7)
- Motorradfahrer (7)
- Prüfstand (7)
- Richtlinien (7)
- Risiko (7)
- Risk (7)
- Specifications (7)
- Statistics (7)
- Test rig (7)
- Traffic control (7)
- Aufprallschlitten (6)
- Collision avoidance system (6)
- Crash helmet (6)
- Datenbank (6)
- Deformation (6)
- Deformierbare Barriere (Anpralltest) (6)
- Emission (6)
- Ergonomie (6)
- Fatality (6)
- Fuel consumption (6)
- Gewicht (6)
- Impact sled (6)
- Impact test (6)
- Intelligent transport system (6)
- Kraftstoffverbrauch (6)
- Lenken (Fahrzeug) (6)
- Modification (6)
- Norm (tech) (6)
- Reaction (human) (6)
- Reaktionsverhalten (6)
- Schutzhelm (6)
- Specification (standard) (6)
- Steering (process) (6)
- Telematics (6)
- Telematik (6)
- Tödlicher Unfall (6)
- Warning (6)
- Weight (6)
- Airbag (5)
- Alte Leute (5)
- Antikollisionssystem (5)
- Auffahrunfall (5)
- Database (5)
- Electric vehicle (5)
- Elektrofahrzeug (5)
- Human body (5)
- International (5)
- Knie (menschl) (5)
- Layout (5)
- Leg (human) (5)
- Market (5)
- Markt (5)
- Messgerät (5)
- Official approval (5)
- Rear end collision (5)
- Sensor (5)
- Unfallrekonstruktion (5)
- Verformung (5)
- Veränderung (5)
- Accident rate (4)
- Bein (menschl) (4)
- Benutzung (4)
- Body (car) (4)
- Brennstoffzelle (4)
- Decke (Straße) (4)
- Deformable barrier (impact test) (4)
- Fahrzeugsitz (4)
- Fuel cell (4)
- Gestaltung (4)
- Headlamp (4)
- Hybrid vehicle (4)
- Hybridfahrzeug (4)
- Industrie (4)
- Industry (4)
- Intelligentes Transportsystem (4)
- Karosserie (4)
- Kraftfahrzeug (4)
- Lärm (4)
- Menschlicher Körper (4)
- Nachfrage (4)
- Nacht (4)
- Night (4)
- Noise (4)
- Oberfläche (4)
- Old people (4)
- Reconstruction (accid) (4)
- Reproducibility (4)
- Reproduzierbarkeit (4)
- Scheinwerfer (4)
- Seat (veh) (4)
- Straßenverkehrsrecht (4)
- Surface (4)
- Surfacing (4)
- Transport infrastructure (4)
- Unfallhäufigkeit (4)
- Use (4)
- Verkehrsinfrastruktur (4)
- Visual display (4)
- Abstandsregeltempomat (3)
- Adaptive cruise control (3)
- Air bag (restraint system) (3)
- Aktive Sicherheit (3)
- Ankündigung (3)
- Anthropmetric dummy (3)
- Antrieb (tech) (3)
- Apparatus (measuring) (3)
- Behinderter (3)
- Bicycle (3)
- Bildschirm (3)
- Brake light (3)
- Bremslicht (3)
- Bruch (mech) (3)
- Carriageway (3)
- Classification (3)
- Datenübertragung (telekom) (3)
- Daylight (3)
- Demand (3)
- Detection (3)
- Detektion (3)
- Disabled person (3)
- Driving aptitude (3)
- Emergency (3)
- Empfindlichkeit (3)
- Fahrbahn (3)
- Fahrrad (3)
- Fahrtauglichkeit (3)
- Fahrzeugbeleuchtung (3)
- Failure (3)
- Freight transport (3)
- Front (3)
- Haftung (jur) (3)
- Halswirbel (3)
- Highway (3)
- Impact study (3)
- Increase (3)
- Information (3)
- Interface (3)
- Kamera (3)
- Klassifizierung (3)
- Leuchtdichte (3)
- Liability (3)
- Luminance (3)
- Mathematical model (3)
- Medical examination (3)
- Mensch Maschine Verhältnis (3)
- Notfall (3)
- On the spot accident investigation (3)
- Optimum (3)
- Organisation (3)
- Propulsion (3)
- Prototyp (3)
- Prototype (3)
- Rear view mirror (3)
- Rechenmodell (3)
- Road user (3)
- Rolling resistance (3)
- Rollwiderstand (3)
- Rückspiegel (3)
- Sensitivity (3)
- Severity (acid (3)
- Sichtbarkeit (3)
- Straße (3)
- Tageslicht (3)
- Telecommunication (3)
- Telekommunikation (3)
- Traffic regulations (3)
- Unterfahrschutz (3)
- Untersuchung am Unfallort (3)
- Vehicle inspection (3)
- Vehicle lighting (3)
- Vergrößerung (3)
- Verkehrsteilnehmer (3)
- Versuchspuppe (3)
- Sichtbarkeit (3)
- Warnung (3)
- Windschutzscheibe (3)
- Windscreen (veh) (3)
- Wirbelsäule (3)
- Abblendlicht (2)
- Abdomen (2)
- Ablenkung (psychol) (2)
- Acceleration (2)
- Achslast (2)
- Active safety (2)
- Adolescent (2)
- Adult (2)
- Anti locking device (2)
- Articulated vehicle (2)
- Attention (2)
- Attitude (psychol) (2)
- Aufmerksamkeit (2)
- Autobahn (2)
- Autonomes Fahrzeug (2)
- Autonomous vehicle (2)
- Axle load (2)
- Baumusterzulassung (2)
- Baustelle (2)
- Beschleunigung (2)
- Bestrafung (2)
- Bicyclist (2)
- Blendung (2)
- Blind spot (veh) (2)
- Bridge (2)
- Brücke (2)
- Buch (2)
- Bumper (2)
- Camera (2)
- Car park (2)
- Cause (2)
- Cervical vertebrae (2)
- Comfort (2)
- Construction site (2)
- Contact (tyre road) (2)
- Control (2)
- Crash Test (2)
- Crashtest (2)
- Damage (2)
- Data acquisition (2)
- Data exchange (2)
- Data processing (2)
- Data transmission (telecom) (2)
- Datenaustausch (2)
- Datenerfassung (2)
- Datenverarbeitung (2)
- Dauerhaftigkeit (2)
- Deceleration (2)
- Deckschicht (2)
- Delivery vehicle (2)
- Digital model (2)
- Dipped headlight (2)
- Distraction (2)
- Durability (2)
- Echtzeit (2)
- Einstellung (psychol) (2)
- Elektronisches Stabilitätsprogramm (2)
- Erwachsener (2)
- Evaluation (2)
- Eye movement (2)
- Fahrgeschicklichkeit (2)
- Fahrleistung (2)
- Fahrsimulator (2)
- Fahrzeugabstand (2)
- Fahrzeugteile (2)
- Force (2)
- Forecast (2)
- Future transport mode (2)
- Gelenkfahrzeug (2)
- Glare (2)
- Grenzfläche (2)
- Griffigkeit (2)
- Gütertransport (2)
- Güterverkehr (2)
- Herstellung (2)
- Hinten (2)
- Hospital (2)
- Hüfte (menschl) (2)
- Individueller Verkehr (2)
- Information documentation (2)
- Intelligentes Verkehrssystem (2)
- Interactive model (2)
- Interaktives Modell (2)
- Interview (2)
- Jugendlicher (2)
- Knie (2)
- Knotenpunkt (2)
- Komfort (2)
- Kontakt Reifen-Straße (2)
- Kontrolle (2)
- Kraft (2)
- Krankenhaus (2)
- Kunststoff (2)
- Landstraße (2)
- Lichtsignal (2)
- Manufacture (2)
- Medical aspects (2)
- Medizinische Untersuchung (2)
- Mobility (2)
- Mobilität (2)
- Modell (2)
- Motorway (2)
- Nasse Straße (2)
- Numerisches Modell (2)
- Oberflächentextur (2)
- Organization (association) (2)
- Parkfläche (2)
- Penalty (2)
- Planning (2)
- Planung (2)
- Plastic material (2)
- Private transport (2)
- Prognose (2)
- Quality (2)
- Qualität (2)
- Radio (2)
- Real time (2)
- Rear (2)
- Reifenprofil (2)
- Road traffic (2)
- Rundfunk (2)
- Sachschaden (2)
- Safety glass (2)
- Sample (mater) (2)
- Schallpegel (2)
- Schutz (2)
- Sehvermögen (2)
- Sicherheitsglas (2)
- Simulator (driving) (2)
- Skidding resistance (2)
- Sound level (2)
- Spinal column (2)
- State of the art report (2)
- Steuerung (2)
- Stoßstange (2)
- Straßenverkehr (2)
- Stress (psychol) (2)
- Surface texture (2)
- Surveillance (2)
- Technische Überwachung (Fahrzeug) (2)
- Textbook (2)
- Toter Winkel (2)
- Traffic signal (2)
- Tyre tread (2)
- Underride protection (2)
- Unterleib (2)
- Ursache (2)
- Vehicle mile (2)
- Vehicle spacing (2)
- Vereinigtes Königreich (2)
- Verzögerung (2)
- Vibration (2)
- Vision (2)
- Vorn (2)
- Wearing course (2)
- Wet road (2)
- Wirksamkeitsuntersuchung (2)
- Zukünftiges Verkehrsmittel (2)
- Zulassung (tech) (2)
- Zusammenstoss (2)
- (menschl) (1)
- Abbiegen (1)
- Ablenkung (1)
- Abnutzung (1)
- Absorption (1)
- Accessibility (1)
- Accident data (1)
- Accident proneness (1)
- Accident reconstruction (1)
- Administration (1)
- Aged people (1)
- Alte leute (1)
- Alternative Energie (1)
- Alternative energy (1)
- Angle (1)
- Anhänger (1)
- Anordnung (1)
- Anthropometric body (1)
- Antiblockiereinrichtung (1)
- Antiblockiersystem (1)
- Antikollisisonssystem (1)
- Apparatus (measurement) (1)
- Apparatus [measuring] (1)
- Aquaplaning (1)
- Arbeitsgruppe (1)
- Area traffic control (1)
- Armaturenbrett (1)
- Arzneimittel (1)
- Asphaltstraße (Oberbau) (1)
- Aufprall (1)
- Augenbewegungen (1)
- Auspuff (1)
- Ballungsgebiet (1)
- Battery (1)
- Bau (1)
- Beanspruchung (1)
- Bearing capacity (1)
- Bein (1)
- Benchmark (1)
- Benefit cost analysis (1)
- Berechnung d Straßenoberbaus (1)
- Betriebsverhalten (1)
- Bibliographie (1)
- Bibliography (1)
- Biophysic (1)
- Bonnet (car) (1)
- Brake (1)
- Breaking (1)
- Breite (1)
- Bremse (1)
- Bus (1)
- Cadaver (1)
- Calibration (1)
- Carbon dioxide (1)
- Carbon monoxide (1)
- Catalysis (1)
- Cervical vertebrae; Conference; Evaluation (assessment); Injury; Spinal column; Test (1)
- Chart (1)
- Chassis (1)
- Cinematography (1)
- Coefficient of friction (1)
- Colour (1)
- Compatiblity (1)
- Components of the car (1)
- Components of the vehicle (1)
- Compression (1)
- Congestion (traffic) (1)
- Construction (1)
- Contact (Tyre road) (1)
- Conurbation (1)
- Cooperative intelligent transport system (1)
- Correlation (math, stat) (1)
- Corrosion (1)
- Crossing the road (pedestrian) (1)
- Dashboard (1)
- Data bank (1)
- Data security (1)
- Data transmission (1)
- Datensicherheit (1)
- Daytime running light (1)
- Deformable barrier (Impact test) (1)
- Deformable barrier system (impact test) (1)
- Dehnungsmessstreifen (1)
- Demand (econ) (1)
- Demografie (1)
- Demographie (1)
- Demography (1)
- Depth (1)
- Detection response task (1)
- Deterioration (1)
- Diesel engine (1)
- Dieselmotor (1)
- Dimension (1)
- Dispersion (stat) (1)
- Dissertation (1)
- Disstraction (1)
- Driver (veh) (1)
- Driver information system (1)
- Driver training (1)
- Driving (1)
- Druck (1)
- Drunkenness (1)
- Dusk (1)
- Dynamic penetration test (1)
- Dynamics (1)
- Dynamik (1)
- Dynamo (1)
- Dämmerung (1)
- EU directive (1)
- EU-Richtlinie (1)
- Economic efficiency (1)
- Economics of transport (1)
- Eichung (1)
- Eigenschaft (1)
- Eindringung (1)
- Electrode (1)
- Electroencephalography (1)
- Electronic stability program (1)
- Electronics (1)
- Elekronic stability program (1)
- Elektrode (1)
- Elektroencephalographie (1)
- Elektronik (1)
- Emission control (1)
- Emissionskontrolle (1)
- Energieeinsparung (1)
- Energy conservation (1)
- Engine capacity (1)
- Environment (1)
- Erfahrung [menschl] (1)
- Ersatzfahraufgabe (1)
- European New Car Assessment Programme (1)
- Evaluation (Assessment) (1)
- Evaluation [assessment] (1)
- Exhaust pipe (1)
- Experience [human] (1)
- Expert system (1)
- Expertensystem (1)
- Fahrassistenzsystem (1)
- Fahrausbildung (1)
- Fahrbahnmarkierung (1)
- Fahrbahnüberquerung (1)
- Fahrbare Barriere (1)
- Fahrerinformationssystem (1)
- Fahrstreifen (1)
- Fahrstreifenwechsel (1)
- Fahrwerk (1)
- Farbe (1)
- Fatigue (human) (1)
- Federal Republic of (1)
- Federung (1)
- Fernverkehrsstraße (1)
- Festigkeit (1)
- Feuer (1)
- Feuerlöscher (1)
- Film (Filmtechnik) (1)
- Finite element method (1)
- Fire (1)
- Fire extinguisher (1)
- Flexible pavement (1)
- Foot (not a measure) (1)
- Form (1)
- France (1)
- Frankreich (1)
- Frau (1)
- Freizeit (1)
- Frequency (1)
- Frequenz (1)
- Frost (1)
- Fuel (1)
- Fuß (1)
- Fußgängerbereich (1)
- Gebiet (1)
- Gebraucht (1)
- Gelände (1)
- Geländefahrzeug (1)
- Gierverhalten (1)
- Goods traffic (1)
- Graphische Darstellung (1)
- Grenzwert (1)
- Harmonisation (1)
- Harmonisierung (1)
- Harmonization (1)
- Head (human) (1)
- Height (1)
- Hell (1)
- Highway design (1)
- Hip (human) (1)
- Hubraum (1)
- Human factor (1)
- Human tolerance (1)
- Hydrocarbon (1)
- Höhe (1)
- In Bewegung (1)
- In service behaviour (1)
- In situ (1)
- Incident detection (1)
- Information management (1)
- Innenstadt (1)
- Intersection (1)
- Junction (1)
- Karte (1)
- Katalyse (1)
- Kleintransporter (1)
- Kognitive Aufgabenanforderung (1)
- Kohlendioxid (1)
- Kohlenmonoxid (1)
- Kohlenwasserstoff (1)
- Kompatiblität (1)
- Kontakt Reifen Straße (1)
- Kooperatives System (ITS) (1)
- Kopf (menschl) (1)
- Korrelation (math, stat) (1)
- Korrosion (1)
- Kraftstoff (1)
- Kraftübertragung (Fahrzeug) (1)
- Laborexperiment (1)
- Landstrasse (1)
- Lane changing (1)
- Lang-Lkw (1)
- Leichnam (1)
- Leicht (1)
- Length (1)
- Lenkrad (1)
- Leuchtdiode (1)
- Lichtstärke (1)
- Lidschlag (1)
- Lieferfahrzeug (1)
- Light (colour) (1)
- Light emitting diode (1)
- Light intensity (1)
- Lightweight (1)
- Limit (1)
- Location (1)
- Longer and heavier vehicle (1)
- Länge (1)
- Main road (1)
- Man-machine interface (1)
- Map (1)
- Materialveränderung (allg) (1)
- Matrix (1)
- Measuring (1)
- Medication (1)
- Medizinische Gesichtspunkte (1)
- Medizinische gesichtspunkte (1)
- Medizinische untersuchung (1)
- Mensch-Maschine-Schnittstelle (1)
- Menschlicher faktor (1)
- Menschlicher körper (1)
- Text (1)
- Methode der finiten Elemente (1)
- Mobile barrier (1)
- Model (not math) (1)
- Modell (non math) (1)
- Motor (1)
- Motor cycle (1)
- Motorhaube (1)
- Moving (1)
- Müdigkeit (1)
- Nachricht (1)
- Naturalistic Driving (1)
- Naturalistic driving (1)
- Nummer (1)
- Oberbau (1)
- Old People (1)
- On the right (1)
- Optische Anzeige (1)
- Organization (1)
- Ort (Position) (1)
- Overlapping (1)
- Parken (1)
- Parking (1)
- Parking place (one veh only) (1)
- Parkstand (einzeln) (1)
- Passive Sicherheit (1)
- Pavement (1)
- Pavement Management System (1)
- Pavement design (1)
- Pavement management system (1)
- Pedestrian precinct (1)
- Pelvis (1)
- Penetration (1)
- Pfahl (1)
- Physiolog Belastungsgrenze (1)
- Pile (1)
- Pkw; Verhütung (1)
- Pollutant (1)
- Population (1)
- Pressure (1)
- Probe (1)
- Productivity (1)
- Program (computer) (1)
- Properties (1)
- Prüefverfahren (1)
- Prüfkörper (1)
- Psychological aspects (1)
- Psychologie (1)
- Psychologische Gesichtspunkte (1)
- Psychology (1)
- Public transport (1)
- Publicity (1)
- Quality assurance (1)
- Qualitätssicherung (1)
- Rammsondierung (1)
- Rechenprogramm (1)
- Rechts (1)
- Recreation (1)
- Reflectorized material (1)
- Reflexstoffe (1)
- Region (1)
- Reibungsbeiwert (1)
- Retread tyre (1)
- Rippe (menschl) (1)
- Road (1)
- Road construction (1)
- Road marking (1)
- Road network (1)
- Robot (1)
- Roboter (1)
- Rotation (1)
- Route guidance (1)
- Runderneuerter Reifen (1)
- Rural road (1)
- Rutting (wheel) (1)
- Safety fence (1)
- Schadstoff (1)
- Schall (1)
- Schnittstelle (1)
- Schulter (1)
- Schutzeinrichtung (1)
- Schweregrad /Unfall (1)
- Schwingung (1)
- Schädel (1)
- Second hand (1)
- Seite (1)
- Service area (1)
- Shape (1)
- Shoulder (human) (1)
- Side (1)
- Size and weight regulations (1)
- Skill (road user) (1)
- Skull (1)
- Social factors (1)
- Sociology (1)
- Software (1)
- Sound (1)
- Soziale Faktoren (1)
- Soziologie (1)
- Spain (1)
- Spanien (1)
- Specification (standard ) (1)
- Spectrum (1)
- Spektrum (1)
- Sport utility vehicle (1)
- Spurrinne (1)
- Stadardization (1)
- Stadt (1)
- Stand der Technik (Bericht) (1)
- Standard (1)
- Standardabweichung (1)
- Statics (1)
- Statik (1)
- Statistic (1)
- Steering wheel (1)
- Steifigkeit (1)
- Stiffness (1)
- Strain gauge (1)
- Straßenbau (1)
- Straßenentwurf (1)
- Straßennetz (1)
- Strength (mater) (1)
- Stress (1)
- Stress (psycho) (1)
- Störfallentdeckung (1)
- Surrogate driving set-up (1)
- Suspension (veh) (1)
- Sustainability (1)
- Tactile perception (1)
- Tagesfahrlicht (1)
- Taktiles Signal (1)
- Tangential (1)
- Tank Rast Anlage (1)
- Technische Vorschriften (1)
- Technische Überwachung (1)
- Terrain (1)
- Tests (1)
- Thesis (1)
- Tiefe (1)
- Town centre (1)
- Toxicity (1)
- Toxizität (1)
- Tracking task (1)
- Trackingaufgabe (1)
- Traffic Control (1)
- Traffic assignment (1)
- Traffic engineering (1)
- Traffic flow (1)
- Traffic lanes (1)
- Traffic regulation (1)
- Traffic sign (1)
- Tragfähigkeit (1)
- Trailer (1)
- Train (1)
- Transmission (veh) (1)
- Transport (1)
- Trunkenheit (1)
- Tunnel (1)
- Turning (1)
- Typenzulassung (1)
- Tätigkeitsbericht (1)
- USA (1)
- Umwelt (1)
- Umweltfreundlichkeit (1)
- Underride prevention (1)
- Unfalldaten (1)
- Unfallneigung (1)
- United Kingdom (1)
- United kingdom (1)
- Urban area (1)
- Vehicle Regulations (1)
- Vehicle regulation (1)
- Veraenderung (1)
- Verkehrsfluss (1)
- Verkehrsstauung (1)
- Verkehrstechnik (1)
- Verkehrsumlegung (1)
- Verkehrswirtschaft (1)
- Verkehrszeichen (1)
- Verwaltung (1)
- Video camera (1)
- Vorne (1)
- Wasser (1)
- Water (1)
- Wear (1)
- Weather (1)
- Werbung (1)
- Width (1)
- Winkel (1)
- Wirkungsanalyse (1)
- Wirtschaftlichkeit (1)
- Witterung (1)
- Woman (1)
- Working group (1)
- Yawing (veh) (1)
- Zahl (1)
- Zentrale Verkehrssteuerung (1)
- Zielführungssystem (1)
- Zug (Eisenbahn) (1)
- Zugänglichkeit (1)
- Zusammendrückung (1)
- Zustandsbewertung (1)
- skill (1)
- Öffentlicher Verkehr (1)
- Überdeckung (1)
Institut
- Abteilung Fahrzeugtechnik (209) (entfernen)
The ASSESS project is a collaborative project that develops test procedures for pre-crash safety systems like Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB). One key criterion for the effectiveness of e.g. AEB is reduction in collision speed compared to baseline scenarios without AEB. The speed reduction for a given system can only be determined in real world tests that will end with a collision. Soft targets that are crashable up to velocities of 80 km/h are state of the art for these assessments, but ordinary balloon cars are usually stationary targets. The ASSESS project goes one step further and defines scenarios with moving targets. These scenarios define vehicle speeds of up to 100 km/h, different collision scenarios and relative collision speeds of up to 80km/h. This paper describes the development of a propulsion system for a soft target that aims to be used with these demanding scenario specifications. The Federal Highway Research Institute- (BASt-) approach to move the target is a self-driving small cart. The cart is controlled either by a driver (open-loop control via remote-control) or by a computer (closed-loop control). Its weight is limited to achieve a good crashability without damages to the test vehicle. To the extent of our knowledge BASt- approach is unique in this field (other carts cannot move at such high velocities or are not crashable). This paper describes in detail the challenges and solutions that were found both for the mechanical construction and the implementation of the control and safety system. One example for the mechanical challenges is e.g. the position of the vehicle- center of gravity (CG). An optimum compromise had to be found between a low CG oriented to the front of the vehicle (good for driveability) and a high CG oriented to the rear of the vehicle (good for crashability). The soft target itself which is also developed within the ASSESS project will not be covered in detail as this is work of a project partner. Publications on this will follow. The paper also shows first test results, describes current limitations and gives an outlook. It is expected that the presented test tools for AEB and other pre-crash safety systems is introduced in the future into consumer testing (NCAP) as well as regulatory testing.
Thoracic injury is one of the predominant types of severe injuries in frontal accidents. The assessment of the injury risk to the thorax in the current frontal impact test procedures is based on the uni-axial chest deflection measured in the dummy Hybrid III. Several studies have shown that criteria based on the linear chest potentiometer are not sensitive enough to distinguish between different restraint systems, and cannot indicate asymmetric chest loading, which has been shown to correlate to increased injury risk. Furthermore, the measurement is sensitive to belt position on the dummy chest. The objective of this study was to evaluate the optical multipoint chest deflection measurement system "RibEye" in frontal impact sled tests. Therefore the sensitivity of the RibEyesystem to different restraint system parameters was investigated. Furthermore, the issue of signal drop out at the 6 th rib was investigated in this study.A series of sled tests were conducted with the RibEye system in the Hybrid III 50%. The sled environment consisted of a rigid seat and a standard production three-point seat belt system. Rib deflections were recorded with the RibEye system and additionally with the standard chest potentiometer. The tests were carried out at crash pulses of two different velocities (30 km/h and 64 km/h). The tests were conducted with different belt routing to investigate the sensitivity of chest deflection measurements to belt position on the dummy chest. Furthermore, different restraint system parameters were investigated (force limiter level, with or without pretensioning) to evaluate if the RibEye measurements provide additional information to distinguish between restraint system configurations . The results showed that with the RibEye system it was possible to identify the effect of belt routing in more detail. The chest deflections measured with the standard chest potentiometer as well as the maximum deflection measured by RibEye allowed the distinction to be made between different force limiter levels. The RibEye system was also able to clearly show the asymmetric deflection of the rib cage due to belt loading. In some configurations, differences of more than 15 mm were observed between the left and side areas of the chest. Furthermore, the abdomen insert was identified as source of the problem of signal drop out at the 6th rib. Possible solutions are discussed. In conclusion, the RibEye system provided valuable additional information regarding the assessment of restraint systems. It has the potential to enable the evaluation of thoracic injury risk due to asymmetric loading. Further investigations with the RibEye should be extended to tests in a vehicle environment, which include a vehicle seat and other restraint system components such as an airbag.
A flexible pedestrian legform impactor (FlexPLI) has been evaluated by a Technical Evaluation Group (Flex-TEG) of the Working Party on Passive Safety (GRSP) of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN-ECE). It will be implemented within phase 2 of the global technical regulation (GTR 9) as well as within a new ECE regulation on pedestrian safety as a test tool for the assessment of lower extremity injuries in lateral vehicle-to-pedestrian accidents (UN-ECE 2010-1, 2010-2 and 2010-3). Due to its biofidelic properties in the knee and tibia section, the FlexPLI is found to having an improved knee and tibia injury assessment ability when being compared to the current legislative test tool, the lower legform impactor developed by the Pedestrian Safety Working Group of the European Enhanced Vehicle-safety Committee (EEVC WG 17). However, due to a lack of biofidelity in terms of kinematics and loadings in the femur part of the FlexPLI, an appropriate assessment of femur injuries is still outstanding. The study described in this paper is aimed to close this gap. Impactor tests with the FlexPLI at different impact heights on three vehicle frontends with Sedan, SUV and FFV shape are performed and compared to tests with a modified FlexPLI with upper body mass. Full scale validation tests using a modified crash test dummy with attached FlexPLI that are carried out for the first time prove the more humanlike responses of the femur section with applied upper body mass. Apart from that they also show that the impact conditions described in the current technical provisions for tests with the FlexPLI don"t necessarily compensate the missing torso mass in terms of knee and tibia loadings either. Therefore it can be concluded that an applied upper body mass will contribute to a more biofidelic overall behavior of the legform and subsequently an improved injury assessment ability of all lower extremity injuries addressed by the FlexPLI. Nevertheless, the validity of the original as well as the modified legform for tests against vehicles with extraordinary high bumpers as well as flat front vehicles still needs to be evaluated in detail. A first clue is given by the application of an additional accelerometer to the legform.
The BASt-project group "Legal consequences of an increase in vehicle automation" has identified, defined and consequently compiled different automation degrees beyond Driver Assistance Systems. These are partial-, high- and full automation. According to German regulatory law, i.e. the German Road Traffic Code, it has been identified that the distinctive feature of different degrees of automation is the permanent attention of the driver to the task of driving as well as the constant availability of control over the vehicle. Partial automation meets these requirements. The absence of the driver- concentration to the traffic situation and to execute control is in conflict with the use of higher degrees of vehicle automation (i.e. high and full automation). Their use is therefore presently not compatible with German law, as the human driver would violate his obligations stipulated in the Road Traffic Code when fully relying on the degree of automation these systems would offer. As far as higher degrees of automation imply free-hand driving, further research in terms of behavioural psychology is required to determine whether this hinders the driver in the execution of permanent caution as required by sec. 1 para. 1 StVO (German Road Traffic Code). As far as liabilities according to the StVG (German Road Traffic Act) are concerned, the presently reversed burden of proof on the driver within sec. 18 para. 1 S. 2 StVG might no longer be considered adequate in case of higher degrees of automation that allow the driver to draw attention from the task of driving (in case making such use of a system would be permitted by the German Road Traffic Code). The liability of the vehicle "keeper", according to the German Road Traffic Act, would remain applicable to all defined degrees of automation. In case of partial automation, the use of systems according to their limits is accentuated. The range of use that remains within the intended must be defined closely and unmistakeably. Affecting user expectations properly can immensely help to maintain safe use, in case design-measures that exclude overreliance are not available according to the current state of the art (otherwise such measures would have to be applied primarily). In case of the higher degrees of automation that no longer require the driver- permanent attention (under the presupposition their use would be permitted by the German Road Traffic Code), every accident potentially bears the risk to cause product liability on the side of the manufacturer. Liability of the manufacturer might only be excluded in case of a breach of traffic rules by a third party or in case of overriding/ oversteering by the driver. In so far aspects of German procedural law and the burden of proof are of great importance. The project group has identified the need for further continuative research not only to advance legal assessment but also to improve basic technical conditions for vehicle automation as well as product reliability.
Rechtsfolgen zunehmender Fahrzeugautomatisierung : gemeinsamer Schlussbericht der Projektgruppe
(2012)
Die BASt-Projektgruppe "Rechtsfolgen zunehmender Fahrzeugautomatisierung" hat über die heute verfügbaren Fahrerassistenzsysteme hinaus drei verschiedene Automatisierungsgrade identifiziert und begrifflich definiert: Teil-, Hoch- und Vollautomatisierung. Aus verhaltensrechtlicher Sicht haben sich als wesentliche Unterscheidungsmerkmale verschiedener Automatisierungsgrade die auf das Verkehrsgeschehen fokussierte Aufmerksamkeit des Fahrers und seine ständige Möglichkeit zur Fahrzeugsteuerung herausgestellt. Im Fall der "Teilautomatisierung" ist die Aufmerksamkeit des Fahrers ständig auf das Verkehrsgeschehen gerichtet und er hat aufgrund der permanent von ihm durchzuführenden Systemüberwachung die Möglichkeit zur Fahrzeugsteuerung, so dass dieser Automatisierungsgrad den aktuellen verhaltensrechtlichen Anforderungen entspricht. Die verhaltensrechtlich geforderte Aufmerksamkeitskonzentration auf das Verkehrsgeschehen und die möglicherweise fehlende Möglichkeit zur Fahrzeugsteuerung stehen jedoch der Nutzung höherer Automatisierungsgrade (Hoch- und Vollautomatisierung) derzeit entgegen. Ihre Nutzung ist gegenwärtig nicht mit dem Verhaltensrecht vereinbar, da der menschliche Fahrzeugführer gegen seine Pflichten verstieße, wenn er sich vollständig auf das System verlassen würde. Soweit ein Automatisierungsgrad zugleich eine freihändige Fahrzeugsteuerung vorsieht, bedürfte es der verhaltenspsychologischen Untersuchung, inwieweit dies den Fahrer in der Ausübung ständiger Vorsicht im Sinne von -§ 1 Abs. 1 StVO zu beeinträchtigen vermag. Hinsichtlich der Haftung nach dem Straßenverkehrsgesetz erscheint die Beweislastverteilung im Rahmen von -§ 18 Abs. 1 S. 2 StVG in den Fällen höherer Automatisierungsgrade (Hoch- und Vollautomatisierung) nicht mehr sachgerecht, soweit dem Fahrer in verhaltensrechtlicher Hinsicht die Ausrichtung seiner Aufmerksamkeit auf andere Tätigkeiten als die konventionelle Fahraufgabe ermöglicht wird. Die Regelungen zur Haftung des Fahrzeughalters bleiben bei allen Automatisierungsgraden weiterhin anwendbar. In Bezug auf die Produkthaftung zeigt sich im Fall der vollständig fahrerüberwachten Teilautomatisierung die Bedeutung der Systemgrenzen. Produkthaftungsrechtlich gewinnt hier die Einordnung des bestimmungsgemäßen Gebrauchs wesentlich an Bedeutung. Zur Absicherung dieses bestimmungsgemäßen Gebrauchs ist die nachhaltige Beeinflussung der Verkehrserwartung beim Benutzerkreis entscheidend, soweit nicht primär konstruktive Möglichkeiten nach dem Stand von Wissenschaft und Technik zur Verfügung stehen, um unberechtigtes Systemvertrauen auszuschließen. Bei den höheren Automatisierungsgraden, die nicht mehr der Fahrerüberwachung bedürfen (unter der Annahme, ihre Nutzung wäre verhaltensrechtlich möglich), wäre jeder Schaden, der nicht auf ein Fehlverhalten Dritter oder eine Übersteuerung des Fahrers zurückzuführen ist, geeignet, Herstellerhaftung auszulösen. Diesbezüglich spielt die Darlegungs- und Beweislast eine wesentliche Rolle. Sowohl auf Grund der offenen Fragen in der rechtlichen Bewertung als auch übergreifend zur Verbesserung technischer Ausgangsbedingungen sowie der Gebrauchssicherheit wird von der Projektgruppe weiterer Forschungsbedarf zur Fahrzeugautomatisierung formuliert.
This report presents the results of a stakeholder analysis which has been performed by the EasyWay Cooperative Systems Task Force. The stakeholder analysis aims at identifying potential roles of the road operator in the operation process of selected cooperative services and describing expectations and aspirations related to the future roles and responsibilities from a European road operator- point of view. The following cooperative services have been considered in the stakeholder analysis: Hazardous location notification, Traffic jam ahead warning, Road works warning, Automatic access control and Parking management. The stakeholder analysis used findings from previous projects and performed own studies based on desk research and expert assessments which were carried out by the task partners. The approach includes the development of high-level descriptions showing functional schemes of the operational process chains and potential roles / responsibilities related to the road operator. A deepened analysis was performed by assessing the functional schemes / role profiles and collecting opportunities, concerns, and success factors from a road operator- perspective.
To improve vehicle safety in frontal collisions, the crash compatibility between the colliding vehicles is crucial. Compatibility aims to improve both the self and partner protection properties of vehicles. Although compatibility has received worldwide attention for many years, no final assessment approach has been defined. Within the Frontal Impact and Compatibility Assessment Research (FIMCAR) project, different frontal impact test procedures (offset deformable barrier [ODB] test as currently used for Economic Commission for Europe [ECE] R94, progressive deformable barrier test as proposed by France for a new ECE regulation, moveable deformable barrier test as discussed worldwide, full-width rigid barrier test as used in Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard [FMVSS] 208, and full-width deformable barrier test) were analyzed regarding their potential for future frontal impact legislation. The research activities focused on car-to-car frontal impact accidents based on accident investigations involving newer cars. Test procedures were developed with both a crash test program and numerical simulations. The proposal from FIMCAR is to use a full-width test procedure with a deformable element and compatibility metrics in combination with the current offset test as a frontal impact assessment approach that also addresses compatibility. By adding a full-width test to the current ODB test it is possible to better address the issues of structural misalignment and injuries resulting from high acceleration accidents as observed in the current fleet. The estimated benefit ranges from a 5 to 12 percent reduction of fatalities and serious injuries resulting from frontal impact accidents. By using a deformable element in the full-width test, the test conditions are more representative of real-world situations with respect to acceleration pulse, restraint system triggering time, and deformation pattern of the front structure. The test results are therefore expected to better represent real-world performance of the tested car. Furthermore, the assessment of the structural alignment is more robust than in the rigid wall test.
Aus wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen ist bekannt, dass ältere Menschen trotz ihrer langen Fahrerfahrung in spezifischen Verkehrssituationen Fahrfehler und Unsicherheiten zeigen. In zwei Experimenten an jüngeren und älteren Versuchsteilnehmern wurde im Ergonomie-Labor der Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (BASt) versucht, den Ursachen spezifischer Fahrfehler älterer Kraftfahrer nachzugehen. Die Ergebnisse lieferten wichtige Ansatzpunkte für die Entwicklung von Fahrerassistenzsystemen (FAS), indem Erkenntnisse zu visuellen Aufmerksamkeitsleistungen gesammelt wurden. Im Rahmen eines Doppeltätigkeitsparadigmas wurde der visuell-räumliche Aufmerksamkeitsprozess, der für das Führen von Kraftfahrzeugen von wesentlicher Bedeutung ist, nicht nur auf der Verhaltensebene, sondern auch neurophysiologisch durch die Ableitung der Hirnströme mittels EEG untersucht. Hauptaufgabe war in beiden Experimenten eine Spurhalteaufgabe, die kurvenreiches Fahren simulieren sollte. Nebenaufgabe war jeweils eine Lichtreizaufgabe, bei der so schnell wie möglich durch Tastendruck auf einen Lichtreiz reagiert werden musste. Im zweiten Experiment wurde überprüft, ob bei der Lichtreizaufgabe die Verschlechterung der Aufmerksamkeitsleistung graduell erfolgt, indem bei den Lichtreizen die Exzentrizität erweitert wurde. Die Reize wurden bilateral, in abgestufter Form in verschiedenen Sehwinkeln von der Fovea centralis präsentiert. Dargestellt werden die Versuchsdurchführung sowie die Ergebnisse für die Verhaltensdaten und die festgestellten ereigniskorrelierten Potenziale (EKP). Es zeigte sich, dass durch die Berücksichtigung zusätzlicher weiterer Exzentrizitäten die Ergebnisse der Vorgängerstudie in bedeutsamer Weise erweitert werden konnten. Für beide Gruppen zeigten sich über den Verlauf hinweg klare Anzeichen für den Verlauf kompensatorischer Prozesse, die sich für die Älteren aber nur bis zu einem Sehwinkel von 50 Grad darstellten. Bei Reizen im Sehwinkel von 60 Grad war die Detektionsleistung deutlich schlechter, vor allem bei den älteren Versuchsteilnehmern. Außerdem wurde festgestellt, dass vor allem die Älteren Beeinträchtigungen in der Detektionsleistung zeigen, wenn der Abstand zwischen zwei Reizen gering ist. Es zeigt sich, das im Hinblick auf das Übersehen von Verkehrsobjekten, das eine wesentliche Ursache von Unfällen älterer Fahrer darstellt, diese technisch - beispielsweise bei Wende- oder Abbiegeprozessen - durch einen Sehfeldassistenten unterstützt werden können. Da Ältere durch schnelle Reaktionsabfolgen stärker beansprucht werden, sind Systeme mit Warnfunktion oder teilautomatisierte Systeme eher kritisch zu sehen, da sie zusätzlichen Bedien- beziehungsweise Überwachungsaufwand erfordern.
Economic constraints nowadays require transporting greater volumes of freight at lower cost. Yet, physical profiles of trucks do not all generate the same effects on road infrastructure for a given tonnage hauled. The objective then lies in finding an optimal service level that reduces the damage caused to infrastructure. Results derived for the impact of trucks on pavements are presented. The impact of truck traffic trends on road bridges will also be discussed.rn
Das Ziel der Untersuchung war, die Grenzen der Belastbarkeit eines Rollstuhl- und Personenrückhaltesystems mit Kraftknoten nach DIN 75078-2 zu ermitteln. Dazu wurden dynamische Schlittenversuche durchgeführt, bei denen die Verzögerungspulse sowie das Gesamtgewicht von Rollstuhl und Prüfpuppe variiert wurden. Für die Untersuchungen kamen ein Prüfrollstuhl, definiert nach ISO 10542, und Rückhaltesysteme mit Kraftknoten gemäß DIN 75078-2 zum Einsatz. Das Rückhaltesystem bestand aus einem Rollstuhl- und einem Personenrückhaltesystem, wobei das Rollstuhlrückhaltesystem (RRS) mit vier bzw. sechs Gurten und entsprechenden Retraktoren an einem dynamischen Schlittenaufbau befestigt wurde. Das Personenrückhaltesystem (PRS) bestand aus einem am Rollstuhl integrierten Beckengurt sowie einem Schulterschräggurt, der am Beckengurt und am Schlittenaufbau befestigt wurde. Ferner wurden bei den Versuchen Prüfpuppen verschiedener Alters- und Gewichtsklassen (P6, HIII 5 %, HIII 50 % und HIII 95 %) eingesetzt Die Belastungsanforderungen für das Rückhaltesystem wurden sukzessiv erweitert, indem einerseits das Gesamtgewicht (Rollstuhl und Prüfpuppe) und andererseits auch die Verzögerungspulse bis zur Versagensgrenze erhöht wurden. Das Vier-Gurt-Rückhaltesystem konnte bei einem Verzögerungspuls von 10 g einem Gesamtgewicht von bis zu 221 kg standhalten. Bei einem Verzögerungspuls von 20 g und einem Gesamtgewicht von 134 kg wurde das Vier-Gurt-System bis über die Grenzen belastet. Das Sechs-Gurt-Rückhaltesystem hat Belastungen bis 221 kg standgehalten. Infolgedessen ist bei einer Erhöhung der Verzögerungspulse auf 20 g und einem Gesamtgewicht von mehr als 109 kg ein Sechs-Gurt-System zu empfehlen.
The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Informal Group on GTR No. 7 Phase 2 are working to define a build level for the BioRID II rear impact (whiplash) crash test dummy that ensures repeatable and reproducible performance in a test procedure that has been proposed for future legislation. This includes the specification of dummy hardware, as well as the development of comprehensive certification procedures for the dummy. This study evaluated whether the dummy build level and certification procedures deliver the desired level of repeatability and reproducibility. A custom-designed laboratory seat was made using the seat base, back, and head restraint from a production car seat to ensure a representative interface with the dummy. The seat back was reinforced for use in multiple tests and the recliner mechanism was replaced by an external spring-damper mechanism. A total of 65 tests were performed with 6 BioRID IIg dummies using the draft GTR No.7 sled pulse and seating procedure. All dummies were subject to the build, maintenance, and certification procedures defined by the Informal Group. The test condition was highly repeatable, with a very repeatable pulse, a well-controlled seat back response, and minimal observed degradation of seat foams. The results showed qualitatively reasonable repeatability and reproducibility for the upper torso and head accelerations, as well as for T1 Fx and upper neck Fx. However, reproducibility was not acceptable for T1 and upper neck Fz or for T1 and upper neck My. The Informal Group has not selected injury or seat assessment criteria for use with BioRID II, so it is not known whether these channels would be used in the regulation. However, the ramping-up behavior of the dummy showed poor reproducibility, which would be expected to affect the reproducibility of dummy measurements in general. Pelvis and spine characteristics were found to significantly influence the dummy measurements for which poor reproducibility was observed. It was also observed that the primary neck response in these tests was flexion, not extension. This correlates well with recent findings from Japan and the United States showing a correlation between neck flexion and injury in accident replication simulations and postmortem human subjects (PMHS) studies, respectively. The present certification tests may not adequately control front cervical spine bumper characteristics, which are important for neck flexion response. The certification sled test also does not include the pelvis and so cannot be used to control pelvis response and does not substantially load the lumbar bumpers and so does not control these parts of the dummy. The stiffness of all spine bumpers and of the pelvis flesh should be much more tightly controlled. It is recommended that a method for certifying the front cervical bumpers should be developed. Recommendations are also made for tighter tolerance on the input parameters for the existing certification tests.
The strong prevalence of human error as a crash causation factor in motorcycle accidents calls for countermeasures that help tackling this issue. Advanced rider assistance systems pursue this goal, providing the riders with support and thus contributing to the prevention of crashes. However, the systems can only enhance riding safety if the riders use them. For this reason, acceptance is a decisive aspect to be considered in the development process of such systems. In order to be able to improve behavioural acceptance, the factors that influence the intention to use the system need to be identified. This paper examines the particularities of motorcycle riding and the characteristics of this user group that should be considered when predicting the acceptance of advanced rider assistance systems. Founded on theories predicting behavioural intention, the acceptance of technologies and the acceptance of driver support systems, a model on the acceptance of advanced rider assistance systems is proposed, including the perceived safety when riding without support, the interface design and the social norm as determinants of the usage intention. Since actual usage cannot be measured in the development stage of the systems, the willingness to have the system installed on the own motorcycle and the willingness to pay for the system are analyzed, constituting relevant conditions that allow for actual usage at a later stage. Its validation with the results from user tests on four advanced rider assistance systems allows confirming the social norm and the interface design as powerful predictors of the acceptance of ARAS, while the extent of perceived safety when riding without support did not have any predictive value in the present study.
Verschiedene Forschungsprojekte aus dem Bereich Kooperativer Systeme, die vor Kurzem gestartet sind, beschäftigen sich unter anderem mit den organisatorischen Aspekten einer Gesamtarchitektur. Eine Organisationsarchitektur beschreibt dabei die Rollen und Verantwortlichkeiten, die im Betrieb unterschiedlicher Kooperativer Anwendungen auftreten. In den Projekten erfolgt zumeist eine Betrachtung der Organisationsarchitektur anhand konkreter Implementierungsszenarien oder Use Cases. Der im Bericht dokumentierte aktuelle Stand der abstrakten Beschreibung der Rollen und Verantwortlichkeiten soll den Projekten und Initiativen als Diskussionsgrundlage und Ausgangspunkt für die Erarbeitung einer möglichen Organisationsarchitektur Kooperativer Systeme und deren Ausgestaltung dienen.
Although the bus belongs to the safest traffic means, single accidents can be particularly severe and concern many passengers. Especially in case of fires a high number of injured and killed persons can be the outcome. Fire safety of buses therefore is of high importance. With the increase of synthetic and plastic materials as a material for the interior equipment of buses and coaches because of their ood mechanical properties combined with low weight, the question arises whether the safety level has decreased in case of a fire during the last years - also compared to other means of transport. Because of the combustible plastics and their ability to release a high amount of heat the main fire load in buses is no longer the fuel but the plastic materials which are also often easy to ignite. Besides the flammability of the equipments, the production of smoke, the smoke development and propagation and its toxicity for the people as well as the testing methods and limit values are of interest. For those reasons research projects were initiated on behalf of the German Federal Highway Research Institute. At the one hand the fire behavior of coach interiors was examined in general focusing on fire propagation as well as fire detection and signalling. As result, recommendations with regard to early fire detection systems for the engine compartments and on-board extinguishing equipment were elaborated. At the other hand research is carried out to examine heat release, smoke, smoke propagation and its toxicity due to burning bus interior materials. The paper describes which effective and economically reasonable fire safety requirements for interiors of buses would improve the current situation. Proposals for amendments of current requirements are recommended including the specification of appropriate limit values. In particular, it is taken into consideration which reasonable fire safety standards from other transport sectors, especially the rail sector, should be transferred to buses.
Die UNECE Regelung R58 regelt die Beschaffenheit und die Installation von Heckunterfahrschutzsystemen an schweren Güterkraftfahrzeugen, deren Ziel die Verbesserung der Kompabilität zwischen Pkw-Frontstrukturen und Lkw-Hecks ist. Dennoch verunglücken laut amtlicher Unfallstatistik allein in Deutschland rund 30 Pkw-Insassen in Heckauffahrunfällen auf Lkw tödlich, da diese Vorrichtungen hinsichtlich Einbauhöhe und Steifigkeit den Anforderungen des realen Unfallgeschehens nicht genügen. Das Ziel dieser Studie ist eine quantitative Abschätzung der möglichen Reduzierung der Verletzungsschwere mit Hilfe eines statistischen Modells, die durch eine Anpassung der geltenden Bestimmungen und die damit verbundenen technischen Veränderungen des bereits vorgeschriebenen Heckunterfahrschutzes zu erreichen wäre. In einer Nutzen-Kosten-Analyse wird die Wirtschaftlichkeit dieser Modifizierungen mit einem idealen Notbremsassistenten verglichen. Die Untersuchung orientiert sich dabei an den aktuell in der UN-ECE WP29/GRSG in Genf diskutierten Vorschlägen zur Anpassung der ECE-R58. Das verwendete ordinale Probit-Modell stellt einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Verletzungsschwere im auffahrenden PKW und erklärenden Größen her, in diesem Fall der kinetischen Energie des unterfahrenden Pkws und der strukturellen lnteraktion zwischen Lkw-Heck und Pkw-Front. Diese Maßnahmen könnten demnach 53 - 78% der Getöteten sowie 27 - 49% der Schwerverletzten bei diesen Unfallkonstellationen reduzieren, was pro Jahr 20 Getöteten und 95 Schwerverletzten entsprechen würde. Somit würde eine Modifikation einer bestehenden passiven Schutzmaßnahme an jährlich 100.000 neuzugelassenen Lkw und Anhängern bereits 20 Getötete adressieren. Im Vergleich dazu müssten jährlich 3 Millionen Pkw mit zusätzlicher Sensorik und Aktuatorik für einen idealen Notbremsassistenten ausgestattet werden, um im Idealfall alle Heckauffahrunfälle von Pkw auf andere Pkw oder Lkw und damit 53 Getötete zu vermeiden. Daher fällt auch das Nutzen-Kosten-Verhältnis deutlich zugunsten des verbesserten Heckunterfahrschutzes aus.
Within the automotive context camera monitor systems (CMS) can be used to present views of the traffic situation behind the vehicle to the driver via a monitor mounted inside the cabin. This offers the opportunity to replace classical outside rearview mirrors and therefore to implement new design concepts, aerodynamically optimized vehicle shapes and to reduce the width of the vehicle. Further, the use of a CMS offers the potential to implement functionalities like warnings or situation-adaptive fields of view that are not feasible with conventional rearview mirrors. Despite these potential advantages, it is important to consider the possible technical constraints of this technology and its effect on driver perception and behavior. On the technical side next to the field of view and die robustness of die system, aspects as its functionality at day and night as well as under varying weather conditions should be object to scientific investigation. Concerning human machine interaction, it has to be considered, that the perception of velocities and distances of approaching vehicles might be different for CMS as compared to conventional rearview mirrors and potential influences of factors as the Position of the displays or drivers' age should be taken into account. In order to shed light on these and further open issues, BASt is currently conducting a study that will cover the use of CMS under controlled conditions as well in real traffic. The first part of the study will focus on passenger cars, while in a second step the empirical investigation will be extended to heavy goods vehicles, where the potentials as well as the limitations of CMS might differ considerably. The presentation will cover the first part, with regard to the experimental design, implementation and initial results if already available.
The objective was to develop and validate a crash trolley (reference vehicle) equipped with a compartment and a full restraint system for driver and front seat passenger which can be used in full scale crash testing. Furthermore, the crash trolley should have a suspension to show rotation and nick effects similar to real vehicles. Within the development phase the reference vehicle was build based on a European family car. Special attention was needed to provide appropriate strength to the trolley and its suspension. The reference vehicle is equipped with a restraint system consisting of airbags, pedals, seats, dashboard, and windscreen. On the front of the vehicle different crash barriers can be installed to provide miscellaneous deceleration pulses. For the validation phase a series of low and high speed crash tests with HIII dummies were conducted and compared with full scale tests. For the comparison deceleration pulse, dummy numbers and vehicle movement were analyzed. Validation tests with velocities up to 60 km/h showed promising results. The compartment and the suspension systems stayed stable. Rotation effects were comparable with full scale car crash tests. The airbags and seat belt system worked reasonable. The acceleration pulse compared to an Euro NCAP test had a similar characteristic but was in general slightly lower. After the successful validation the reference vehicle is already in use in different studies in the field of vehicle safety research at BASt.
In Germany the number of casualties in passenger car to pedestrian crashes has been reduced by a considerable amount of 40% as regards fatalities and 25% with regard to seriously injured pedestrians since the year 2001. Similar trends can be seen in other European countries. The reasons for that positive development are still under investigation. As infrastructural or behavioral changes do in general take a longer time to be effective in real world, explanations related to improved active and passive safety of passenger vehicles can be more relevant in providing answers for this trend. The effect of passive pedestrian protection " specified by the Euro NCAP pedestrian test result " is of particular interest and has already been analyzed by several authors. However, the number of vehicles with some valid Euro NCAP pedestrian score (post 2002 rating) was quite limited in most of those studies. To overcome this problem of small datasets German National Accident Records have been taken to investigate a similar objective but now based on a much bigger dataset. The paper uses German National Accident Records from the years 2009 to 2011. In total 65.140 records of pedestrian to passenger car crashes have been available. Considering crash parameters like accident location (rural / urban areas) etc., 27.143 of those crashes have been classified to be relevant for the analysis of passive pedestrian safety. In those 27.143 records 7.576 Euro NCAP rated vehicles (post 2002 rating) have been identified. In addition it was possible to identify vehicles which comply with pedestrian protection legislation (2003/102/EG) where phase 1 came into force in October 2005. A significant correlation between Euro NCAP pedestrian score and injury outcome in real-life car to pedestrian crashes was found. Comparing a vehicle scoring 5 points and a vehicle scoring 22 points, pedestrians" conditional probability of getting fatally injured is reduced by 35% (from 0.58% to 0.37%) for the later one. At the same time the probability of serious injuries can be reduced by 16% (from 27.4% to 22.9%). No significant injury reducing effect, associated with the introduction of pedestrian protection legislation (phase 1) was detected. Considerable effects have also been identified comparing diesel and gasoline cars. Higher engine displacements are associated with a lower injury risk for pedestrians. The most relevant parameter has been "time of accident", whereas pedestrians face a more than 2 times higher probability to be fatally injured during night and darkness as compared to daytime conditions.
Within this paper different European accident data sources were used to investigate the causations and backgrounds of road traffic accidents with pedestrians. Analyses of high level national data and in-depth accident data from Germany and Great Britain was used to confirm and refine preliminary accident scenarios identified from other sources using a literature review. General observations made included that a high proportion of killed or seriously injured pedestrian casualties impacted by cars were in "dark" light conditions. Seven accident scenarios were identified (each divided into "daylight" and "dark" light conditions) which included the majority of the car front-to-pedestrian crash configurations. Test scenarios were developed using the identified accident scenarios and relevant parameters. Hypothetical parameters were derived to describe the performance of pedestrian pre-crash systems based on the assumption that these systems are designed to avoid false positives as a very high priority, i.e. at virtually all costs. As result, three "Base Test Scenarios" were selected to be developed in detail in the AsPeCSS project. However, further Enhanced Test Scenarios may be needed to address environmental factors such as darkness if it is determined that system performance is sensitive to these factors. Finally, weighting factors for the accident scenarios for Europe (EU-27) were developed by averaging and extrapolation of the available data. This paper represents interim results of Work Package 1 within the AsPeCSS project.
It is well known that most accidents with pedestrians are caused by the driver not being alert or misinterpreting the situation. For that reason advanced forward looking safety systems have a high potential to improve safety for this group of vulnerable road users. Active pedestrian protection systems combine reduction of impact speed by driver warning and/or autonomous braking with deployment of protective devices shortly before the imminent impact. According to the Euro NCAP roadmap the Autonomous Emergency Braking system tests for Pedestrians Protection will be set in force from 2016 onwards. Various projects and organisations in Europe are developing performance tests and assessment procedures as accompanying measures to the Euro NCAP initiative. To provide synthesised input to Euro NCAP so-called Harmonisation Platforms (HP-) have been established. Their main goal is to foster exchange of information on key subjects, thereby generating a clear overview of similarities and differences on the approaches chosen and, on that basis, recommend on future test procedures. In this paper activities of the Harmonisation Platform 2 on the development of Test Equipment are presented. For the testing targets that mimic humans different sensing technologies are required. A first set of specifications for pedestrian targets and the propulsion systems as collected by Harmonisation Platform 2 are presented together with a first evaluation for a number of available tools.
Past European collaborative research involving government bodies, vehicle manufacturers and test laboratories has resulted in a prototype barrier face called the Advanced European Mobile Deformable Barrier (AE-MDB) for use in a new side impact test procedure . This procedure offers a better representation of the current accident situation and, in particular, the barrier concept is a better reflection of front-end stiffness seen in today- passenger car fleet compared to that of the current legislative barrier face. Based on the preliminary performance corridors of the prototype AE-MDB, a refined AE-MDB specification has been developed. A programme of barrier to load cell wall testing was undertaken to complete and standardise the AE-MDB specification. Barrier faces were supplied by the four leading manufacturers to demonstrate that the specification could be met by all. This paper includes background, specification and proof of compliance.
It is commonly agreed that active safety will have a significant impact on reducing accident figures for pedestrians and probably also bicyclists. However, chances and limitations for active safety systems have only been derived based on accident data and the current state of the art, based on proprietary simulation models. The objective of this article is to investigate these chances and limitations by developing an open simulation model. This article introduces a simulation model, incorporating accident kinematics, driving dynamics, driver reaction times, pedestrian dynamics, performance parameters of different autonomous emergency braking (AEB) generations, as well as legal and logical limitations. The level of detail for available pedestrian accident data is limited. Relevant variables, especially timing of the pedestrian appearance and the pedestrian's moving speed, are estimated using assumptions. The model in this article uses the fact that a pedestrian and a vehicle in an accident must have been in the same spot at the same time and defines the impact position as a relevant accident parameter, which is usually available from accident data. The calculations done within the model identify the possible timing available for braking by an AEB system as well as the possible speed reduction for different accident scenarios as well as for different system configurations. The simulation model identifies the lateral impact position of the pedestrian as a significant parameter for system performance, and the system layout is designed to brake when the accident becomes unavoidable by the vehicle driver. Scenarios with a pedestrian running from behind an obstruction are the most demanding scenarios and will very likely never be avoidable for all vehicle speeds due to physical limits. Scenarios with an unobstructed person walking will very likely be treatable for a wide speed range for next generation AEB systems.
Since integrated safety systems combine active and passive safety elements in one safety system, it is necessary to define new procedures to evaluate vehicle safety from the overall system point of view. The main goal of the ASSESS project is to develop harmonized and standardized assessment procedures for collision mitigation and avoidance systems. Methods and Data Sources: In ASSESS, procedures are developed for: driver behaviour evaluation, pre-crash system performance evaluation, crash performance evaluation, socio-economic assessment. This paper will concentrate on the activities related to the crash evaluation. The objective is to perform simulations, sled tests and crash tests in order tounderstand the influence of the activation of the pre-crash systems on the occupants" injuries during the crash phase. When a traffic accident is unavoidable, pre-crash systems work on various safety devices in order to improve the vehicle occupants" protection. Braking assistance and adaptive restraint systems are the main pre-crash systems whose effect on the occupants" protection will be described in this paper. Results: The results will be a description of the effect of the activation of the pre-crash systems on the crash phase. Additionally, a set of recommendations for future methodology developments will be delivered. Furthermore, a first approach to the study of the effect of the pre-crash systems activation on the occupants" protection when the impact is unavoidable will be presented. This effect will be quantified using the biomechanical values obtained from the simulation and testing activities and their related injury risks. Simulation and testing activities will consider the following scenarios: - No activation of any pre-crash system, - Activation of one or a combination of several pre-crash systems. In this way, differences in the results obtained from different scenarios will show the effect of each pre-crash system separately during the crash phase. Discussion and Limitations: The set of activities developed in this research project is limited by the fact that with the given resources only a limited number of vehicle models could be investigated. In addition, there are also limitations related to the injury risk curves and the passive safety tools currently on the market. Conclusion and Relevance to session submitted: The paper will present a complete analysis of the effect of pre-crash systems during the crash phase when the impact is unavoidable. Details, limitations and first application experience based on a few examples will be discussed. Currently, there is not any regulation, assessment program, or other similar official procedure able to assess pre-crash systems during the crash phase. This project comprises phases of traffic accidents which have been historically analysed separately, and aims to evaluate them taking into account their interrelationship. ASSESS is one of the first European projects which deals in depth with the concept of integrated safety, defining methodologies to analyse vehicle safety from a global point of view.
Thoracic injuries are one of the main causes of fatally and severely injured casualties in car crashes. Advances in restraint system technology and airbags may be needed to address this problem; however, the crash test dummies available today for studying these injuries have limitations that prevent them from being able to demonstrate the benefits of such innovations. THORAX-FP7 was a collaborative medium scale project under the European Seventh Framework. It focused on the mitigation and prevention of thoracic injuries through an improved understanding of the thoracic injury mechanisms and the implementation of this understanding in an updated design for the thorax-shoulder complex of the THOR dummy. The updated dummy should enable the design and evaluation of advanced restraint systems for a wide variety (gender, age and size) of car occupants. The hardware development involved five steps: 1) Identification of the dominant thoracic injury types from field data, 2) Specification of biomechanical requirements, 3) Identification of injury parameters and necessary instrumentation, 4) Dummy hardware development and 5) Evaluation of the demonstrator dummy. The activities resulted in the definition of new biofidelity and instrumentation requirements for an updated thorax-shoulder complex. Prototype versions were realised and implemented in three THOR dummies for biomechanical evaluation testing. This paper documents the hardware developments and biomechanical evaluation testing carried out.
In general the passive safety capability is much greater in newer versus older cars due to the stiff compartment preventing intrusion in severe collisions. However, the stiffer structure which increases the deceleration can lead to a change in injury patterns. In order to analyse possible injury mechanisms for thoracic and lumbar spine injuries, data from the German Inâ€Depth Accident Study (GIDAS) were used in this study. A twoâ€step approach of statistical and caseâ€byâ€case analysis was applied for this investigation. In total 4,289 collisions were selected involving 8,844 vehicles, 5,765 injured persons and 9,468 coded injuries. Thoracic and lumbar spine injuries such as burst, compression or dislocation fractures as well as soft tissue injuries were found to occur in frontal impacts even without intrusion to the passenger compartment. If a MAIS 2+ injury occurred, in 15% of the cases a thoracic and/or lumbar spine injury is included. Considering AIS 2+ thoracic and lumbar spine, most injuries were fractures and occurred in the lumbar spine area. From the case by case analyses it can be concluded that lumbar spine fractures occur in accidents without the engagement of longitudinals, lateral loading to the occupant and/or very severe accidents with MAIS being much higher than the spine AIS.
The main objective of EC CASPER research project is to reduce fatalities and injuries of children travelling in cars. Accidents involving children were investigated, modelling of human being and tools for dummies were advanced, a survey for the diagnosis of child safety was carried out and demands and applications were analysed. From the many research tasks of the CASPER project, the intention of this paper is to address the following: • In-depth investigation of accidents and accident reconstruction. These will provide important points for the injury risk curve, in order to improve it. Different accident investigation teams collected data from real road accidents, involving child car passengers, in five different European countries. Then, a selection of the most appropriate cases for the injury risk curve and the purposes of the project was made for an in-depth analysis. The final stage of this analysis was to conduct an accident reconstruction to validate the results obtained. The in-depth analysis included on-scene accident investigation, creating virtual simulations of the accident/possible reconstruction, and conducting the reconstruction. In the cases of successful reconstructions, new points were introduced to the injury risk curves. Accident reconstructions of selected cases were carried out in test laboratories as the next step following in-depth road accident investigation. These cases were reconstructed using similar child restraint systems (CRS) and the same type make and model as in the real accidents. Reconstructing real cases has several limitations, such as crash angle, cars" approximation paths and crash speed. However, a few changes and applications on the testing conditions were applied to reduce the limitations and improved the representations of the real accidents. After conducting the reconstructions, a comparison between the deformations of the cars on the real accident and the vehicles from the reconstructions was made. Additionally, a correlation between the data captured from the dummies and the injury data from the real accident was sought. This finalises an in-depth analysis of the accident, which will provide new relevant points to the injury risk curve. The CASPER project conducted a large research programme on child safety. On technical points, a promising research area is the developing injury risk curves as a result of in-depth accident investigations and reconstructions. This abstract was written whilst the project was not yet finished and final results are not yet known, but they will be available by the time of the conference. All the works and findings will not necessarily be integrated in the industrial versions of evaluation tools as the CASPER project is a research program.
The GRSP informal group on child restraint systems (CRS) finalised phase 1 of a new regulation for the homologation of CRS . This regulation is the subject of several discussions concerning the safety benefits and the advantages and disadvantages that certain specific points may bring. However, these discussions are sometimes not based on scientific facts and do not consider the whole package but only single items. Based on the experience of the CASPER partners in the fields of human behaviour, accident analysis, test procedures and biomechanics in the area of child safety, a consideration of the safety benefits of phase 1 of the new regulation and recommendations for phase 2 will be given.
Although the number of road accident casualties in Europe (EU27) is falling the problem still remains substantial. In 2011 there were still over 30,000 road accident fatalities. Approximately half of these were car occupants and about 60 percent of these occurred in frontal impacts. The next stage to improve a car's safety performance in frontal impacts is to improve its compatibility. The objective of the FIMCAR FP7 EU-project was to develop an assessment approach suitable for regulatory application to control a car's frontal impact and compatibility crash performance and perform an associated cost benefit analysis for its implementation. This paper reports the cost benefit analyses performed to estimate the effect of the following potential changes to the frontal impact regulation: • Option 1 " No change and allow current measures to propagate throughout the vehicle fleet. • Option 2 " Add a full width test to the current offset Deformable Barrier (ODB) test. • Option 3 " Add a full width test and replace the current ODB test with a Progressive Deformable Barrier (PDB) test. For the analyses national data were used from Great Britain (STATS 19) and from Germany (German Federal Statistical Office). In addition in-depth real word crash data were used from CCIS (Great Britain) and GIDAS (Germany). To estimate the benefit a generalised linear model, an injury reduction model and a matched pairs modelling approach were applied. The benefits were estimated to be: for Option 1 "No change" about 2.0%; for Option 2 "FW test" ranging from 5 to 12% and for Option 3 "FW and PDB tests" 9 to 14% of car occupant killed and seriously injured casualties.
Aufgrund des demografischen Wandels werden in der Zukunft immer mehr ältere Menschen ein Kraftfahrzeug führen. Das vorliegende Projekt soll Erkenntnisse dazu liefern, wie unter Berücksichtigung der Verkehrssicherheit die Mobilität der älteren Fahrer so lange wie möglich erhalten werden kann. Unfallanalysen zeigen, dass ältere Kraftfahrer typische Fahrfehler bzw. Unfälle begehen. Unklar ist derzeit die genaue Ursache hierfür, vor allem vor dem Hintergrund der langjährigen Erfahrung älterer Kraftfahrer, welche eher eine äußerst geringe Unfallrate vermuten ließe. Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung war es, tiefere Erkenntnisse äber die Ursache von Fahrfehlern älterer Kraftfahrer zu gewinnen, um daraus Anforderungen an die technische Weiterentwicklung von Fahrerassistenzsystemen ableiten zu können. Diese Fahrerassistenzsysteme sollen speziell älteren Autofahrern Hilfestellung zum sicheren Führen von Kraftfahrzeugen bieten. In dem folgenden Laborexperiment wurde ein Doppeltätigkeits-Paradigma verwendet, indem eine Spurhalteaufgabe mit einer peripheren Lichtreizaufgabe kombiniert wurde. Die peripheren Lichtreize wurden den Probanden bilateral in zwei verschiedenen Abständen vom zentralen Punkt des Sehens (20 Grad und 60 Grad) präsentiert. Die Aufgaben wurden von älteren (65+) und jüngeren Kraftfahrern (22-45) zuerst einzeln, dann in Kombination durchgeführt. Um Aufschluss über mögliche Ursachen von Leistungsbeeinträchtigungen erhalten zu können, wurde neben der Erfassung von Verhaltensdaten (Spurabweichungen, Reaktionszeit, Anzahl der Auslassungen) ein Elektroenzephalogramm abgeleitet, welches Einblicke in die zugrunde liegenden neuronalen Verarbeitungsmechanismen ermöglicht. Wie erwartet, zeigten Ältere in der Spurhalteaufgabe schlechtere Leistungen als Jüngere, besonders bei gleichzeitiger Durchführung der Lichtreizaufgabe (Doppel-Aufgabe). In der Lichtreizaufgabe unterschieden sich die Leistungen der Altersgruppen nur bei Lichtreizen, die im 60 Grad Sehwinkel auftraten. Die Älteren reagierten hier langsamer und zeigten mehr Auslassungen als die Jüngeren. Überraschenderweise zeigten alle Versuchspersonen weniger Auslassungen in der Doppel-Aufgabe. Mittels Elektroenzephalogramm wurde anhand der ereigniskorrelierten Potenziale (EKP) deutlich, dass die Defizite Älterer nicht in einer Einschränkung der frühen Verarbeitung peripherer Reize (P1) liegen, da die P1 Amplitude bei Älteren sogar höher war als bei Jüngeren. Die N2 Amplitude, welche Hinweise auf die Verschiebung der Aufmerksamkeit gibt, war bei Jüngeren hingegen bei weiter peripher liegenden Reizen (60 Grad Sehwinkel) erhöht, was einen fronto-zentral fokussierten Kontrollprozess widerspiegelt. Die Orientierung auf den peripheren Reiz (P3a) war bei Älteren geringer ausgeprägt sowie auch die Zuordnung von Verarbeitungsressourcen (P3b) vor allem bei peripheren Lichtreizen. Es liegen zudem Hinweise darauf vor, dass Ältere verlängerte Reaktionszeiten aufgrund einer verzögerten Reaktionsaktivierung aufweisen. Mit dem vorliegenden Experiment konnte also gezeigt werden, dass die schlechteren Leistungen der älteren Versuchspersonen nicht auf periphere Sehleistungsmängel zurückzuführen sind, sondern einem späteren kognitiven Verarbeitungsprozess zuzuschreiben sind. Die Ergebnisse werden vor dem Hintergrund der Literatur und der Erfordernisse technischer Unterstützungen älterer Kraftfahrer diskutiert.
Um die zukünftige Entwicklung von Fahrzeugen mit alternativem Antrieb in Deutschland verfolgen, analysieren und mögliche negative Auswirkungen auf die Verkehrssicherheit zeitnah identifizieren zu können, hat die Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (BASt) im Jahr 2010 die Einrichtung einer langfristigen Beobachtung des Fahrzeugmarktes und des Unfallgeschehens von Pkw mit alternativen Antriebsarten initiiert. Die Daten des vorliegenden Berichtes dokumentieren die Marktdurchdringung von Personenkraftwagen mit alternativen Antriebsarten und informieren über die Unfallbeteiligung von Fahrzeugen mit alternativem Antrieb bis 2011. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass Fahrzeuge mit Hybridantrieb nach wie vor ein starkes Marktwachstum aufweisen. Die Zuwachsrate ist nahezu auf dem gleichen hohen Niveau wie in den Vorjahren (ca. 28%, getypter Bestand). Bei den reinen Elektrofahrzeugen ist die Anzahl getypter Fahrzeuge sehr stark angestiegen, von 212 im Jahr 2010 auf 1880 im Jahr 2011. Der reale Bestand an Elektrofahrzeugen (inklusive ungetypter Fahrzeuge) hat sich demgegenüber von 2010 auf 2011 auf 4.541 Pkw verdoppelt. Dies deutet auf eine zunehmende Serienreife von Elektro-Kfz hin. Pkw mit alternativem Antrieb weisen 2011 (bis auf Gas) einen höheren Anteil an Unfällen innerorts auf als Pkw mit herkömmlichem Antrieb. Hybrid Fahrzeuge haben dabei eine erhöhte Beteiligungsquote innerorts von ca. 76%. Der relativ hohe Anteil von Innerortsunfällen von alternativ betriebenen Fahrzeugen ist vor allem vor dem Hintergrund der Nutzung der Fahrzeuge zu interpretieren.
Regarding to the German road traffic licensing regulations it is mandatory to have a light system using a bicycle in public traffic. All attached components must be approved. The admission requires additional restrictions such as a dynamo as energy source with a nominal voltage of 6 V. Batteries are only allowed in addition to this. To adopt the German bicycle regulation to the state of art of an energy efficient lighting, additional power sources such as a battery respectively rechargeable batterie should be evaluated. The project will propose amendments for German Road Traffic Regulations and technical requirements.
A biofidelic flexible pedestrian legform impactor (FlexPLI) has been developed from the year 2000 onwards and evaluated by a technical evaluation group (Flex-TEG) of UN-ECE GRSP. A recently established UN-ECE GRSP Informal Group on GTR9 Phase 2 is aiming at introducing the FlexPLI within world-wide regulations on pedestrian safety (Phase 2 of GTR No. 9 as well as the new UN regulation 127 on pedestrian safety) as a test tool for the assessment of lower extremity injuries in lateral vehicle-to-pedestrian accidents. Besides, the FlexPLI has already been introduced within JNCAP and is on the Euro NCAP roadmap for 2014. Despite of the biofidelic properties in the knee and tibia sections, several open issues related to the FlexPLI, like the estimation of the cost benefit, the feasibility of vehicle compliance with the threshold values, the robustness of the impactor and of the test results, the comparability between prototype and production level and the finalization of certification corridors still needed to be solved. Furthermore, discussions with stakeholders about a harmonized lower legform to bumper test area are still going on. This paper describes several studies carried out by the Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt) regarding the benefit due to the introduction of the FlexPLI within legislation for type approval, the robustness of test results, the establishment of new assembly certification corridors and a proposal for a harmonized legform to bumper test area. Furthermore, a report on vehicle tests that previously had been carried out with three prototype legforms and were now being repeated using legforms with serial production status, is given. Finally, the paper gives a status report on the ongoing simulation and testing activities with respect to the development and evaluation of an improved test procedure with upper body mass for assessing pedestrian femur injuries.
For a number of EU regulatory acts Virtual Testing (VT) is already allowed for type approval (see Commission Regulation No. 371/2010 of 16 April 2010 amending the Framework Directive 2007/46/EC). However, only a very general procedure on how to apply VT for type approval is provided. Technical details for specific regulatory acts are not given yet. The main objective of the European project IMVITER (IMplementation of VIrtual TEsting in Safety Regulations) was to promote the implementation of VT in safety regulations. When proposing VT procedures the new regulation was taken into account, in particular, addressing open issues. Special attention was paid to pedestrian protection as pilot cases. A key aspect for VT implementation is to demonstrate that the employed simulation models are reliable. This paper describes how the Verification and Validation (V&V) method defined by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers was adapted for pedestrian protection VT based assessment. or the certification of headform impactors an extensive study was performed at two laboratories to assess the variability in calibration tests and equivalent results from a set of simulation models. Based on these results a methodology is defined for certification of headform impactor simulation models. A similar study was also performed with one vehicle in the type approval test setup. Its bonnet was highly instrumented and subjected to 45 impacts in five different positions at two laboratories in order to obtain an estimation of the variability in the physical tests. An equivalent study was performed using stochastic simulation with a metamodel fed with observed variability in impact conditions of physical headforms. An estimation of the test method uncertainty was obtained and used in the definition of a validation corridor for simulation models. Validation metric and criteria were defined in cooperation with the ISO TC22 SC10 and SC12 WG4 "Virtual Testing". A complete validation procedure including different test setups, physical magnitudes and evaluation criteria is provided. A detailed procedural flowchart is developed for VT implementation in EC Regulation No 78/2009 based on a so called "Hybrid VT" approach, which combines real hardware based head impact tests and simulations. This detailed flowchart is shown and explained within this paper. Another important point within the virtual testing based procedures is the documentation of relevant information resulting from the verification and validation process of the numerical models used. For this purpose report templates were developed within the project. The proposed procedure fixes minimum V&V requirements for numerical models to be confidently used within the type-approval process. It is not intended to be a thorough guide on how to build such reliable models. Different modeling methodologies are therefore possible, according to particular OEM know-how. These requirements respond to a balance amongst the type-approval stakeholders interests. A cost-benefit analysis, which was also performed within the IMVITER project, supports this approach, showing the conditions in which VT implementation is beneficial. Based on the experience gained in the project and the background of the experts involved an outlook is given as a roadmap of VT implementation, identifying the most important milestones to be reached along the way to a future vehicle type approval procedure supported by VT. The results presented in this paper show an important step addressing open questions and fostering the future acceptance of virtual testing in pedestrian protection type approval procedures.
A series of drop tests and vehicle tests with the adult head impactor according to Regulation (EC) 631/2009 and drop tests with the phantom head impactor according to UN Regulation No. 43 have been carried out by the German Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt) on behalf of the German Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development (BMVBS). Aim of the test series was to study the injury risk for vulnerable road users, especially pedestrians, in case of being impacted by a motor vehicle in a way described within the European Regulations (EC) 78/2009 and (EC) 631/2009. Furthermore, the applicability of the phantom head drop test described in UN Regulation No. 43 for plastic glazing should be investigated. In total, 30 drop tests, thereof 18 with the adult head impactor and 12 with the phantom head impactor, and 49 vehicle tests with the adult head impactor were carried out on panes of laminated safety glass (VSG), polycarbonate (PC) and laminated polycarbonate (L-PC). The influence of parameters such as the particular material properties, test point locations, fixations, ambient conditions (temperature and impact angle) was investigated in detail. In general, higher values of the Head Injury Criterion (HIC) were observed in tests on polycarbonate glazing. As the HIC is the current criterion for the assessment of head injury risk, polycarbonate glazing has to be seen as more injurious in terms of vulnerable road user protection. In addition, the significantly higher rebound of the head observed in tests with polycarbonate glazing is suspected to lead to higher neck loads and may also cause higher injury risks in secondary impacts of vulnerable road users. However, as in all tests with PC glazing no damage of the panes was observed, the risk of skin cut injuries may be expected to be reduced significantly. The performed test series give no indication for the test procedure prescribed in UN Regulation No. 43 as a methodology to approve glass windscreen not being feasible for polycarbonate glazing, as all PC panes tested fulfilled the UN R 43 requirements. The performance of the windscreen area will not be relevant for vehicle type approval according to the upcoming UN Regulation for pedestrian protection. However, it is recommended that pedestrian protection being considered for plastic windscreens to ensure at least the same level of protection as glass windscreens.
Recent accident statistics from the German national database state bicyclists being the second endangered group of vulnerable road users besides pedestrians. With 399 fatalities, more than 14.000 seriously injured and more than 61.000 slightly injured persons on german roads in the year 2011, the group of bicyclists is ranked second of all road user groups (Statistisches Bundesamt, 2012). While the overall bicycle helmet usage frequency in Germany is very low, evidence is given that its usage leads to a significant reduction of severe head injuries. After an estimation of the benefit of bicycle helmet usage as well as an appropriate test procedure for bicyclists, this paper describes two different approaches for the improvement of bicyclist safety. While the first one is focusing on the assessment of the vehicle based protection potential for bicyclists, the second one is concentrating on the safety assessment of bicycle helmets. Within the first part of the study the possible revision of the existing pedestrian testing protocols is being examined, using in depth accident data, full scale simulation and hardware testing. Within the second part of the study, the results of tests according to supplemental test procedures for the safety assessment of bicycle helmets developed by the German Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt) are presented. An additional full scale test performed at reduced impact speed proves that measures of active vehicle safety as e.g. braking before the collision event do not necessarily always lead to a reduction of injury severity.
Die Initiative der Einführung kooperativer Systeme in einem Korridor von Rotterdam über Frankfurt/Main nach Wien, dem sogenannten C-ITS Corridor, und damit auch in Deutschland wurde im Juni 2013 durch die Unterzeichnung einer entsprechenden Absichtserklärung des Bundesministeriums für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung mit den Verkehrsministern der Niederlande und Österreichs offiziell gestartet. In vielen Forschungsprojekten wurden vorher die Grundlagen erarbeitet, um eine solche Einführung technisch überhaupt erst möglich zu machen. Im Beitrag werden diese Ergebnisse nochmals kurz aufgegriffen und um den aktuellen Stand bei den Entwicklungen im C-ITS Corridor erweitert. Als erstes Einführungsszenario wurden die Baustellenwarnung und Kooperatives Verkehrsmanagement unter Einbeziehung von Fahrzeugdaten gewählt. Nicht verschwiegen werden sollen hierbei auch die wesentlichen Herausforderungen, die im Übergang von Forschung und Feldtests zu realen Anwendungen liegen.
The goal of the project FIMCAR (Frontal Impact and Compatibility Assessment Research) was to define an integrated set of test procedures and associated metrics to assess a vehicle's frontal impact protection, which includes self- and partner-protection. For the development of the set, two different full-width tests (full-width deformable barrier [FWDB] test, full-width rigid barrier test) and three different offset tests (offset deformable barrier [ODB] test, progressive deformable barrier [PDB] test, moveable deformable barrier with the PDB barrier face [MPDB] test) have been investigated. Different compatibility assessment procedures were analysed and metrics for assessing structural interaction (structural alignment, vertical and horizontal load spreading) as well as several promising metrics for the PDB/MPDB barrier were developed. The final assessment approach consists of a combination of the most suitable full-width and offset tests. For the full-width test (FWDB), a metric was developed to address structural alignment based on load cell wall information in the first 40 ms of the test. For the offset test (ODB), the existing ECE R94 was chosen. Within the paper, an overview of the final assessment approach for the frontal impact test procedures and their development is given.
Müdigkeit am Steuer ist eine bedeutsame Ursache von Straßenverkehrsunfällen. Es steht eine Fülle unterschiedlicher Methoden zur Verfügung, um Müdigkeit beim Fahrer zu erkennen. Ziel des vorliegenden Projekts war es, auf Basis einer mehrstufigen Befragung von zwölf Experten aus Industrie- und Hochschulforschung die Stärken und Schwächen der derzeit validesten objektiven Müdigkeitsmessverfahren vergleichend zu beschreiben. Als Basis der Bewertung diente ein eigens erarbeiteter Gütekriterienkatalog. Zu den validesten Müdigkeitsmessverfahren gehören aus Expertensicht Lenkverhalten und Spurhaltung, Indikatoren des Lidschlussverhaltens und des EEG, das videobasierte Expertenrating sowie der kontrovers diskutierte Pupillografische Schläfrigkeitstest. Die Güteprofile der sechs ausgewählten Messverfahren werden aufgeführt. Je nach Einsatzgebiet sind alle ausgewählten Messverfahren (Forschung und Entwicklung), nur einige (Müdigkeitswarnsystem im Fahrzeug), oder kein einziges (Verkehrskontrolle) geeignet. Dem Urteil der Experten nach bedarf eine valide Müdigkeitserfassung der Kombination von mindestens zwei Messverfahren unter Berücksichtigung der spezifischen Stärke-Schwächenprofile.
The off-set assessment procedure potentially contributes to the FIMCAR objectives to maintain the compartment strength and to assess load spreading in frontal collisions. Furthermore it provides the opportunity to assess the restraint system performance with different pulses if combined with a full-width assessment procedure in the frontal assessment approach. Originally it was expected that the PDB assessment procedure would be selected for the FIMCAR assessment approach. However, it was not possible to deliver a compatibility metric in time so that the current off-set procedure (ODB as used in UNECE R94) with some minor modifications was proposed for the FIMCAR Assessment Approach. Nevertheless the potential to assess load spreading, which appears not to be possible with any other assessed frontal impact assessment procedure was considered to be still high. Therefore the development work for the PDB assessment procedure did not stop with the decision not to select the PDB procedure. As a result of the decisions to use the current ODB and to further develop the PDB procedure, both are covered within this deliverable. The deliverable describes the off-set test procedure that will be recommended by FIMCAR consortium, this corresponds to the ODB test as it is specified in UN-ECE Regulation 94 (R94), i.e. EEVC deformable element with 40% overlap at a test speed of 56 km/h. In addition to the current R94 requirements, FIMCAR will recommend to introduce some structural requirements which will guarantee sufficiently strong occupant compartments by enforcing the stability of the forward occupant cell. With respect to the PDB assessment procedure a new metric, Digital Derivative in Y direction - DDY, was developed, described, analysed, and compared with other metrics. The DDY metric analyses the deformation gradients laterally across the PDB face. The more even the deformation, the lower the DDY values and the better the metric- result. In order analyse the different metrics, analysis of the existing PDB test results and the results of the performed simulation studies was performed. In addition, an assessment of artificial deformation profiles with the metrics took place. This analysis shows that there are still issues with the DDY metric but it appears that it is possible to solve them with future optimisations. For example the current metric assesses only the area within 60% of the half vehicle width. For vehicles that have the longitudinals further outboard, the metric is not effective. In addition to the metric development, practical issues of the PDB tests such as the definition of a scan procedure for the analysis of the deformation pattern including the validation of the scanning procedure by the analysis of 3 different scans at different locations of the same barrier were addressed. Furthermore the repeatability and reproducibility of the PDB was analysed. The barrier deformation readings seem to be sensitive with respect to the impact accuracy. In total, the deliverable is meant to define the FIMCAR off-set assessment procedure and to be a starting point for further development of the PDB assessment procedure.
The objective of this deliverable is to describe the expected influence of the candidate test procedures developed in FIMCAR for frontal impact on other impact types. The other impact types of primary interest are front-to-side impacts, collisions with road restraint systems (e.g. guardrails), and heavy goods vehicle impacts. These collision types were chosen as they involve structures that can be adapted to improve safety. Collisions with vulnerable road users (VRU) were not explicitly investigated in FIMCAR. It is expected that the vehicle structures of interest in FIMCAR can be designed into a VRU friendly shell. Information used for this deliverable comes from simulations and car-to-car crash tests conducted in FIMCAR or review of previous research. Three test configurations (full width, offset, and moving deformable barriers) were the input to the FIMCAR selection process. There are three different types of offset tests and two different full width tests. During the project test procedures could be divided into three groups that provide different influences or outcomes on vehicle designs: 1. The ODB barrier provides a method to assess part of the vehicles energy absorption capabilities and compartment test in one test. 2. The FWRB and FWDB have similar capabilities to control structural alignment, further assess energy absorption capabilities, and promote the improvements in the occupant restraint system for high deceleration impacts. 3. The PDB and MPDB can be used to promote better load spreading in the vehicle structures, in addition to assessing energy absorption and occupant compartment strength in an offset configuration. The consortium selected the ODB and FWDB as the two best candidates for short term application in international rulemaking. The review of how all candidates would affect vehicle performance in other impacts (beside front-to-front vehicle or frontal impacts with fixed obstacles) however is reported in this deliverable to support the benefit analysis reported in FIMCAR. The grouping presented above is used to discuss all five test candidates using similarities between certain tests and thereby simplify the discussion.
The objectives of the FIMCAR (Frontal Impact and Compatibility Assessment Research) project are to answer the remaining open questions identified in earlier projects (such as understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of force based metrics and barrier deformation based metrics, confirmation of specific compatibility issues such as structural interaction, investigation of force matching) and to finalise the frontal impact test procedures required to assess compatibility. Research strategies and priorities were based on earlier research programs and the FIMCAR accident data analysis. The identified real world safety issues were used to develop a list of compatibility characteristics which were then prioritised within the consortium. This list was the basis for evaluating the different test candidates. This analysis resulted in the combination of the Full Width Deformable Barrier test (FWDB) with compatibility metrics and the existing Offset Deformable Barrier (ODB) as described in UN-ECE Regulation 94 with additional cabin integrity requirement as being proposed as the FIMCAR assessment approach. The proposed frontal impact assessment approach addresses many of the issues identified by the FIMCAR consortium but not all frontal impact and compatibility issues could be addressed.
Road markings are an essential component of a safe road. In particular, the optical guidance at night and under wet conditions rates high. Special surface textures of road markings can enhance the nighttime visibility during wetness, but they can lead on the other hand to noise emission during passages of vehicles and thus annoy residents. In the present study the tyre/road marking noise is analysed based on two different measurement methods for traffic noise: Several different road markings with increased nighttime visibility during wetness were overrun and the noise was determined by controlled coast-by measurements as well as close-proximity measurements. For both measuring methods the averaged A-weighted sound pressure levels were determined and an analysis of the third octave spectra was performed in order to identify annoying tonal components. The results of both measurement methods were compared with each other. Limitations of the individual measurement methods were overcome by combining the data. Properties of road marking noise depending on the texture of the marking are discussed in relation to those of road surface noise. The results will help specifying road marking texture types that ensure less annoyance and at the same time good visibility at wetness and night-time.
For the assessment of vehicle safety in frontal collisions compatibility (which consists of self and partner protection) between opponents is crucial. Although compatibility has been analysed worldwide for over 10 years, no final assessment approach has been defined to date. Taking into account the European Enhanced Vehicle safety Committee (EEVC) compatibility and frontal impact working group (WG15) and the FP5 VC-COMPAT project activities, two test approaches have been identified as the most promising candidates for the assessment of compatibility. Both are composed of an off-set and a full overlap test procedure. In addition another procedure (a test with a moving deformable barrier) is getting more attention in current research programmes. The overall objective of the FIMCAR project is to complete the development of the candidate test procedures and propose a set of test procedures suitable for regulatory application to assess and control a vehicle- frontal impact and compatibility crash safety. In addition an associated cost benefit analysis should be performed. The objectives of the work reported in this deliverable were to review existing full-width test procedures and their discussed compatibility metrics, to report recent activities and findings with respect to full-width assessment procedures and to assess test procedures and metrics. Starting with a review of previous work, candidate metrics and associated performance limits to assess a vehicle- structural interaction potential, in particular its structural alignment, have been developed for both the Full Width Deformable Barrier (FWDB) and Full Width Rigid Barrier (FWRB) tests. Initial work was performed to develop a concept to assess a vehicle- frontal force matching. However, based on the accident analyses performed within FIMCAR frontal force matching was not evaluated as a first priority and thus in line with FIMCAR strategy the focus was put on the development of metrics for the assessment of structural interaction which was evaluated as a first priority.
Accident analysis
(2014)
For the assessment of vehicle safety in frontal collisions compatibility (which consists of self and partner protection) between opponents is crucial. Although compatibility has been analysed worldwide for years, no final assessment approach has been defined to date. Taking into account the European Enhanced Vehicle safety Committee (EEVC) compatibility and frontal impact working group (WG15) and the EC funded FP5 VC-COMPAT project activities, two test approaches have been identified as the most promising candidates for the assessment of compatibility. Both are composed of an off-set and a full overlap test procedure. In addition another procedure (a test with a moving deformable barrier) is getting more attention in today- research programmes. The overall objective of the FIMCAR project is to complete the development of the candidate test procedures and propose a set of test procedures suitable for regulatory application to assess and control a vehicle- frontal impact and compatibility crash safety. In addition an associated cost benefit analysis should be performed. The specific objectives of the work reported in this deliverable were: - Determine if previously identified compatibility issues are still relevant in current vehicle fleet: Structural interaction, Frontal force matching, Compartment strength in particular for light cars. - Determine nature of injuries and injury mechanisms: Body regions injured o Injury mechanism: Contact with intrusion, Contact, Deceleration / restraint induced. The main data sources for this report were the CCIS and Stats 19 databases from Great Britain and the GIDAS database from Germany. The different sampling and reporting schemes for the detailed databases (CCIS & GIDAS) sometimes do not allow for direct comparisons of the results. However the databases are complementary " CCIS captures more severe collisions highlighting structure and injury issues while GIDAS provides detailed data for a broader range of crash severities. The following results represent the critical points for further development of test procedures in FIMCAR.
Cost benefit analysis
(2014)
Although the number of road accident casualties in Europe is falling the problem still remains substantial. In 2011 there were still over 30,000 road accident fatalities [EC 2012]. Approximately half of these were car occupants and about 60 percent of these occurred in frontal impacts. The next stage to improve a car- safety performance in frontal impacts is to improve its compatibility for car-to-car impacts and for collisions against objects and HGVs. Compatibility consists of improving both a car- self and partner protection in a manner such that there is good interaction with the collision partner and the impact energy is absorbed in the car- frontal structures in a controlled way which results in a reduction of injuries. Over the last ten years much research has been performed which has found that there are four main factors related to a car- compatibility [Edwards 2003, Edwards 2007]. These are structural interaction potential, frontal force matching, compartment strength and the compartment deceleration pulse and related restraint system performance. The objective of the FIMCAR FP7 EC-project was to develop an assessment approach suitable for regulatory application to control a car- frontal impact and compatibility crash performance and perform an associated cost benefit analysis for its implementation.
For the assessment of vehicle safety in frontal collisions compatibility (which consists of self and partner protection) between opponents is crucial. Although compatibility has been analysed worldwide for over 10 years, no final assessment approach has been defined to date. Taking into account the European Enhanced Vehicle safety Committee (EEVC) compatibility and the final report to the steering committee on frontal impact [Faerber 2007] and the FP5 VC-COMPAT[Edwards 2007] project activities, two test approaches were identified as the most promising candidates for the assessment of compatibility. Both are composed of an off-set and a full overlap test procedure. In addition another procedure (a test with a moving deformable barrier) is getting more attention in current research programmes. The overall objective of the FIMCAR project is to complete the development of the candidate test procedures and propose a set of test procedures suitable for regulatory application to assess and control a vehicle- frontal impact and compatibility crash safety. In addition an associated cost benefit analysis will be performed. In the FIMCAR Deliverable D 3.1 [Adolph 2013] the development and assessment of criteria and associated performance limits for the full width test procedure were reported. In this Deliverable D3.2 analyses of the test data (full width tests, car-to-car tests and component tests), further development and validation of the full width assessment protocol and development of the load cell and load cell wall specification are reported. The FIMCAR full-width assessment procedure consists of a 50 km/h test against the Full Width Deformable Barrier (FWDB). The Load Cell Wall behind the deformable element assesses whether or not important Energy Absorbing Structures are within the Common Interaction Zone as defined based on the US part 581 zone. The metric evaluates the row forces and requires that the forces directly above and below the centre line of the Common Interaction Zone exceed a minimum threshold. Analysis of the load spreading showed that metrics that rely on sum forces of rows and columns are within acceptable tolerances. Furthermore it was concluded that the Repeatability and Reproducibility of the FWDB test is acceptable. The FWDB test was shown to be capable to detect lower load paths that are beneficial in car-to-car impacts.
In the European Project FIMCAR, a proposal for a frontal impact test configuration was developed which included an additional full width deformable barrier (FWDB) test. Motivation for the deformable element was partly to measure structural forces as well as to produce a severe crash pulse different from that in the offset test. The objective of this study was to analyze the safety performance of vehicles in the full width rigid barrier test (FWRB) and in the full width deformable barrier test (FWDB). In total, 12 vehicles were crashed in both configurations. Comparison of these tests to real world accident data was used to identify the crash barrier most representative of real world crashes. For all vehicles, the airbag visible times were later in the FWDB configuration. This was attributed to the attenuation of the initial acceleration peak, observed in FWRB tests, by the addition of the deformable element. These findings were in alignment with airbag triggering times seen in real world crash data. Also, the dummy loadings were slightly worse in FWDB compared to FWRB tests, which is possibly linked to the airbag firing and a more realistic loading of the vehicle crash structures in the FWDB configuration. Evaluations of the lower extremities have shown a general increasing of the tibia index with the crash pulse severity.
Es wird zunächst eine Übersicht über typische Systembausteine und wesentliche Akteure für den Betrieb Intelligenter Verkehrssysteme (IVS) in Deutschland gegeben. Unter Verwendung der IVS-Systembausteine werden für die vier Systemsparten Intelligenter Verkehrssysteme - die Straßenverkehrstelematik, - die Verkehrsinformationsdienste, - die autonomen Fahrerassistenzsysteme und - die kooperativen Systeme einfache funktionale Anwendungsbeispiele skizziert und analysiert. Die Anwendungsbeispiele bilden den Ausgangspunkt für eine Rekombination der Systembausteine. Die so erreichte Auflösung der Systemgrenzen hin zur Modularisierung der einzelnen Szenarien liefert eine Vielzahl neuer Kombinationsmöglichkeiten der identifizierten Bausteine intelligenter Verkehrssysteme in einer Matrix. Der vorliegende Bericht verdeutlicht und veranschaulicht die Potenziale dieses Baukastens, benennt außerdem aber auch die noch zu bewältigenden Herausforderungen im organisatorischen, funktionalen und technischen Bereich. Der Bericht ist als Grundlagenarbeit zu verstehen, die in eine Vielzahl weiterführender Aktivitäten in Deutschland als harmonisierte Analyse eingeflossen ist und noch einfließen wird.
Rastanlagen an BAB - Verbesserung der Auslastung und Erhöhung der Kapazität durch Telematiksysteme
(2014)
Erhebungen im Auftrag des damaligen Bundesministeriums für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung (BMVBS) im März 2008 belegten, dass auf und an den Bundesautobahnen etwa 14.000 Lkw-Parkstände fehlen. Neben der baulichen Schaffung neuer Parkstandkapazitäten fördert das Bundesministerium für Verkehr und digitale Infrastruktur (BMVI) auch den Einsatz telematischer Systeme zur besseren Auslastung und Kapazitätserhöhung auf Rastanlagen. Auch aufgrund unregelmäßiger Nachfrage ist ein Verteilen der Nachfrage innerhalb eines Streckenabschnitts erforderlich. Dies kann durch den Einsatz von Telematik geleistet werden. Zur Ermittlung der Belegung der Rastanlagen auf einem Streckenabschnitt werden diese mit Detektionstechnik ausgerüstet. Die detektierten Daten über die Belegung von Lkw-Parkständen werden zu Informationen aufbereitet. Diese Parkinformationen können über verschiedene Kommunikationswege (z. B. über elektronische Anzeigen an der Autobahn oder das Internet) den Lkw-Fahrern sowie den Logistikunternehmen übermittelt werden. Für die Güterverkehrsbranche bedeutet dies eine verbesserte Planbarkeit der Lenk- und Ruhezeiten der Lkw-Fahrer. Gleichzeitig soll mittels Parkinformationen eine gleichmäßigere Auslastung des Parkangebots an Bundesautobahnen (BAB) erzielt und somit das Auftreten gefährlicher Situationen durch verkehrsgefährdend abgestellte Fahrzeuge in den Zufahrten von Rastanlagen verhindert werden. Insgesamt ist somit von einer Erhöhung der Sicherheit für alle Verkehrsteilnehmer auf den BAB auszugehen. Bewährte Detektoren, wie Induktivschleifen, stehen auf Rastanlagen vor neuen Herausforderungen. Hierfür bedurfte es neuer technischer Entwicklungen, welche die besonderen Randbedingungen auf einer Rastanlage und die Anforderungen an die Informationsqualität von Parkinformationen berücksichtigen. Neue Detektoren wurden im Rahmen von Pilotprojekten der Bundesländer erprobt. Die Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (BASt) hat die Pilotprojekte unter wissenschaftlichen Gesichtspunkten mit dem Fokus einer zukünftigen Evaluierung begleitet. Dazu wurde ein einheitliches Bewertungsverfahren für Telematiksysteme auf Rastanlagen entwickelt. Das Bewertungsverfahren erlaubt - im Gegensatz zu Prüfungen gemäß Technischen Lieferbedingungen für Streckenstationen (TLS) -, den Fokus auf die Bewertung des Gesamtkonzeptes zu legen, d. h., das Zusammenspiel aus Detektion, Steuerungsverfahren und Kommunikation zum Verkehrsteilnehmer kann systematisch analysiert werden. Ergebnis bisheriger Tätigkeiten der BASt ist weiterhin die Entwicklung eines neuen Steuerungsverfahrens "Kompaktparken", welches das vorhandene Spektrum telematischer Systeme auf Rastanlagen sinnvoll ergänzt. Kompaktparken basiert auf der Idee, durch zeitliches Sortieren mehr parkende Fahrzeuge auf der Rastanlage zu platzieren, die Flächen von Fahrgassen einzusparen und geordnetes, sicheres Parken zu unterstützen. Als Koordinierungsstelle der deutschen Location Code List und Mitglied in der internationalen Traveller Information Services Association (TISA) unterstützt die BASt die Weiterentwicklung von Diensten zur Bereitstellung von Parkinformationen in die Fahrzeuge. Der vorliegende Bericht fasst den Stand der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse über Maßnahmen zur Auslastung und Erhöhung der Kapazität von Rastanlagen an BAB zusammen. Der Bericht basiert auf Literaturrecherchen, eigenen Untersuchungen und Tätigkeiten der BASt sowie Gesprächen mit Betreibern und Anbietern telematischer Systeme für Rastanlagen. Zunächst werden die derzeit eingesetzten Techniken für Detektion und Kommunikation sowie Steuerungsverfahren vorgestellt. Ergänzend werden mögliche, bislang noch nicht für das telematische Lkw-Parken eingesetzte Techniken betrachtet. Darauf aufbauend wurde ein Konzept entwickelt, wie zukünftig eine intelligente Streckensteuerung wirken kann. Diese soll im Gegensatz zu Parkinformationen für einzelne Rastanlagen die Belegung mehrerer Rastanlagen eines Streckenabschnitts berücksichtigen und Parkempfehlungen für die Nutzer ermöglichen. Dazu wird vom Stand der Technik ausgehend eine mögliche Realisierungsvariante beschrieben und der erforderliche Entwicklungsbedarf aufgezeigt. Vorschläge zur Gestaltung von Parkinformationen runden das Konzept ab. Es ist beabsichtigt, den Bericht im Sinne eines Maßnahmenkataloges mit fortschreitendem Erkenntnisstand zu aktualisieren. Er soll im Besonderen Betreibern und Dienstanbietern Orientierung bei der Systemgestaltung bieten. Gleichzeitig sollen Entwicklungen im Bereich fahrzeugseitiger Parkinformationen angestoßen werden. Das Bewertungsverfahren wiederum soll zukünftig eine vergleichende Bewertung von telematischen Systemen auf Rastanlagen ermöglichen und zu einer kontinuierlichen Verbesserung der Systeme beitragen. Zum Zeitpunkt der Berichtslegung stehen die abschließenden Ergebnisse der einheitlichen Bewertung der Detektoren in den Pilotprojekten aus und sind mit einer Fortschreibung des Berichts zu ergänzen.
Der vom 01.01.2012 bis zum 31.12.2016 andauernde Feldversuch der Bundesregierung mit Lang-Lkw wird durch die Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (BASt) wissenschaftlich begleitet. Lang-Lkw sind Fahrzeuge und Fahrzeugkombinationen, - die mit bis zu 25,25 m zwar länger als nach den geltenden Regelungen ausgeführt sein dürfen, - im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen Lkw um bis zu 6,50 m länger sind, - aber kein höheres Gesamtgewicht als die auch heute schon geltenden 40 t beziehungsweise 44 t im Vor- und Nachlauf zum Kombinierten Verkehr haben. Im Feldversuch werden die Chancen und Risiken des Einsatzes der Lang-Lkw untersucht. Nach etwa der Hälfte des Feldversuchs wurden die wesentlichen Erkenntnisse aus dem bisherigen Untersuchungszeitraum in einem Zwischenbericht von der BASt zusammengefasst und bewertet. Der Zwischenbericht der BASt gliedert sich thematisch und enthält neben den für die Konzeption der Gesamtuntersuchung erforderlichen rechtlichen Grundlagen und vorliegenden Erkenntnissen aus der Literatur insbesondere die Zusammenfassungen verschiedener Forschungsprojekte zu den hinsichtlich des Einsatzes von Lang-Lkw relevanten Fragestellungen. Die Teilprojekte, die von externen Forschungsnehmern bearbeitet wurden, sind als selbstständige Publikationen verfügbar. Dort finden sich detailliertere Informationen zu den einzelnen Untersuchungen. Insgesamt galt es herauszuarbeiten, welche Auswirkungen der Einsatz von Lang-Lkw im Vergleich zur Situation ohne Lang-Lkw auf die identifizierten Fragestellungen hat. Zusammenfassend lässt sich feststellen, dass sich neben den festgestellten positiven Effekten, wie einem Effizienzgewinn und der Einsparung von Lkw-Fahrten, gravierende Probleme im Feldversuch unter den gegebenen Randbedingungen bislang nicht gezeigt haben. Gemessen an der Vielzahl betrachteter Fragestellungen ist die Anzahl der identifizierten Risiken gering. Zudem sind die identifizierten Risiken bei der derzeit vorhandenen Anzahl von im Feldversuch beteiligten Lang-Lkw und auch noch unter der Annahme von deutlich höheren Anteilen von Lang-Lkw am Güterverkehrsaufkommen als hinnehmbar oder zumindest beherrschbar einzustufen. Einzig für den Umstand der für Lang-Lkw in der Regel zu kurzen Schrägparkstände auf Rastanlagen müssten bei einer steigenden Anzahl an Lang-Lkw Lösungsansätze entwickelt werden, um das regelkonforme Abstellen der Lang-Lkw auch auf Rastanlagen weiterhin gewährleisten zu können. Zu beachten ist hinsichtlich der Gesamteinschätzung zudem, dass den erzielten Ergebnissen in der Regel die ganz spezifischen Randbedingungen des Feldversuchs zugrunde liegen. Teilweise resultieren diese Randbedingungen aus den Vorgaben der Ausnahme-Verordnung zum Feldversuch, in Einzelfällen auch aus dem unter Versuchsbedingungen angepassten Verhalten der Lang-Lkw-Fahrer. Sofern sich an diesen Randbedingungen Änderungen einstellen sollten oder die Unternehmen die heute geltenden Freiheitsgrade deutlicher ausnutzen, sind gewisse Fragestellungen neu zu beleuchten. Somit zeigt der Zwischenbericht in seinem Fazit zusammenfassend auf, dass an einzelnen Punkten weiter Forschungsbedarf besteht. Bis zum Ende des Feldversuchs wird die BASt diesen Fragen nachgehen und Nacherhebungen zur Validierung der bisherigen Ergebnisse durchführen können.