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- Interview (109)
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- Car (101)
- Unfallrekonstruktion (99)
- injury) (99)
- Belastung (98)
- Verletzung) (98)
- Load (97)
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- Driving (veh) (84)
- Tunnel (84)
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- Benutzung (83)
- Beton (83)
- Dauerhaftigkeit (83)
- Decrease (82)
- Durability (82)
- Freeway (82)
- Use (82)
- Cause (81)
- Severity (accid (81)
- Data acquisition (80)
- Equipment (80)
- Ausrüstung (79)
- Schweregrad (Unfall, Verletzung) (79)
- Anfahrversuch (78)
- Cost (78)
- Education (78)
- Impact study (78)
- Modification (78)
- Radfahrer (78)
- Straßennetz (78)
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- Concrete (77)
- Pkw (77)
- Prognose (77)
- Road network (77)
- Severity (accid, injury) (77)
- Norm (tech) (76)
- Erziehung (75)
- Surfacing (74)
- Maintenance (73)
- Unterhaltung (73)
- Forecast (72)
- Veränderung (72)
- Fahrerassistenzsystem (71)
- Forschungsarbeit (71)
- Jugendlicher (71)
- Passives Sicherheitssystem (71)
- Cyclist (70)
- Decke (Straße) (70)
- Emission (70)
- Fahranfänger (69)
- Organisation (69)
- Reconstruction (accid) (68)
- Straßenbau (68)
- Vehicle mile (68)
- Adolescent (67)
- Data bank (67)
- Evaluation (67)
- Fahrleistung (67)
- Fahrtauglichkeit (67)
- Impact test (veh) (67)
- Road construction (66)
- Sachschaden (66)
- Verkehrssteuerung (66)
- Bemessung (65)
- Damage (65)
- Driver assistance system (65)
- Kind (65)
- Kontrolle (65)
- Traffic control (65)
- Wirksamkeitsuntersuchung (65)
- Attitude (psychol) (64)
- Passive safety system (64)
- Specification (standard) (64)
- Information (63)
- Recently qualified driver (63)
- Research project (62)
- Year (62)
- Child (61)
- Einstellung (psychol) (61)
- Jahr (61)
- Lärm (61)
- Stadt (61)
- Straßenverkehr (61)
- Surveillance (61)
- Temperatur (61)
- Urban area (61)
- Verwaltung (60)
- Bituminöses Mischgut (59)
- Noise (59)
- Rechenmodell (59)
- Temperature (59)
- Administration (58)
- Bituminous mixture (58)
- Driver training (58)
- Fahrausbildung (58)
- Surface (58)
- Collision (57)
- Construction (56)
- Deformation (56)
- Design (overall design) (56)
- Mathematical model (56)
- Oberfläche (56)
- Tragfähigkeit (56)
- EU (55)
- Insasse (55)
- Modell (55)
- Straßenentwurf (55)
- Verformung (55)
- Verkehrsinfrastruktur (55)
- On the spot accident investigation (54)
- Zusammenstoß (54)
- Festigkeit (53)
- Highway design (53)
- Motorcyclist (53)
- Motorradfahrer (53)
- Repair (53)
- Untersuchung am Unfallort (53)
- Wirtschaftlichkeit (53)
- Active safety system (52)
- Alte Leute (52)
- Economic efficiency (52)
- Layout (52)
- Aktives Sicherheitssystem (51)
- Bearing capacity (51)
- Gestaltung (51)
- Information documentation (51)
- Old people (51)
- Qualität (51)
- Bauwerk (50)
- Eigenschaft (50)
- Motorrad (50)
- Quality (50)
- Drunkenness (49)
- Quality assurance (49)
- Qualitätssicherung (49)
- Vehicle occupant (49)
- Zustandsbewertung (49)
- Bau (48)
- Knotenpunkt (48)
- Properties (48)
- Trunkenheit (48)
- Instandsetzung (47)
- Motorcycle (47)
- Straßenverkehrsrecht (47)
- Traffic flow (47)
- Verkehrsteilnehmer (47)
- Boden (46)
- Frontalzusammenstoß (46)
- Führerschein (46)
- Grenzwert (46)
- Lebenszyklus (46)
- Limit (46)
- Pollutant (46)
- Strength (mater) (46)
- Condition survey (45)
- Experience (human) (45)
- Traffic regulations (45)
- Automatisch (44)
- Droge (44)
- Erfahrung (menschl) (44)
- Head on collision (44)
- Standardisierung (44)
- Umwelt (44)
- Drugs (43)
- Griffigkeit (43)
- Model (not math) (43)
- Road user (43)
- Engineering structure (42)
- Environment (42)
- Junction (42)
- Soil (42)
- Stahl (42)
- Transport infrastructure (42)
- Verkehrsfluss (42)
- Baustoff (41)
- International (41)
- Steel (41)
- Wahrnehmung (41)
- Wasser (41)
- Water (41)
- Witterung (41)
- Baustelle (40)
- Betonstraße (Oberbau) (40)
- Classification (40)
- Error (40)
- Landstraße (40)
- Messgerät (40)
- Perception (40)
- Rigid pavement (40)
- Standardization (40)
- Cost benefit analysis (39)
- Organization (association) (39)
- Sound (39)
- Driving licence (38)
- Klassifizierung (38)
- Medical examination (38)
- Medizinische Untersuchung (38)
- Schadstoff (38)
- Schall (38)
- Air pollution (37)
- Automatic (37)
- Construction site (37)
- Driver information (37)
- Erste Hilfe (37)
- Life cycle (37)
- Medical aspects (37)
- Medizinische Gesichtspunkte (37)
- Risikobewertung (37)
- Traffic lane (37)
- Weather (37)
- Deckschicht (36)
- Fahrerinformation (36)
- Gutachten (36)
- Luftverunreinigung (36)
- Risk assessment (36)
- Sensor (36)
- Sicherheitsgurt (36)
- Skill (road user) (36)
- Technologie (36)
- Wirtschaftlichkeitsrechnung (36)
- Age (35)
- Alter (35)
- Apparatus (measuring) (35)
- Expert opinion (35)
- Fahrbahnmarkierung (35)
- Fahrstreifen (35)
- First aid (35)
- Material (constr) (35)
- Schutzeinrichtung (35)
- Skidding resistance (35)
- Technology (35)
- Bindemittel (34)
- Bitumen (34)
- Fahrbahn (34)
- Fehler (34)
- Nacht (34)
- Night (34)
- Oberflächentextur (34)
- Rural road (34)
- Versuchsstrecke (34)
- Bauweise (33)
- Binder (33)
- Experimental road (33)
- Schallpegel (33)
- Sound level (33)
- Wearing course (33)
- Asphaltstraße (Oberbau) (32)
- Carriageway marking (32)
- Communication (32)
- Fuge (32)
- Kommunikation (32)
- Mobilität (32)
- Psychological examination (32)
- Road traffic (32)
- Safety belt (32)
- Spannbeton (32)
- Surface texture (32)
- Fahrgeschicklichkeit (31)
- Krankheit (31)
- Safety fence (31)
- Umweltschutz (31)
- Accident reconstruction (30)
- Anthropometric dummy (30)
- Immission (30)
- Metal bridge (30)
- Numerisches Modell (30)
- Reifen (30)
- Tyre (30)
- Winterdienst (30)
- Cracking (29)
- Emergency (29)
- Güterverkehr (29)
- Highway traffic (29)
- Illness (29)
- Notfall (29)
- Rissbildung (29)
- Schutzhelm (29)
- Telematik (29)
- Winter maintenance (29)
- Arzneimittel (28)
- Before and after study (28)
- Construction method (28)
- Digital model (28)
- Dummy (28)
- Einbau (28)
- Flexible pavement (28)
- Head (28)
- Kopf (28)
- Laying (28)
- Medication (28)
- Pollution concentration (28)
- Prestressed concrete (28)
- Vorher Nachher Untersuchung (28)
- Crash helmet (27)
- Fire (27)
- Joint (structural) (27)
- Kapazität (Straße) (27)
- Pavement (27)
- Psychologie (27)
- Psychologische Untersuchung (27)
- Stability (27)
- Telematics (27)
- Biomechanik (26)
- Bridge deck (26)
- Carriageway (26)
- Database (26)
- Deicing (26)
- Fahrbahntafel (26)
- Human factor (26)
- In situ (26)
- Nitrogen oxide (26)
- Oberbau (26)
- Psychology (26)
- Biomechanics (25)
- Bremsung (25)
- Corrosion (25)
- Environment protection (25)
- Fahrstabilität (25)
- Korrosion (25)
- Menschlicher Faktor (25)
- Mobility (25)
- Nachhaltige Entwicklung (25)
- Recycling (25)
- Reinforced concrete (25)
- Stahlbeton (25)
- Stickoxid (25)
- Verkehrssicherheit (25)
- Sichtbarkeit (25)
- Auftaumittel (24)
- Datenverarbeitung (24)
- Detection (24)
- Laboratorium (24)
- Reaction (human) (24)
- Seitlicher Zusammenstoß (24)
- Standfestigkeit (24)
- Sustainability (24)
- Traffic sign (24)
- Vehicle handling (24)
- Verkehrszeichen (24)
- Adhäsion (23)
- Aggregate (23)
- Annual average daily traffic (23)
- Auffahrunfall (23)
- Braking (23)
- Capacity (road, footway) (23)
- Level of service (23)
- Manufacture (23)
- Personality (23)
- Persönlichkeit (23)
- Psychologische Gesichtspunkte (23)
- Publicity (23)
- Querschnitt (23)
- Reaktionsverhalten (23)
- Rear end collision (23)
- Sichtbarkeit (23)
- Side impact (23)
- Software (23)
- Steifigkeit (23)
- Vegetation (23)
- Verkehrsqualität (23)
- Werbung (23)
- Adhesion (22)
- Airbag (22)
- Brustkorb (22)
- Brückenbelag (22)
- Comprehension (22)
- Cross section (22)
- Data processing (22)
- Ermüdung (mater) (22)
- Fatigue (mater) (22)
- Feinstaub (22)
- Herstellung (22)
- PKW (22)
- Pollution (22)
- Shock (22)
- Stiffness (22)
- Tag (24 Stunden) (22)
- Traffic engineering (22)
- Zuschlagstoff (22)
- Activity report (21)
- Bicycle (21)
- Bridge surfacing (21)
- Erdarbeiten (21)
- Fahrrad (21)
- Fahrsimulator (21)
- Gussasphalt (21)
- Interior (veh) (21)
- Lichtsignal (21)
- Offender (21)
- Politik (21)
- Rehabilitation (21)
- Schicht (21)
- Stahlbrücke (21)
- Versiegelung (21)
- Articulated vehicle (20)
- Behinderter (20)
- Beschilderung (20)
- Bus (20)
- Continuous (20)
- Earthworks (20)
- Fahrzeuginnenraum (20)
- Finanzierung (20)
- Gelenkfahrzeug (20)
- Geschwindigkeitsbeschränkung (20)
- Gesetzesübertretung (20)
- Kompatibilität (20)
- Kontinuierlich (20)
- Laboratory (not an organization) (20)
- Population (20)
- Porous asphalt (20)
- Psychological aspects (20)
- Reinforcement (in mater) (20)
- Residential area (20)
- Retraining of drivers (20)
- Schlag (20)
- School (20)
- Schule (20)
- Speed limit (20)
- Straßenseitenfläche (20)
- Thorax (20)
- Traffic restraint (20)
- Tätigkeitsbericht (20)
- Wohngebiet (20)
- Antikollisionssystem (19)
- Attention (19)
- Aufmerksamkeit (19)
- Bevölkerung (19)
- Bewehrung (19)
- Durchlässigkeit (19)
- Fahrernachschulung (19)
- JDTV (19)
- Kunststoff (19)
- Offence (19)
- Organization (19)
- Orthotropic plate (19)
- Permeability (19)
- Personal (19)
- Policy (19)
- Signalization (19)
- Simulator (driving) (19)
- Traffic signal (19)
- Unfallschwerpunkt (19)
- Verkehrsbeschränkung (19)
- Accident black spot (18)
- Accompanied driving (18)
- Asphalt (18)
- Begleitetes Fahren (18)
- Black ice (18)
- Chemical analysis (18)
- Compatibility (18)
- Compliance (specif) (18)
- Delivery vehicle (18)
- Driving test (18)
- Elektronische Fahrhilfe (18)
- Entscheidungsprozess (18)
- Fahrprüfung (18)
- Fahrzeugsitz (18)
- Financing (18)
- Glatteis (18)
- Goods traffic (18)
- Konzentration (chem) (18)
- Leg (human) (18)
- Pavement Management System (18)
- Personnel (18)
- Plastic material (18)
- Rechtsübertreter (18)
- Recycling (mater) (18)
- Reflexionsgrad (18)
- Stress (18)
- Stress (psychol) (18)
- Time (18)
- Verständnis (18)
- Vorschrifteneinhaltung (18)
- Wet road (18)
- Abbiegen (17)
- Absorption (17)
- Chemische Analyse (17)
- Concentration (chem) (17)
- Decision process (17)
- Disabled person (17)
- Dränasphalt (17)
- Feuer (17)
- Langfristig (17)
- Layer (17)
- Long term (17)
- Nasse Straße (17)
- Provisorisch (17)
- Prüfstand (17)
- Public relations (17)
- Reflectivity (17)
- Rückfalltäter (17)
- Sample (mater) (17)
- Seat (veh) (17)
- Spreading (17)
- USA (17)
- Vehicle regulations (17)
- Verkehrsuntersuchung (17)
- Wear (17)
- Öffentlichkeitsarbeit (17)
- Blutalkoholgehalt (16)
- Coefficient of friction (16)
- Collision avoidance system (16)
- Contact (tyre road) (16)
- Day (24 hour period) (16)
- Drainage (16)
- Emission control (16)
- Entwässerung (16)
- Fahreignung (16)
- Krankenhaus (16)
- Police (16)
- Polizei (16)
- Recidivist (16)
- Rehabilitation (road user) (16)
- Reibungsbeiwert (16)
- Service area (16)
- Severity (acid (16)
- Technische Vorschriften (Kraftfahrzeug) (16)
- Temporary (16)
- Test rig (16)
- Tragschicht (16)
- Vereinigtes Königreich (16)
- Verkehrsstauung (16)
- Verkehrszusammensetzung (16)
- Verteilung (mater) (16)
- Warning (16)
- Weight (16)
- Wirkungsanalyse (16)
- Zeit (16)
- Zement (16)
- Abdichtung (15)
- Air bag (restraint system) (15)
- Alignment (15)
- Arterial highway (15)
- Bepflanzung (15)
- Cement (15)
- Control (15)
- Ebenheit (15)
- Emissionskontrolle (15)
- Empfindlichkeit (15)
- Finite element method (15)
- Hard shoulder (15)
- Hospital (15)
- Linienführung (15)
- Mechanik (15)
- Ort (Position) (15)
- Particulate matter (15)
- Probability (15)
- Radar (15)
- Radweg (15)
- Sealing coat (on top of the surfacing) (15)
- Seitenstreifen (befestigt) (15)
- Sensitivity (15)
- Shear (15)
- Tank Rast Anlage (15)
- Traffic composition (15)
- Traffic density (15)
- Traffic survey (15)
- Wahrscheinlichkeit (15)
- Abdichtung (Brücke) (14)
- Arbeitsgruppe (14)
- Austria (14)
- Autonomes Fahren (14)
- Autonomous driving (14)
- Beam (14)
- Bein (menschl) (14)
- Blood alcohol content (14)
- Brücken Management System (14)
- Detektion (14)
- Electronic driving aid (14)
- Ergonomics (14)
- Fahrzeugabstand (14)
- France (14)
- Frau (14)
- Gebiet (14)
- Intelligent transport system (14)
- Location (14)
- Occupation (14)
- Region (14)
- Risk taking (14)
- Tier (14)
- Transport (14)
- Trend (stat) (14)
- Verschiebung (14)
- Waterproofing (14)
- Zusammensetzung (14)
- Österreich (14)
- Überholen (14)
- Achslast (13)
- Animal (13)
- Asphaltoberbau (13)
- Betriebshof (13)
- Bridge management system (13)
- Cycle track (13)
- Einfahrt (13)
- Elektrofahrzeug (13)
- Epoxidharz (13)
- Evenness (13)
- Frankreich (13)
- Frequency (13)
- Gesetzesdurchführung (13)
- Impact test (13)
- Industrierückstand (13)
- Innenstadt (13)
- Kunstharz (13)
- Market (13)
- Markt (13)
- Mechanics (13)
- Mix design (13)
- Moisture content (13)
- Movement (13)
- Official approval (13)
- Optimum (13)
- Overtaking (13)
- Probe (13)
- Sample (stat) (13)
- Stichprobe (13)
- Synthetic resin (13)
- Town centre (13)
- Tunnel lining (13)
- Tunnelauskleidung (13)
- Umweltverschmutzung (13)
- United Kingdom (13)
- Wassergehalt (13)
- Working group (13)
- Zeitreihe (stat) (13)
- Überschlagen (13)
- Abnutzung (12)
- Ageing (12)
- Auftrag (12)
- Axle load (12)
- Beschichtung (12)
- By product (12)
- Coating (12)
- Compaction (12)
- Congestion (traffic) (12)
- Contract (12)
- Deflection (12)
- Depot (transp) (12)
- Digitale Bildverarbeitung (12)
- Driving (12)
- Durchbiegung (12)
- Dynamics (12)
- Dynamik (12)
- Electric vehicle (12)
- Enforcement (law) (12)
- Entrance (12)
- Epoxy resin (12)
- Freizeit (12)
- Frost (12)
- Genauigkeit (12)
- Gewicht (12)
- Hydrocarbon (12)
- Intelligentes Transportsystem (12)
- Interchange (12)
- Japan (12)
- Kohlenwasserstoff (12)
- Leuchtdichte (12)
- Luminance (12)
- Lärmschutzwand (12)
- Man (12)
- Mann (12)
- Müdigkeit (12)
- Nummer (12)
- Parken (12)
- Parking (12)
- Platte (12)
- Porosity (12)
- Reinigung (12)
- Seite (12)
- Slab (12)
- Stadtplanung (12)
- Town planning (12)
- Vehicle spacing (12)
- Verarbeitbarkeit (12)
- Woman (12)
- Workability (12)
- Öffentlicher Verkehr (12)
- Adaptation (psychol) (11)
- Ankündigung (11)
- Anpassung (psychol) (11)
- Anschlussstelle (11)
- Balken (11)
- Beinahe Unfall (11)
- Brand (11)
- Bremse (11)
- Bruch (mech) (11)
- CEN (11)
- Cleaning (11)
- Costs (11)
- Damm (11)
- Deflectograph (11)
- Durchbiegungsmesser (11)
- EU directive (11)
- Einsatzfahrzeug (11)
- Emergency vehicle (11)
- Entdeckung (11)
- Ergonomie (11)
- Fatigue (human) (11)
- Fuel consumption (11)
- Full depth asphalt pavement (11)
- Gemeindeverwaltung (11)
- Grundwasser (11)
- Heat (11)
- Hohlraumgehalt (11)
- Human body (11)
- Image processing (11)
- Inventory (11)
- Kontakt Reifen Straße (11)
- Lenken (Fahrzeug) (11)
- Local authority (11)
- Metallbrücke (11)
- Methode der finiten Elemente (11)
- Near miss (11)
- Noise barrier (11)
- Non destructive testing (11)
- Overturning (veh) (11)
- Pavement management system (11)
- Polymer (11)
- Polyurethan (11)
- Private transport (11)
- Public transport (11)
- Radio (11)
- Recreation (11)
- Road safety (11)
- Roadbase (11)
- Rundfunk (11)
- Schutz (11)
- Seepage (11)
- Sehvermögen (11)
- Sickerung (11)
- Side (11)
- Sociology (11)
- Soziologie (11)
- State of the art report (11)
- Steering (process) (11)
- Straßenverkehrstechnik (11)
- Verbundbrücke (11)
- Verdichtung (11)
- Verstärkung (allg) (11)
- Vision (11)
- Waterproofing course (bridge) (11)
- Wirbelsäule (11)
- Wärme (11)
- Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (11)
- Addiction (10)
- Alcohol (10)
- Alkohol (10)
- Alterung (mater) (10)
- Arbeitsbedingungen (10)
- Audit (10)
- Ausschreibung (10)
- Berufsausübung (10)
- Brake (10)
- Chippings (10)
- Composite bridge (10)
- Depth (10)
- Dicke (10)
- Embankment (10)
- Eye movement (10)
- Fahrlehrer (10)
- Fahrzeugrückhaltesystem (10)
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- stat) (9)
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A lack of representative European accident data to aid the development of safety policy, regulation and technological advancement is a major obstacle in the European Union. Data are needed to assess the performance of road and vehicle safety and is also needed to support the development of further actions by stakeholders. This short-paper describes the process of developing a data collection and analysis system designed to partly fill these gaps. A project team with members from 7 countries was set up to devise appropriate variable lists to collect fatal crash data under the following topic levels: accident, road environment, vehicle, and road user, using retrospective detailed police reports (n=1,300). The typical level of detail recorded was a minimum of 150 variables for each accident. The project will enable multidisciplinary information on the circumstances of fatal crashes to be interpreted to provide information on a range of causal factors and events surrounding the collisions.
In the context of the COST357 research project, the climatic conditions and requirements for protective helmets for motorcyclists have been examined. The extent to which these factors would influence motorbike handling and accidents in which motorcyclists are involved have also been examined. This project addresses how cognitive abilities of motorcyclists relate to helmet construction factors. In particular, the aspects of motorcycle driver helmets are to be parameterized in order that they may be used subsequently as a basis for future requirement profiles. The task of one working group of the COST357 project has been to analyse accident events and to identify helmet design issues which affect motorcycle drivers while wearing a helmet. This has been achieved by collating accident data across different countries recorded in the course of in-depth investigations at the site of accidents and by combining this with field studies of motorcyclists participating in traffic, but not involved in accidents. This paper presents the study methodology, database and first results of this international survey. The basis of the study has been a total of 424 interviews of motorcyclists and 134 motorcycle accidents, which were collected across Germany, Greece, Italy, Ireland, Portugal and Turkey and combined in a single database.
Pelvic fracture, cracking or breaking of a portion of the pelvis are extremely common injuries in the side impact collisions of motor vehicles. Due to both its shape and structural architecture, mechanics of the pelvic bone is complicated. There is a lack of knowledge regarding the dynamic behavior of the pelvis and its biomechanical tolerance under impact environment. Hence this study is aimed at the understanding of the mechanical response of the human pelvis with three-dimensional finite element (FE) models, under side impact load, applied through a structure, equivalent to a car door. The door structure was modeled, considering few layers, consisting of foam (Styrodur®, 3035 CS), plastic (UHMWPE), steel, glass and steel, putting them in series. A soft tissue layer (equivalent to fat) was also considered on the greater trochanter location. These FE models (with and without the car door structure) were analyzed with ANSYS-LS-DYNA-® dynamic finite element software to compare the effect of the car door padding system for shock absorption. It was observed that with proper combination of shock absorbing material (foam, etc.) and its thickness, the transmission of impact load to the body part (pelvis, etc.) from the outer surface of the car door could be reduced.
Description of road traffic related knee injuries in published investigations is very heterogeneous. The purpose of this study was to estimate the risk of knee injuries in real world car impacts in Germany focusing vulnerable road users (pedestrians, bicyclists and motorcyclists) and restrained car drivers. The accident research unit analyses technical and medical data collected shortly after the accident at scene. Two different periods (years 1985-1993 and 1995-2003) were compared focusing on knee injuries (Abbreviated Injury Scale (AISKnee) 2/3). In order to determine the influences type of collision, direction and speed as well as the injury pattern and different injury scores (AIS, MAIS, ISS) were examined. 1.794 pedestrians, 742 motorcyclists, 2.728 bicyclists and 1.116 car drivers were extracted. 2% had serious ligamentous or bony injuries in relation to all injured. The risk of injury is higher for twowheelers than for pedestrians, but knee injury severity is higher for the latter group. Overall the current knee injury risk is low and significant reduced comparing both time periods (27%, p<0,0001). Severe injuries (AISKnee 2/3) were below 1%). Improved aerodynamic design of car fronts reduced the risk for severe knee injuries significantly (p=0,0015). Highest risk of injury is for motorcycle followed by pedestrians, respectively. Knee protectors could prevent injuries by reducing local forces. The classically described dashboard injury was rarely identified. The overall injury risk for knee injuries in road traffic is lower than estimated and reduced comparing both periods. The aerodynamic shape of current cars compared to older types reduced the incidence and severity of knee injuries. Further modification and optimization of the interior and exterior design could be a proper measurement. Classic described injury mechanisms were rarely identified. It seems that the AIS is still underestimating extremity injuries and their long term results.
A methodology to derive precision requirements for automatic emergency braking (AEB) test procedures
(2015)
AEB Systems are becoming important to increase traffic safety. Test procedures in testing for consumer information, manufacturer self-certification and technical regulations are used to ensure a certain minimum performance of these systems. Consequently, test robustness, test efficiency and finally test cost become increasingly important. The key driver for testing effort and test costs is the required repeatable accuracy in a test design - the higher the accuracy, the higher effort and test costs. On the other hand, the performance of active safety systems depends on time discretization in the environment perception and other sub-systems: for instance, typical sensors supply information with a cycle time of 50 - 150 ms. Time discretization results in an inherent spread of system performance, even if the test conditions are perfectly equal. The proposed paper shows a methodology to derive requirements for a test setup (e.g. test repeats, use of driving robots, ...) as function of AEB system generation and rating method (e.g. Euro NCAP points awarded, pass/fail, ...). While the methodology itself is applicable to AEB pedestrian and AEB Car-Car scenarios, due to the lack of sufficient test data for AEB Car-Car, the focus of this paper is on AEB pedestrian scenarios. A simulation model for the performance of AEB Pedestrian systems allows for the systematic variation of the discretization time as well as test condition accuracy. This model is calibrated with test results of 4 production vehicles for AEB Pedestrian, all fully tested by BASt according to current Euro NCAP test protocols. Selected parameters to observe the accuracy of the test setup in case of pedestrian AEB is the calculated impact position of pedestrian on the vehicle front (as if no braking would have occurred), and the test vehicle speed accuracy. These variable was shown in real tests to be repeatable in the range of ± 5 cm and ± 0,25 km/h, respectively, with a fully robotized state of the art test setup. The sensitivity of AEB performance (measured in achieved speed reduction as well as overall rating result according to current Euro NCAP rating methods) towards discretization and the sensitivity of performance towards test accuracy then is compared to identify economic yet robust test concepts. These comparisons show that the available repeatability accuracy of current test setups is more than sufficient for today's AEB system capabilities. Time discretization problems dominate the performance spread especially in test scenarios with a limited pedestrian dummy reveal time (e.g. child behind obstruction, running adult scenarios with low car speeds). This would allow to increase test tolerances to decrease test cost. A methodology which allows to derive the required tolerances in active safety tests might be valuable especially for NCAPs of emerging countries that do not have the necessary equipment (e.g. driving robots, positioning units) available for the full-scale and high tolerance EuroNCAP active safety procedures yet still want to rate active safety systems, thus improving the global safety.
Pedestrians represent about 20% of the overall fatalities in Europe- road traffic accidents. In this paper a methodology is proposed to understand why the numbers are so high, especially in the south of Europe and particularly in Portugal, . First a detailed statistical analysis using Ordinal Logistic Regression model (OLR) was applied to the gathered data from all Portuguese accidents with victims in the period 2010-2012. In a second stage accident reconstruction computational techniques using pedestrian biomechanical models are used to evaluate the accident conditions that lead to the injuries, such as the speed and the impact location. For biomechanical injury criterions, the AIS (Abbreviated Injury Scale), the HIC (Head Injury Criterion) and other injury criterions based on the resulting accelerations in the pedestrian's body are used. The statistical model reported that there were several predictors that significantly influenced the pedestrian injury severity in the event of a road accident, such as Pedestrian's age, Pedestrian's gender, Vehicle Design/Category or Driver's gender. The use of injury scales and biomechanical criterions in in-depth investigation of road accidents, such as AIS, can significantly improve the quality of the reconstruction process.
Whiplash injuries are characterized by the high variability of its symptoms and by the subjectivity of its diagnosis, which sometimes leads to frauds perpetrated by victims of rear-end impacts. It is estimated that whiplash injuries cost annually about 10.000 million Euros in Europe. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the dynamics of the accident in which the victim was involved in the probability of development of whiplash associated injuries. In the presented methodology, first an accident reconstruction is performed where the dynamics of the accident is determined. This is carried out using the software PC-Crash, police and insurance companies' data. Then biomechanical injuries criteria related with whiplash injuries are evaluated. For the evaluation of the probability of having whiplash injuries, the Neck Injury Criterion (NIC) of the victim and the mean acceleration of the vehicle were evaluated. Then, with medical reports, the results of the accident reconstruction are correlated with the reported injuries. Some examples are presented. The results obtained indicate that the study of the dynamics of the road accidents in which the victims were involved could be used as an auxiliary of the prognosis of whiplash injuries and is important for a precise diagnosis of this type of injuries.
One main objective of the EU-Project SENIORS is to provide improved methods to assess thoracic injury risk to elderly occupants. In contribution to this task paired simulations with a THOR dummy model and human body model will be used to develop improved thoracic injury risk functions. The simulation results can provide data for injury criteria development in chest loading conditions that are underrepresented in PMHS test data sets that currently proposed risk functions are based on. To support this approach a new simplified generic but representative sled test fixture and CAE model for testing and simulation were developed. The parameter definition and evaluation of this sled test fixture and model is presented in this paper. The justification and definition of requirements for this test set-up was based on experience from earlier studies. Simple test fixtures like the gold standard sled fixture are easy to build and also to model in CAE, but provide too severe belt-only loading. On the other hand a vehicle buck including production components like airbag and seat is more representative, but difficult to model and to be replicated at a different laboratory. Furthermore some components might not be available for physical tests at later stage. The basis of the SENIORS generic sled test set-up is the gold standard fixture with a cable seat back and foot rest. No knee restraint was used. The seat pan design was modified including a seat ramp. The three-point belt system had a generic adjustable load limiter. A pre-inflated driver airbag assembly was developed for the test fixture. Results of THOR test and simulations in different configurations will be presented. The configurations include different deceleration pulses. Further parameter variations are related to the restraint system including belt geometry and load limiter levels. Additionally different settings of the generic airbag were evaluated. The test set-up was evaluated and optimized in tests with the THOR-M dummy in different test configurations. Belt restraint parameters like D-ring position and load limiter setting were modified to provide moderate chest loading to the occupant. This resulted in dummy readings more representative of the loading in a contemporary vehicle than most available PMHS sled tests reported in the literature. However, to achieve a loading configuration that exposes the occupant to even less severe loading comparable to modern vehicle restraints it might be necessary to further modify the test set-up. The new generic sled test set-up and a corresponding CAE model were developed and applied in tests and simulations with THOR. Within the SENIORS project with this test set-up also volunteer and PMHS as well as HBM simulations are performed, which will be reported in other publications. The test environment can contribute in future studies to the assessment of existing and new frontal impact dummies as well as dummy improvements and related instrumentation. The test set-up and model could also serve as a new standard test environment for PMHS and volunteer tests as well as HBM simulations.
Road accidents are typically analyzed to address influences of human, vehicle, and environmental (primarily infrastructure) factors. A new methodology, based on a "Venn diagram" analysis, gives a broader perspective on the probable factors, and combinations of factors, contributing both to the occurrence of a crash and to sustaining injuries in that crash. The methodology was applied to 214 accidents on the Mumbai-Pune expressway. Factors contributing to accidents and injuries were addressed. The major human factors influencing accidents on this roadway were speeding (30%) and falling asleep (29%), while injuries were primarily due to lack of seat belt use (46%). The leading infrastructure factor for injuries was impact with a roadside manmade structure (28%), and the main vehicle factor for injuries was passenger compartment intrusion (73%). This methodology can help identify effective vehicle and infrastructure-related solutions for preventing accidents and mitigating injuries in India.
In order to improve the protection of children transported in cars, within the CHILD programme (GR3D-CT2002-00791) real world road accidents are thoroughly analysed and then reconstructed in laboratory. Prior to comparing injury severities of real victims to physical parameter values measured on the dummies, the quality of the reconstructions is evaluated by experts who use their experience based on the investigation of numerous and various accidents. This paper presents a new tool aiming at better evaluating and validating accident reconstructions. It is based on statistical evaluation of vehicle deformations which gives weighing factors for every part of the car body structure finally leading to a specific Reconstruction Quality Score (RQS indicator). Furthermore, the reliability of this score, depending on the number of measured points, can be established. This tool includes a function aiming at adjusting the speed for a further reconstruction and at defining the launching speed and the pulse shape for complementary sled tests. Finally, the functions of the RQS software and database are presented.
In most of the existing highway capacity manuals, level of service (LOS) of freeway weaving segments and ramp junctions is traditionally defined by the speed, volume or density in critical areas of merge, diverge and weaving manoeuvres. In that traditional concept several capacity values of different critical areas (merge, diverge, weaving) as well as upstream and downstream basic freeway segments within the influence areas are evaluated separately. In this paper, a new model which considers the total segment of freeway merge, diverge, and weaving as an entire object is introduced. A combined volume-to-capacity ratio is used for defining the LOS of the total segment. According to the probability and queuing theory, the volume-to-capacity ratio of the whole segment can be considered as a combination of volume-to-capacity ratios in the different critical areas under consideration. The parameters of the new model can be calibrated with field data. Those parameters are functions of the number of lanes on the freeways, the number of lanes in the on-ramps or off-ramps, the length of the acceleration, deceleration, or weaving sections. Varying the model parameters the function can be fitted to the existing capacity models for different types of weaving segments or ramp junctions. With this model, the traffic quality (LOS) can be obtained directly as a function of the volumes on the freeway and on the on-ramp or off-ramp respectively. The new model has the following advantages: a) a uniform function for all types of freeway weaving segments and ramp junctions, b) traffic quality assessment for all critical areas under investigation in one step, and c) easy calibration. The new model will be incorporated into the new edition of the German Highway Capacity Manual (HBS 201X).
For the avoidance of traffic accidents by means of advanced driver assistance systems the knowledge of failures and deficiencies a few seconds before the crash is of increasing importance. This information e.g. is collected in the German accident survey GIDAS by an interview derived from the ACAS methodology. However to display the whole range of accident causation factors additional information is needed on enduring factors of the system components "human", "infrastructure" and "machine". On the strategic level these accident moderating factors include long term influences such as medical preconditions or a general higher risk taking behavior as well as influences on the immediate conflict level such as an aggressive response to a perceived previous traffic conflict. This study was conducted to examine the feasibility of collecting such causation information in the scope of an in-depth accident investigation like GIDAS. Due to the comprehensive amount of information necessary to estimate the moderating factors the collection of the information is distributed to different methods. 5 cases of real world crashes have been investigated where information was collected on-scene and retrospective by interviews. The identified moderating factors of the accidents and the method for collecting the information are displayed.
As bearing capacity measurements become more and more important, the necessity of assuring quality by establishing a QA system becomes more relevant. Within this context, the FGSV recommends the introduction of comparative measurements. Since 2015, two pilot events took place, with the main aim of introducing repetitive comparative measurements, in which all FWD operators shall participate. The results of the comparative measurements show that the basic principles behind comparative measurements (of the FWD), elaborated as a Europe-wide consensus and put into practice in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, are valid, but still there is a variety of questions to be answered concerning certain details of the measuring system itself, e. g. measurement of the temperatures (air, pavement) and the impact of load introduction. All in all, the two pilot events in 2015 and 2016 proved that the comparability of the different FWD measuring devices is satisfactory.
Vehicle crash research at different levels is currently being conducted by several investigation groups in Spain, in some instances within various EU-funded projects. However there is a clear opportunity for increasing compatibility and maximizing usefulness, both at national and European levels, of the information collected by these groups. After reviewing on-going activities and programs in different countries, a framework for a nationwide crash investigation project is proposed: an organizational scheme is suggested as part of a future National Road Safety Strategic Plan; a map of investigation teams located in technological centres, universities and police agencies in Spain is presented; alternatives for several practical aspects such as team composition, deployment and operational budgets and project developmental stages are also discussed.
While many medical studies have dealt with the incidence, nature and treatment of polytrauma the injury-causing accident mechanisms are rarely discussed in detail, mostly due to the lack of documentation of the technical aspects. The present prospective study was started in late 2007 and collects data from traffic accidents with most severely injured in six south- German counties and two larger cities for the duration of one year. It is aimed at identifying and documenting all polytrauma cases (ISS ≥ 16) caused by traffic accidents and their crash circumstances. The data collection is based on an interdisciplinary concept to include both the police, emergency dispatch centers, hospitals and fire departments in the region and is completely anonymous. Potentially relevant cases where an emergency physician was called to the scene of a traffic accident are provided by the dispatch center. All three hospitals in the region suited for the treatment of polytraumatised patients record injuries, major diagnostic and surgery data. Data and images from the accident scene are provided by the police and by fire departments. The latter provide information which is usually not available from the police, like deployed airbags, vehicle extrication measures and detailed views of car interiors. The main objective of the study is to determine the structure of road users who sustain a polytrauma, their crash opponents and the injury patterns found in relation to the collision configuration and the protection by seat belts, air bags and other devices. With detailed documentation of vehicle damage and extrication measures the study is also intended to support the development of injury predictors for pre-hospital treatment and provide field data regarding further improvement of technical rescue.
Although many German monitoring sites report declines of NOx concentrations, NO2-concentrations actually stagnate or even increase quite often. Various analyses have identified the altered compositions of nitrogen oxides (NO2/NOx-ratio) emitted by motor vehicles (resulting in an increase of primary NO2-emissions) as well as the chemical environmental conditions (mainly ground level ozone) as the main causes. The chemical conversion of NO to NO2 is often parameterized in dispersion calculations of exhaust emissions. A widely applied conversion model is the so-called Romberg approach from 1996. However, the Romberg approach has to be re-evaluated to accommodate the above-mentioned conditions. This article presents an adjustment to the Romberg approach in accordance with the measured data from 2000 to 2006, taking into consideration substantially higher NO2/NOx-ratios especially for higher NOx-concentrations. Model calculations with OSPM (Operational Street Pollution Model) including its internal chemistry module are able to reproduce very well the trends in the measured annual NO2-concentrations over a 10 year period. The relevant parameters for variations between the years are the NOx-emissions, primary NO2-emissions, ozone concentrations, wind conditions, and background concentrations. A simplified chemistry model based on annual mean NOx- and NO2-concentrations, and background ozone concentrations, as well as primary NO2-emissions is presented as a better method than the updated Romberg approach. This model simulates the annual mean NO2-concentrations much more accurately than the conventional and the updated Romberg approaches.
Thorax injury is one of main causes of serious injury in frontal collisions, especially for elderly car occupants. The anthropometric test device (ATD) THOR‐M provides chest deflection measurements at multiple locations, to assess the risk of thorax injury. For this purpose e, risk functions are needed that relate the potential criteria based on multipoint chest deflection measurement to in jury risk. Different thorax injury criteria and risk functions for THOR have been proposed [2‐3]. The criteria and functions are based on the traditional approach to developing injury risk functions using matched ATD and PMHS tests by relating the injury (number of fractures) to injury criteria. Regarding these studies, some limitations have been identified, in particular concerning the loading conditions of the data used (mainly 3‐point‐belt loading, high loading severity, out‐of‐date ATD versions. To extend the data set and overcome these limitations, a new approach for improved thorax injury criteria was applied within the EC‐funded project SENIORS. The new approach is based on matched frontal impact sled computer simulations with a model representing the latest THOR‐M ATD version, and matching simulations with a human body model (HBM) representing an elderly car occupant.
The European CASPER (Child Advanced Safety Project for European Roads) project studying car child safety includes a sociological approach in order to have a better understanding of the behaviour of parents driving children under 12 years old. A questionnaire was distributed via the internet in Europe with 998 parents (representing 1638 children) from 22 European countries responding. The results inform on the way parents secure their children during a car trip. Many parents did not control how their children were installed in the child restraint system (CRS). A toddler was more likely to travel into a child seat than an older child was. Regarding misuse situations, an important part of the participants did not think that they could make mistakes when fixing the child seat to the car (26%) or when placing the child into the seat (39%). This leaves an important field of action especially by communication via different media and in the CRS sale outlets.
A sociological perspective on different strategies of reward in urban traffic law enforcement
(1996)
In order to enhance road safety, it is necessary to make road users change their behaviour. There are two forms of police enforcement: punishment for breaking traffic regulations and rewards for rule-conformist behaviour. Punishment does not appear to produce long term changes. There are two main reward strategies: individual and group dependent rewards. Individuals who are members of a clearly defined group have good prospects of winning prizes in a lottery. The strategy of the delegated group dependent reward is based on a donation to a social institution. Traffic safety is a conflict of interests, and game theory considerations can be applied. Results of German and Dutch studies confirm hypotheses based on the game theory concept. Traffic behaviour mostly depends on expectation of others' behaviour. Successful strategies of reward should always be based on individual settlements of the rewards. More investigations are needed. Strategies of group dependent reward are not recommended. The size of reward and probability of winning it should be linked to rate of participation: the greater the participation, the greater the value of reward and probability of winning it. Every driver has a threshold from which he is prepared to change his traffic behaviour for a reward.
The objective of the study is to measure the risk of pedestrian and bicyclist in urban traffic through an analysis of real-world accident data. The kinematics and injury mechanisms for both pedestrian and bicyclists are investigated to find the correlation of injury risks with injury related parameters. For this purpose, firstly 338 cases are selected as a sample from an IVAC accident database based on the In-depth Investigation of Vehicle Accident in Changsha of China. A statistic measurement of the fatality and serious injury risks with respect to impact speed was carried out by logistic regression analysis. Secondly, 12 pedestrian and 12 bicyclist accidents were further selected for reconstruction with MADYMO program. A comparative analysis was conducted based on the results from accident analysis and computer reconstructions for the injury risk, head impact conditions and dynamic response of pedestrians and bicyclists. The results indicate that bicyclists suffered lower risks of severe injuries and fatalities compared with pedestrians. The risks of AIS 3+ injury and fatality are 50% for pedestrians at impact speeds of 53.2 km/h and 63.3 km/h, respectively, while that for bicyclists at 62.5 km/h and 71.1 km/h, respectively. The findings could have a contribution to get a better understanding of pedestrians" and bicyclists" exposures in urban traffic in China, and provide background knowledge to generate strategies for pedestrian protection.
This study aimed at prediction of long bone fractures and assessment of lower extremity injury mechanisms in real world passenger car to pedestrian collision. For this purpose, two pedestrian accident cases with detail recorded lower limb injuries were reconstructed via combining MBS (Multi-body system) and FE (Finite element) methods. The code of PC Crash was used to determine the boundary conditions before collision, and then MBS models were used to reproduce the pedestrian kinematics and injuries during crash. Furthermore, a validated lower limb FE model was chosen to conduct reconstruction of injuries and prediction of long bone fracture via physical parameters of von Mises stress and bending moment. The injury outcomes from simulations were compared with hospital recorded injury data and the same long bone fracture patterns and positions can be observed. Moreover, the calculated long bone fracture tolerance corresponded to the outcome from cadaver tests. The result shows that FE model is capable to reproduce the dynamic injury process and is an effective tool to predict the risk of long bone fractures.
The paper aims to study the injury risk and kinematics of pedestrians involved in different passenger vehicle collisions. Furthermore, the difference of pedestrian kinematics in the accidents involved minivan and sedan was analyzed. The 18 sample cases of passenger car to pedestrian collisions were selected from the database of In-depth Investigation of Vehicle Accident in Changsha of China (IVAC),of which the 12 pedestrian accidents involved in a minivan impact for each case, and the 6 accidents in a sedan impact for each. The selected cases were reconstructed by using mathematical models of pedestrians and accident vehicles in a multi-body dynamic code MADYMO environment. The logistic regression models of the risks for pedestrian AIS 3+ injuries and fatalities were developed in terms of vehicle impact speed by analyzing the minivan-pedestrian and sedan-pedestrian accidents. The difference of pedestrian kinematics was identified by comparing the results from reconstructed pedestrian accidents between the minivans and sedans collisions. The result shows that there is a significant correlation among the impact speed and the severity of pedestrian injuries. The minivan poses greater risk to pedestrian than sedan at the same impact speed. The kinematics of pedestrian was greatly influenced by vehicle front shape.
A study on knowledge and practices of first aid and CPR among police officers in Colombo and Gampaha
(2017)
Around 85% of deaths in developing countries have been found to be due to road traffic accidents (RTAs), which cost the countries around 1-2% of their gross national product (GNP). In Sri Lanka there were 2,436 deaths reported from 36,045 RTAs in 2014. This study aimed at assessing first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) knowledge among police officers and identifying its relationship to their first aid and CPR practices. A study was done on 493 police officers from Colombo and Gampaha who were selected using convenience sampling through a self-administered questionnaire. The results showed that the police officers had unsatisfactory knowledge and practices of CPR and interventions for bleeding and fractures. These should therefore be focused in their further training.
Abbiegeunfälle mit Kollisionen zwischen rechtsabbiegenden Güterkraftfahrzeugen und Fahrrädern haben in der Regel schwerwiegende Folgen für den ungeschützten Verkehrsteilnehmer. In der Vergangenheit wurde durch eine steigende Anzahl von Spiegeln das individuelle Sichtfeld des Lkw-Fahrers vergrößert und die Sicherheit für ungeschützte Verkehrsteilnehmer durch den Seitenunterfahrschutz verbessert. Da Abbiegeunfälle trotz der Vielzahl an Spiegeln auch heute noch geschehen, gleichzeitig aber Fahrerassistenzsysteme Einzug in viele Fahrzeugklassen gehalten haben, liegt es nahe, derartige Systeme für die Verhinderung von Abbiegeunfällen zu nutzen. Um entsprechende Systementwicklungen fördern zu können oder aber auch Systeme vorschreiben zu können, sind Anforderungen und passende Testmethoden für Abbiegeassistenzsysteme erforderlich. Ziel der BASt war es, solche Anforderungen und ein mögliches Testverfahren hierfür zu entwickeln. Ausgehend von Analysen des Unfallgeschehens wurden charakteristische Parameter und Begleitumstände von Unfällen zwischen Fahrrädern und rechtsabbiegenden Lkw identifiziert. Aus fahrdynamischen Überlegungen folgt bei den gegebenen Parametern, dass nur eine frühe, aber niederschwellige Fahrerinformation eine wirkungsvolle Assistenzfunktion zur Verhinderung der Unfälle sein kann. Für automatische Bremsungen gibt es bisher noch zu wenig Erfahrungen im Feld, und klassische, hochschwellige, aber sehr spät erfolgende Warnsignale würden durch die dann noch verstreichende Reaktionszeit keine rechtzeitige Bremsung des Lkw-Fahrers mehr hervorrufen. Basierend auf dem identifizierten Parameterraum, der zum komfortablen Anhalten erforderlichen Zeit und einem geeigneten Kinematikmodell lassen sich die räumlichen Bereiche um den Lkw definieren, in dem eine Umfelderkennung den Fahrradfahrer detektieren können muss, damit das Informationssignal durch das Assistenzsystem an den Lkw-Fahrer rechtzeitig ausgegeben wird. Aktuell wird davon ausgegangen, dass ein Abbiegeassistenzsystem, das die hier beschriebenen Prüfungen besteht, einen sehr positiven Einfluss auf das Unfallgeschehen zwischen rechtsabbiegenden Lkw und Fahrrädern haben wird.
Unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen sind im Zuge der quantitativen Sicherheitsbewertung von Straßentunneln Risikoanalysen durchzuführen. Neben objekt-, verkehrs- oder ereignisspezifischen Parametern gibt es auch etliche Eingangsparameter, die fest im Risikomodell hinterlegt sind und deren Variation für gewöhnlich nicht vorgesehen ist. Dies trifft auch für Parameter des menschlichen Verhaltens zu. Im Zuge von Versuchsreihen zum Flucht- und Reaktionsverhalten der Verkehrsteilnehmer im Ereignisfall in Straßentunneln wurden verschiedene Verhaltensparameter ermittelt und analysiert, die den konventionellen Modell-Basisparametern erstmals im Österreichischen Tunnelrisikomodell (TuRisMo) gegenübergestellt werden. Als Ergebnis kann auf Basis der aktuell gewonnenen Verhaltensparameter eine Senkung des Gesamtrisikos aufgezeigt werden, dessen Einordnung im folgenden Beitrag diskutiert wird.