Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
Dokumenttyp
- Konferenzveröffentlichung (409)
- Wissenschaftlicher Artikel (37)
- Buch (Monographie) (18)
- Teil eines Buches (Kapitel) (9)
- Arbeitspapier (8)
- Bericht (1)
Sprache
- Englisch (482) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- Conference (279)
- Konferenz (277)
- Germany (178)
- Deutschland (174)
- Unfall (163)
- Accident (162)
- Injury (116)
- Verletzung (116)
- Safety (102)
- Sicherheit (97)
- Unfallrekonstruktion (80)
- Analyse (math) (69)
- Analysis (math) (68)
- Bewertung (67)
- Schweregrad (Unfall, Verletzung) (66)
- Evaluation (assessment) (65)
- Vehicle (65)
- Fahrzeug (64)
- Severity (accid, injury) (64)
- Statistics (64)
- Fußgänger (63)
- Pedestrian (63)
- Statistik (63)
- Simulation (59)
- Tödlicher Unfall (59)
- Fatality (58)
- Anfahrversuch (56)
- injury) (54)
- Reconstruction (accid) (53)
- Verletzung) (52)
- Datenbank (51)
- Schweregrad (Unfall (51)
- Severity (accid (49)
- Car (46)
- Datenerfassung (46)
- Collision (45)
- Data acquisition (45)
- Europa (45)
- Europe (45)
- Impact test (veh) (45)
- Unfallverhütung (45)
- Accident prevention (44)
- Test method (44)
- Zusammenstoß (43)
- Prüfverfahren (42)
- On the spot accident investigation (41)
- Untersuchung am Unfallort (40)
- Active safety system (38)
- Cause (38)
- Frontalzusammenstoß (38)
- Ursache (38)
- Radfahrer (37)
- Test (37)
- Aktives Sicherheitssystem (36)
- Data bank (36)
- Fahrerassistenzsystem (36)
- Head on collision (36)
- Cyclist (35)
- Versuch (35)
- Driver (34)
- Driver assistance system (34)
- Fahrer (34)
- Passives Sicherheitssystem (34)
- Passive safety system (31)
- Geschwindigkeit (30)
- Method (30)
- Verfahren (30)
- Leistungsfähigkeit (allg) (29)
- Speed (29)
- Accident reconstruction (27)
- Insasse (27)
- Motorcyclist (27)
- Motorradfahrer (27)
- Efficiency (25)
- Anthropometric dummy (24)
- Dummy (23)
- Risiko (23)
- Vehicle occupant (23)
- Behaviour (22)
- Measurement (22)
- Verhalten (22)
- PKW (21)
- Pkw (21)
- Risk (21)
- Child (20)
- Improvement (20)
- Kind (20)
- Messung (20)
- Risikobewertung (20)
- Verbesserung (20)
- Brustkorb (19)
- Forschungsarbeit (19)
- Risk assessment (19)
- Seitlicher Zusammenstoß (19)
- Biomechanics (18)
- Biomechanik (18)
- Head (18)
- Kopf (18)
- Lorry (18)
- Motorrad (18)
- Rechenmodell (18)
- Sicherheitsgurt (18)
- Side impact (18)
- Alte Leute (17)
- Interview (17)
- Kompatibilität (17)
- Mathematical model (17)
- Motorcycle (17)
- Research project (17)
- Thorax (17)
- Benutzung (16)
- Compatibility (16)
- Development (16)
- Entwicklung (16)
- Old people (16)
- Prevention (16)
- Use (16)
- Berechnung (15)
- Deformation (15)
- Prognose (15)
- Safety belt (15)
- Accident rate (14)
- Auffahrunfall (14)
- Calculation (14)
- Leg (human) (14)
- Rear end collision (14)
- Transport infrastructure (14)
- Verformung (14)
- Airbag (13)
- Belastung (13)
- Database (13)
- Load (13)
- Unfallhäufigkeit (13)
- Bremsung (12)
- EU (12)
- Fahrzeugsitz (12)
- Fehler (12)
- Forecast (12)
- International (12)
- Lkw (12)
- Modification (12)
- Sensor (12)
- Standardisierung (12)
- Vehicle regulations (12)
- Überschlagen (12)
- Braking (11)
- Cost benefit analysis (11)
- Digital model (11)
- Error (11)
- Human factor (11)
- Interior (veh) (11)
- Menschlicher Faktor (11)
- Numerisches Modell (11)
- Research report (11)
- Schutzhelm (11)
- Seat (veh) (11)
- Technische Vorschriften (Kraftfahrzeug) (11)
- Verhütung (11)
- Verkehrsinfrastruktur (11)
- Verminderung (11)
- Veränderung (11)
- Wirtschaftlichkeitsrechnung (11)
- Antikollisionssystem (10)
- Bein (menschl) (10)
- Bemessung (10)
- Crash helmet (10)
- Decrease (10)
- Design (overall design) (10)
- Fahrzeuginnenraum (10)
- Gesetzgebung (10)
- Impact test (10)
- Krankenhaus (10)
- Legislation (10)
- Overturning (veh) (10)
- Politik (10)
- Tunnel (10)
- USA (10)
- Weather (10)
- Wirbelsäule (10)
- Age (9)
- Air bag (restraint system) (9)
- Alter (9)
- Autobahn (9)
- Automatisch (9)
- Collision avoidance system (9)
- Erste Hilfe (9)
- Fahranfänger (9)
- Fahrzeugführung (9)
- Front (9)
- Hospital (9)
- Japan (9)
- Knotenpunkt (9)
- Policy (9)
- Recently qualified driver (9)
- Standardization (9)
- Witterung (9)
- Automatic (8)
- Autonomous driving (8)
- Bridge (8)
- Brücke (8)
- Driver information (8)
- Driving (veh) (8)
- Drunkenness (8)
- Durability (8)
- Forschungsbericht (8)
- Fracture (bone) (8)
- Halswirbel (8)
- Knee (human) (8)
- Knochenbruch (8)
- Oberflächentextur (8)
- Perception (8)
- Shock (8)
- Surface texture (8)
- Technologie (8)
- Technology (8)
- Trunkenheit (8)
- Vereinigtes Königreich (8)
- Verkehrsteilnehmer (8)
- Wahrnehmung (8)
- Austria (7)
- Cervical vertebrae (7)
- Dauerhaftigkeit (7)
- Detection (7)
- Fahrstabilität (7)
- First aid (7)
- Human body (7)
- Impact sled (7)
- Impact study (7)
- Menschlicher Körper (7)
- Motorway (7)
- Norm (tech) (7)
- Ort (Position) (7)
- Road user (7)
- Schlag (7)
- Sichtbarkeit (7)
- Specification (standard) (7)
- Specifications (7)
- Spinal column (7)
- Straßenentwurf (7)
- Unterhaltung (7)
- Vehicle handling (7)
- Sichtbarkeit (7)
- Österreich (7)
- Adolescent (6)
- Aufprallschlitten (6)
- Ausrüstung (6)
- Automatische Notbremsung (6)
- Autonomes Fahren (6)
- China (6)
- Correlation (math, stat) (6)
- Deformierbare Barriere (Anpralltest) (6)
- Distraction (6)
- Driver training (6)
- Emission (6)
- Environment (6)
- Equipment (6)
- Fahrausbildung (6)
- Fahrerinformation (6)
- Fire (6)
- Highway design (6)
- India (6)
- Indien (6)
- Jugendlicher (6)
- Junction (6)
- Knie (menschl) (6)
- Location (6)
- Maintenance (6)
- Portugal (6)
- Probability (6)
- Reaction (human) (6)
- Reaktionsverhalten (6)
- Richtlinien (6)
- Road traffic (6)
- Schweden (6)
- Software (6)
- Steifigkeit (6)
- Stiffness (6)
- Surfacing (6)
- Vorn (6)
- Wahrscheinlichkeit (6)
- Wirksamkeitsuntersuchung (6)
- Abbiegen (5)
- Ablenkung (psychol) (5)
- Activity report (5)
- Analyse (Math) (5)
- Angle (5)
- Autonomous emergency braking (5)
- Bicycle (5)
- Body (car) (5)
- Classification (5)
- Condition survey (5)
- Damage (5)
- Deformable barrier (impact test) (5)
- Delivery vehicle (5)
- Detektion (5)
- Echtzeit (5)
- Eins (5)
- Einstellung (psychol) (5)
- Electronic stability program (5)
- Emergency (5)
- Ergonomics (5)
- Fahrrad (5)
- Fahrsimulator (5)
- Finite element method (5)
- Frau (5)
- Gefahrenabwehr (5)
- Gewicht (5)
- Intelligent transport system (5)
- Kamera (5)
- Karosserie (5)
- Kontrolle (5)
- Korrelation (math, stat) (5)
- LKW (5)
- Landstraße (5)
- Lebenszyklus (5)
- Lärm (5)
- Noise (5)
- Notfall (5)
- One (5)
- Post crash (5)
- Rehabilitation (5)
- Reproducibility (5)
- Reproduzierbarkeit (5)
- Rigid pavement (5)
- Rural road (5)
- Sachschaden (5)
- Schutzeinrichtung (5)
- Security (5)
- Simulator (driving) (5)
- Straßenverkehrsrecht (5)
- United Kingdom (5)
- Weight (5)
- Winkel (5)
- Zustandsbewertung (5)
- Abdomen (4)
- Absorption (4)
- Anti locking device (4)
- Attitude (psychol) (4)
- Betonstraße (Oberbau) (4)
- Bremse (4)
- Bus (4)
- Camera (4)
- Coefficient of friction (4)
- Collision test (veh) (4)
- Communication (4)
- Contact (tyre road) (4)
- Crashtest (4)
- Decision process (4)
- Decke (Straße) (4)
- Dynamics (4)
- Dynamik (4)
- Eigenschaft (4)
- Electric vehicle (4)
- Elektrofahrzeug (4)
- Elektronisches Stabilitätsprogramm (4)
- Enforcement (law) (4)
- Entscheidungsprozess (4)
- Erziehung (4)
- Estimation (4)
- Fahrdatenschreiber (4)
- Fahrgeschicklichkeit (4)
- Feuer (4)
- France (4)
- Frankreich (4)
- Frequency (4)
- Führerschein (4)
- Gesetzesdurchführung (4)
- Highway (4)
- In situ (4)
- Information (4)
- Klassifizierung (4)
- Kommunikation (4)
- Kraftfahrzeug (4)
- Medical aspects (4)
- Medizinische Gesichtspunkte (4)
- Messgerät (4)
- Methode der finiten Elemente (4)
- Occupant (veh) (4)
- Official approval (4)
- Organisation (4)
- Planning (4)
- Planung (4)
- Properties (4)
- Quality (4)
- Quality assurance (4)
- Qualität (4)
- Qualitätssicherung (4)
- Real time (4)
- Regression analysis (4)
- Regressionsanalyse (4)
- Rehabilitation (road user) (4)
- Reibungsbeiwert (4)
- Road construction (4)
- Road network (4)
- Safety fence (4)
- Schallpegel (4)
- Seite (4)
- Severity (acid (4)
- Sound level (4)
- Straße (4)
- Straßennetz (4)
- Surveillance (4)
- Sweden (4)
- Temperatur (4)
- Traffic (4)
- Traffic engineering (4)
- Traffic regulations (4)
- Umwelt (4)
- Unfallfolgemaßnahme (4)
- Unterleib (4)
- Verkehr (4)
- Wet road (4)
- Woman (4)
- Accuracy (3)
- Air pollution (3)
- Antiblockiereinrichtung (3)
- Apparatus (measuring) (3)
- Arzneimittel (3)
- Attention (3)
- Aufmerksamkeit (3)
- Bau (3)
- Bauwerksmonitoring (3)
- Bearing capacity (3)
- Befreiung (Bergung) (3)
- Bein (3)
- Beton (3)
- Blickfeld (3)
- Boden (3)
- Brake (3)
- Brücken Management System (3)
- Capacity (road, footway) (3)
- Carbon dioxide (3)
- Coach (3)
- Concrete (3)
- Construction (3)
- Cost (3)
- Crash Test (3)
- Crash test (3)
- Czech Republic (3)
- Data base (3)
- Deicing (3)
- Digitale Bildverarbeitung (3)
- Driving aptitude (3)
- Education (3)
- Effectiveness (3)
- Empfindlichkeit (3)
- Entdeckung (3)
- Ergonomie (3)
- Event data recorder (road vehicle) (3)
- Extrication (3)
- Fahrbahnüberquerung (3)
- Fahrtauglichkeit (3)
- Field of vision (3)
- Frequenz (3)
- Griffigkeit (3)
- Hinten (3)
- Information documentation (3)
- Intelligentes Transportsystem (3)
- Intersection (3)
- Jahreszeit (3)
- Kapazität (Straße) (3)
- Kleidung (3)
- Kontakt Reifen Straße (3)
- Korea (Süd) (Demokratische Republik) (3)
- Kosten (3)
- Kunststoff (3)
- Lenken (Fahrzeug) (3)
- Level of service (3)
- Lieferfahrzeug (3)
- Life cycle (3)
- Luftverunreinigung (3)
- Main road (3)
- Man (3)
- Mann (3)
- Medication (3)
- Medizinische Untersuchung (3)
- Mobility (3)
- Mobilität (3)
- Nasse Straße (3)
- Oberbau (3)
- Overlapping (3)
- Passenger (3)
- Pavement (3)
- Plastic material (3)
- Prototyp (3)
- Prototype (3)
- Rear (3)
- Reifen (3)
- Reisebus (3)
- Republic of Korea (3)
- Run off the road (accid) (3)
- Season (3)
- Sensitivity (3)
- Skidding resistance (3)
- Skill (road user) (3)
- Soil (3)
- Spain (3)
- Spanien (3)
- Steering (process) (3)
- Straßenverkehr (3)
- Structural health monitoring (3)
- Sustainability (3)
- Telematics (3)
- Telematik (3)
- Temperature (3)
- Theorie (3)
- Theory (3)
- Time (3)
- Traffic control (3)
- Traffic count (3)
- Tragfähigkeit (3)
- Trend (stat) (3)
- Tschechische Republik (3)
- Tyre (3)
- United kingdom (3)
- Unterfahrschutz (3)
- Verkehrserhebung (3)
- Verkehrsqualität (3)
- Verkehrssteuerung (3)
- Verschiebung (3)
- Versuchspuppe (3)
- Visual display (3)
- Vorne (3)
- Windschutzscheibe (3)
- Zeit (3)
- Abfluss (2)
- Abkommen von der Fahrbahn (Unfall) (2)
- Ablenkung (2)
- Abstandsregeltempomat (2)
- Accompanied driving (2)
- Adult (2)
- Advanced driver assistance system (2)
- Anthropmetric dummy (2)
- Asphaltstraße (Oberbau) (2)
- Auftaumittel (2)
- Australia (2)
- Australien (2)
- Autonomes Fahrzeug (2)
- Autonomous vehicle (2)
- Battery (2)
- Baumusterzulassung (2)
- Begleitetes Fahren (2)
- Behinderter (2)
- Beinahe Unfall (2)
- Bicyclist (2)
- Bildschirm (2)
- Blutkreislauf (2)
- Brand (2)
- Bremsweg (2)
- Bridge deck (2)
- Bridge management system (2)
- Bruch (mech) (2)
- Calibration (2)
- Circulation (blood) (2)
- Climate change (2)
- Clothing (2)
- Compliance (specif) (2)
- Comprehension (2)
- Compression (2)
- Continuous (2)
- Cooperative intelligent transport system (2)
- Crash victim (2)
- Cross roads (2)
- Crossing the road (2)
- Cycle track (2)
- Cycling (2)
- Data processing (2)
- Data transmission (telecom) (2)
- Datenbasis (2)
- Datenverarbeitung (2)
- Datenübertragung (telekom) (2)
- Dehnungsmessstreifen (2)
- Depth (2)
- Deterioration (2)
- Deutschalnd (2)
- Diesel engine (2)
- Digital image processing (2)
- Disablement (2)
- Dreidimensional (2)
- Driving licence (2)
- Driving license (2)
- Driving test (2)
- Droge (2)
- Drugs (2)
- EU directive (2)
- EU-Richtlinie (2)
- Edge (2)
- Eichung (2)
- Eindringung (2)
- Eingabedaten (2)
- Electric bicycle (2)
- Electronic driving aid (2)
- Elektrofahrrad (2)
- Energie (2)
- Energy (2)
- Environment protection (2)
- Erwachsener (2)
- Eu (2)
- Exhaust aftertreatment (2)
- Experience (human) (2)
- Expert system (2)
- Expertensystem (2)
- Fahrbahnmarkierung (2)
- Fahrbahntafel (2)
- Fahrprüfung (2)
- Fahrstreifen (2)
- Fahrzeugteil (Sicherheit) (2)
- Fernverkehrsstraße (2)
- Festigkeit (2)
- Foot (not a measure) (2)
- Form (2)
- Fuel consumption (2)
- Fuß (2)
- Führerscheinentzug (2)
- Geländefahrzeug (2)
- Genauigkeit (2)
- Gesetzesübertretung (2)
- Government (national) (2)
- Greenhouse effect (2)
- Grenzwert (2)
- Haftung (jur) (2)
- Harmonisation (2)
- Hazard (2)
- Head restraint (2)
- Headlamp (2)
- Heavy metal (2)
- In service behavior (2)
- Incident detection (2)
- Incident management (2)
- Input data (2)
- Interface (2)
- Italien (2)
- Italy (2)
- Klimawandel (2)
- Knie (2)
- Kohlendioxid (2)
- Kontakt Reifen-Straße (2)
- Kontinuierlich (2)
- Kopfstütze (2)
- Kreuzung (2)
- Langfristig (2)
- Layout (2)
- Learning (2)
- Leuchtdichte (2)
- Liability (2)
- Limit (2)
- Long term (2)
- Luminance (2)
- Market (2)
- Markt (2)
- Medical examination (2)
- Mensch Maschine Verhältnis (2)
- Methode der finite Elemente (2)
- Mittelwert (2)
- Mobile phone (2)
- Mobiltelefon (2)
- Model (not math) (2)
- Modell (2)
- Motorisierungsgrad (2)
- Movement (2)
- Nacht (2)
- Near miss (2)
- Netherlands (2)
- Network (traffic) (2)
- Niederlande (2)
- Night (2)
- Oberfläche (2)
- Offence (2)
- Offender (2)
- Organization (association) (2)
- Output (2)
- Parken (2)
- Parking (2)
- Pavement Management System (2)
- Pavement design (2)
- Pavement management system (2)
- Penetration (2)
- Pollutant (2)
- Posture (2)
- Public transport (2)
- Radfahren (2)
- Radio (2)
- Radweg (2)
- Rain (2)
- Rear view mirror (2)
- Recidivist (2)
- Recording (2)
- Regen (2)
- Regierung (staat) (2)
- Reinforcement (in mater) (2)
- Restraint system (2)
- Risk taking (2)
- Run off (2)
- Rundfunk (2)
- Rückfalltäter (2)
- Rückspiegel (2)
- Schadstoff (2)
- Schall (2)
- Scheinwerfer (2)
- Schutz (2)
- Schwermetall (2)
- Seat belt (2)
- Service area (2)
- Service life (2)
- Side (2)
- Sociology (2)
- Sound (2)
- Soziologie (2)
- Sport utility vehicle (2)
- Spreading (2)
- Stadt (2)
- Statistical analysis (2)
- Statistische Analyse (2)
- Stochastic process (2)
- Stochastischer Prozess (2)
- Strain gauge (2)
- Straßenbau (2)
- Strength (mater) (2)
- Stress (psychol) (2)
- Störfallentdeckung (2)
- Störfallmanagement (2)
- Surface (2)
- Tank Rast Anlage (2)
- Telefon (2)
- Telekommunikation (2)
- Telephone (2)
- Three dimensional (2)
- Tiefe (2)
- Toxicity (2)
- Toxizität (2)
- Traffic lane (2)
- Traffic restraint (2)
- Treibhauseffekt (2)
- Turn (2)
- Turning (2)
- Tyre tread (2)
- Tätigkeitsbericht (2)
- Umweltschutz (2)
- Underride protection (2)
- Unfallopfer (2)
- Untersuchung am unfallort (2)
- Urban area (2)
- Vehicle ownership (2)
- Vehicle safety device (2)
- Verkehrsbeschränkung (2)
- Verkehrsnetz (2)
- Verkehrstechnik (2)
- Verkehrsverflechtung (2)
- Verständnis (2)
- Verteilung (mater) (2)
- Wasser (2)
- Water (2)
- Windscreen (veh) (2)
- Zeitreihe (stat) (2)
- Zusammendrückung (2)
- Zusammenstoss (2)
- Öffentlicher Verkehr (2)
- Überlappung (2)
- (menschl) (1)
- Abgefahrener Reifen (1)
- Ability (road user) (1)
- Abkommen von der Fahrbahn (1)
- Abnutzung (1)
- Acceleration (1)
- Acceptability (1)
- Accessibility (1)
- Accident black spot (1)
- Accident proneness (1)
- Accident severity (1)
- Achslast (1)
- Active safety (1)
- Active safety system; Automatic; Brake; Car; Collision avoidance system; Conference; Driver assistance system; Germany; Impact test (veh); Rear end collision; Severity (accid (1)
- Adaptation (psychol) (1)
- Adaptive cruise control (1)
- Adaptive cruise controll (1)
- Administration (1)
- Advanced vehicle control systems (1)
- Aged people (1)
- Aggression (psycho) (1)
- Aggression (psychol) (1)
- Air quality management (1)
- Air traffic control (1)
- Air transport (1)
- Airbag (restraint system) (1)
- Aktive Sicherheit (1)
- Alcolock (1)
- Alternative (1)
- Analyse (1)
- Analyses (math) (1)
- Anhänger (1)
- Ankündigung (1)
- Anordnung (1)
- Anpassung (psychol) (1)
- Anthropometrie (1)
- Anthropometry (1)
- Antiblockiersystem (1)
- Antikollisisonssystem (1)
- Apparatus (measurement) (1)
- Arbeitsgruppe (1)
- Arm (human) (1)
- Arm (menschl) (1)
- Articulated vehicle (1)
- Asset Management (1)
- Asset management (1)
- Asset management system (1)
- Atives Sicherheitssystem (1)
- Audit (1)
- Auffharunfall (1)
- Aufzeichnung (1)
- Aufzeichung (1)
- Augenbewegungen (1)
- Ausdehnung (mater) (1)
- Automotive Engineering (1)
- Autonomous emerhency braking (1)
- Autotür (1)
- Average (1)
- Axle load (1)
- Back (human) (1)
- Batterie (1)
- Baustelle (1)
- Baustoff (1)
- Bauweise (1)
- Beanspruchung (1)
- Bein [menschl] (1)
- Belohnung (Anreiz) (1)
- Bemessung des Straßenoberbaus (1)
- Benchmark (1)
- Bepflanzung (1)
- Berechnung d Straßenoberbaus (1)
- Beschleunigung (1)
- Bestrafung (1)
- Bevölkerung (1)
- Bewehrung (1)
- Bindemittel (1)
- Binder (1)
- Bitumen (1)
- Bituminous mixture (1)
- Bituminöses Mischgut (1)
- Black ice (1)
- Blind spot (veh) (1)
- Blood alcohol content (1)
- Blutalkoholgehalt (1)
- Bone (1)
- Brake light (1)
- Braking distance (1)
- Breaking (1)
- Breite (1)
- Bremslicht (1)
- Bridges (1)
- Budget (1)
- Bumper (1)
- Cadaver (1)
- Car door (1)
- Car park (1)
- Carriageway (1)
- Carriageway marking (1)
- Catalytic converter (1)
- Cervical vertebrae; Conference; Evaluation (assessment); Injury; Spinal column; Test (1)
- Chassis (1)
- Chest (1)
- Clay (1)
- Coefficient (1)
- Cognitive impairment (1)
- Cold (1)
- Collisison avoidance system (1)
- Colthing (1)
- Compatiblity (1)
- Computation (1)
- Concentration (chem) (1)
- Conference; Germany; Injury; Medical examination; Spinal column; X ray (1)
- Confiscation (driving licence) (1)
- Confiscation (driving license) (1)
- Congestion (traffic) (1)
- Construction method (1)
- Construction site (1)
- Consumer protection (1)
- Contact (tyre (1)
- Control (1)
- Cooling (mater) (1)
- Correlation (1)
- Correlation (math (1)
- Cracking (1)
- Critical path method (1)
- Crossing the road (pedestrian) (1)
- Damping (1)
- Data basis (1)
- Data collection (1)
- Datenübertragung (Telekom) (1)
- Dauer (1)
- Day (24 hour period) (1)
- Daylight (1)
- Decke [Straße] (1)
- Deformable barrier (Impact test) (1)
- Deformable barrier system (impact test) (1)
- Deformierte Barriere (Anpralltest) (1)
- Demand (econ) (1)
- Demografie (1)
- Demography (1)
- Density (1)
- Detection response task (1)
- Deutschland ; Konferenz (1)
- Diagnostik (1)
- Dichte (1)
- Dieselmotor (1)
- Diffusion (1)
- Digital computer (1)
- Digitalrechner (1)
- Dimension (1)
- Dispersion (stat) (1)
- Displacement (1)
- Disstraction (1)
- Distribution (gen) (1)
- Drainage (1)
- Driver (veh) (1)
- Driver information system (1)
- Driving aid (electronic) (1)
- Dränasphalt (1)
- Dtetection (1)
- Durchsichtigkeit (1)
- Dynamic penetration test (1)
- Dynamo (1)
- Dämpfung (1)
- Earthworks (1)
- Economic efficiency (1)
- Economics of transport (1)
- Ejection (1)
- Elastizitätsmodul (1)
- Electronics (1)
- Elektronik (1)
- Elektronische Deichsel (1)
- Elektronisches Stabilitätsprogram (1)
- Emergency medical aid (1)
- Engine capacity (1)
- Enteisung (1)
- Entgleisung (Zug) (1)
- Entwässerung (1)
- Erdarbeiten (1)
- Erfahrung (menschl) (1)
- Ermüdung (mater) (1)
- Ersatzfahraufgabe (1)
- European New Car Assessment Programme (1)
- Evaluation (Assessment) (1)
- Event data recorder (Road vehicle) (1)
- Expansion (1)
- Experimental road (1)
- Expert interview (1)
- Expressway (1)
- Eye movement (1)
- Face (human) (1)
- Facility (1)
- Fahrassistenzsystem (1)
- Fahrbahn (1)
- Fahrdynamik (1)
- Fahrererfahrung (1)
- Fahrerinformationen (1)
- Fahrerinformationssystem (1)
- Fahrleistung (1)
- Fahrstreifenwechsel (1)
- Fahrwerk (1)
- Fahrzeugbeleuchtung (1)
- Fahrzeugdach (1)
- Fahrzeugflotte (1)
- Fahrzeugrückhaltesystem (1)
- Fahrzeugsicherheit (1)
- Failure (1)
- Fatigue (human) (1)
- Fatigue (mater) (1)
- Fear (1)
- Fein (mater) (1)
- Feinstaub (1)
- Fence (1)
- Fernverkehrsstrasse (1)
- Field test (1)
- Financing (1)
- Finanzierung (1)
- Fine (mater) (1)
- Finland (1)
- Finnland (1)
- Fleet of vehicles (1)
- Flexible pavement (1)
- Flooding (1)
- Flugsicherung (1)
- Freeway (1)
- Freight transport (1)
- Friction (1)
- Fuel tank (1)
- Fuge (1)
- Fugenfüllung (1)
- Functional safety (1)
- Funktionale Sicherheit (1)
- Furcht (1)
- Future transport mode (1)
- Fußgängerbereich (1)
- Führerschein Punktesystem (1)
- Gap acceptance (1)
- Gas (1)
- Gefahr (1)
- Gelenkfahrzeug (1)
- Geografisches Information System (1)
- Geographical information system (1)
- Geomembran (1)
- Geomembrane (1)
- Geometry (shape) (1)
- Geotextil (1)
- Geotextile (1)
- Geradeausverkehr (1)
- Geschwindigkeitsbeschränkung (1)
- Gesicht (1)
- Gestaltung (1)
- Gesundheit (1)
- Glatteis (1)
- Great Britain (1)
- Grenzfläche (1)
- Ground water (1)
- Group analysis (test) (1)
- Großbritannien (1)
- Grundwasser (1)
- Güterverkehr (1)
- Harmonisierung (1)
- Harmonization (1)
- Head (human) (1)
- Health (1)
- Hearing (1)
- Height (1)
- Herausschleudern (1)
- Herstellung (1)
- Higway design (1)
- Hip (human) (1)
- Homogeneity (1)
- Homogenität (1)
- Hospitsl (1)
- Hubraum (1)
- Häufigkeit (1)
- Höhe (1)
- Hörvermögen (1)
- Hüfte (1)
- Hüfte (menschl) (1)
- Illness (1)
- Image analysis (1)
- Image generation (1)
- Image processing (1)
- Immission (1)
- Impact (collision) (1)
- Impact test (crash) (1)
- In Bewegung (1)
- Increase (1)
- Inertia reel safety belt (1)
- Infotainment System (1)
- Infotainment system (1)
- Injury) (1)
- Installation (1)
- Intelligentes Transport System (1)
- Intelligentes Verkehrssystem (1)
- Interactive model (1)
- Interaktives Modell (1)
- Inventar (1)
- Inventory (1)
- Ireland (1)
- Irland (1)
- Itinerary (1)
- Jahr (1)
- Joint (structural) (1)
- Klassifikation (1)
- Kleintransporter (1)
- Knochen (1)
- Koeffizient (1)
- Kognitive Aufgabenanforderung (1)
- Kognitive Beeinträchtigung (1)
- Kolmatierung (1)
- Kompatiblität (1)
- Konzentration (1)
- Kopf (menschl) (1)
- Korea (Süd) (1)
- Korn (1)
- Kornverteilung (1)
- Korrelation (math (1)
- Korrelation [math (1)
- Korrelation(Math (1)
- Kosten Nutzen Vergleich (1)
- Kraftstofftank (1)
- Kraftstoffverbrauch (1)
- Krankheit (1)
- Kreisverkehrsplatz (1)
- Kälte (1)
- Körperhaltung (1)
- Körperstellung (1)
- Kühlung (mater) (1)
- Laboratorium (1)
- Laboratory (not an organization) (1)
- Laborexperiment (1)
- Lane changing (1)
- Lap strap (1)
- Laser (1)
- Lateral (1)
- Lateral collision (1)
- Layer (1)
- Lebensdauer (1)
- Left turn (1)
- Leichnam (1)
- Leistungsfähigkeit (Allg.) (1)
- Length (1)
- Lernen (1)
- Lifecycle (1)
- Links (1)
- Literaturanalyse (1)
- Literature review (1)
- Luftreinhaltung (1)
- Lufttransport (1)
- Länge (1)
- Lärmschutzwand (1)
- Maintenance management (1)
- Malaysia (1)
- Man-machine interface (1)
- Manufacture (1)
- Massenunfall (1)
- Material (constr) (1)
- Materialveraenderung (allg) (1)
- Materialveränderung (allg) (1)
- Mathematical Model (1)
- Matrix (1)
- Mean (math) (1)
- Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion (1)
- Mensch-Maschine-Schnittstelle (1)
- Merging (1)
- Merging traffic (1)
- Text (1)
- Mesurement (1)
- Metal bridge (1)
- Mix design (1)
- Modulus of elasticity (1)
- Montage (1)
- Moped (1)
- Motor (1)
- Moving (1)
- Multiple collision (1)
- Müdigkeit (1)
- Nachfrage (1)
- Nachhaltige Entwicklung (1)
- Nachhaltigkeit (1)
- Nachricht (1)
- Nasse Strasse (1)
- Netzplantechnik (1)
- Neural network (1)
- Neuronales Netz (1)
- Nigeria (1)
- Nitric acid (1)
- Nitrogen oxide (1)
- Noise barrier (1)
- Non destructive testing (1)
- Nordamerika (1)
- North America (1)
- Norway (1)
- Norwegen (1)
- Nummer (1)
- Nutzwertanalyse (1)
- OECD (1)
- Occupant (1)
- Offset impact test (1)
- On the left (1)
- On the right (1)
- On the scene accident investigation (1)
- On the spot investigation (1)
- Optimum (1)
- Optische Anzeige (1)
- Organization (1)
- Orthotrope Platte (1)
- Orthotropic plate (1)
- Overtaking (1)
- Overturning (1)
- Oxygen (1)
- Ozon (1)
- Ozone (1)
- PVC (1)
- Padding (safety) (1)
- Parkfläche (1)
- Particle (1)
- Particle size distribution (1)
- Particulate matter (1)
- Partnerschaft (1)
- Partnership (1)
- Peak hour (1)
- Peat (1)
- Pedestrian precinct (1)
- Pelvis (1)
- Penalty (1)
- Personal (1)
- Personnel (1)
- Pfahl (1)
- Pfosten (1)
- Pile (1)
- Platooning (electronic) (1)
- Platte (1)
- Point demerit system (1)
- Poland (1)
- Pole (1)
- Polen (1)
- Police (1)
- Politics (1)
- Polizei (1)
- Pollution (1)
- Pollution concentration (1)
- Polyvinylchloride (1)
- Population (1)
- Porous asphalt (1)
- Portable (1)
- Position (1)
- Pregnancy (1)
- Preloading (soil) (1)
- Prestressed (1)
- Prestressed concrete (1)
- Probe (1)
- Productivity (1)
- Protective helmet (1)
- Provisorisch (1)
- Prüefverfahren (1)
- Pssives Sicherheitssystem (1)
- Psychological aspects (1)
- Psychologische Gesichtspunkte (1)
- QAccident (1)
- Quality management system (1)
- Qualitätsmanagementsystem (1)
- Rail bound transport (1)
- Rail traffic (1)
- Rammsondierung (1)
- Reaction (chem.) (1)
- Reaktion (chem) (1)
- Real-time (1)
- Rechts (1)
- Rechtsübertreter (1)
- Rechtübertreter (1)
- Reconstruction [accid] (1)
- Reduction (decrease) (1)
- Reflectivity (1)
- Reflectorized material (1)
- Reflexionsgrad (1)
- Reflexstoffe (1)
- Regional planning (1)
- Regionalplanung (1)
- Rehabilitation (Road user) (1)
- Reibung (1)
- Reifenprofil (1)
- Reinforcement (1)
- Reiseweg (1)
- Republic of Corea (1)
- Research (1)
- Research projekt (1)
- Residential area (1)
- Resilience (1)
- Resilienz (1)
- Resuscitation (1)
- Reversing (veh) (1)
- Reward (1)
- Rib (1)
- Richtlinie (1)
- Rinanalyse (1)
- Rippe (menschl) (1)
- Risikoverhalten (1)
- Rissbildung (1)
- Road (1)
- Road Construction (1)
- Road construction site (1)
- Road heating (1)
- Road marking (1)
- Road transport (1)
- Roadbase (1)
- Roadside (1)
- Robot (1)
- Roboter (1)
- Roll over (veh) (1)
- Rolling resistance (1)
- Rollwiderstand (1)
- Roof (veh) (1)
- Rotation (1)
- Roundabout (1)
- Rsk (1)
- Rupture (1)
- Röntgenstrahlung (1)
- Rücken (1)
- Rücksichtslosigkeit (1)
- Rückwärtsfahren (1)
- SAE Level (1)
- Safety glass (1)
- Safety harness (1)
- Safety system (1)
- Saftey (1)
- Salpetersäure (1)
- Sample (mater) (1)
- Sample (stat) (1)
- Sauerstoff (1)
- Schicht (1)
- Schienentransport (1)
- Schienenverkehr (1)
- Schleudertrauma (1)
- Schnittstelle (1)
- Schulter (1)
- Schwangerschaft (1)
- Schweiz (1)
- Schweregrad (UNfall (1)
- Schweregrad (Unfall, Verletzung (1)
- Schweregrad /Unfall (1)
- Schätzung (1)
- Sealing compound (1)
- Seat (1)
- Seat harness (1)
- Sensors (1)
- Settlement (1)
- Setzung (1)
- Severity (accid, injuy) (1)
- Shape (1)
- Shoulder (human) (1)
- Sicherheitsglas (1)
- Sicherheitspolsterung (1)
- Significance (1)
- Signifikanz (1)
- Silting (1)
- Size and weight regulations (1)
- Slab (1)
- Social factors (1)
- Soziale Faktoren (1)
- Spannbeton (1)
- Specification (standard ) (1)
- Spectrum (1)
- Speed limit (1)
- Speed) (1)
- Spektrum (1)
- Spinal calum (1)
- Sri Lanka (1)
- Stadardization (1)
- Stadtplanung (1)
- Staggered junction (1)
- Stahl (1)
- Stahlbrücke (1)
- Stand der Technik (Bericht) (1)
- Standard (1)
- Standard test run (1)
- Standardabweichung (1)
- Stapedius reflex (1)
- Stapediusreflex (1)
- Stat) (1)
- State of the art report (1)
- Statistik (math) (1)
- Steel (1)
- Stichprobe (1)
- Stickoxid (1)
- Stopping distance (1)
- Stoßstange (1)
- Straight ahead (traffic) (1)
- Strasse (1)
- Straßenheizung (1)
- Straßenseitenfläche (1)
- Straßentransport (1)
- Strength ; Tension (1)
- Stress (1)
- Stress (psycho) (1)
- Subsoil (1)
- Surrogate driving set-up (1)
- Switzerland (1)
- Systemanalyse (1)
- Systems analysis (1)
- Tactile perception (1)
- Tag (24 Stunden) (1)
- Tageslicht (1)
- Taktiles Signal (1)
- Technische Vorschriften (1)
- Telecommunication (1)
- Telecomunication (1)
- Temperature measurement (1)
- Temperaturmessung (1)
- Temporary (1)
- Tension (1)
- Terrorism (1)
- Terrorismus (1)
- Test procedure (1)
- Thailand (1)
- Ton (Gestein) (1)
- Torf (1)
- Toter Winkel (1)
- Town planning (1)
- Tracking task (1)
- Trackingaufgabe (1)
- Traffic Engineering (1)
- Traffic concentration (1)
- Traffic regulation (1)
- Tragbar (1)
- Tragschicht (1)
- Train (1)
- Transparent (1)
- Transport (1)
- Transport mode (1)
- Transport operator (1)
- Transportunternehmen (1)
- Traveler (1)
- Two dimensional (1)
- Typenzulassung (1)
- Underride prevention (1)
- Unfallfolgephase (1)
- Unfallneigung (1)
- Unfallrate (1)
- Unfallrekonsruktion (1)
- Unfallschwerpunkt (1)
- Unfallverhuetung (1)
- Unfallverhütug (1)
- Ungeschützter Verkehrsteilnehmer (1)
- United Kindom (1)
- Untergrund (1)
- Untersuchung am Umfallort (1)
- Usa (1)
- Value analysis (1)
- Variable message signs (1)
- Variance analysis (1)
- Varianzanalyse (1)
- Vegetation (1)
- Vehicle lighting (1)
- Vehicle mile (1)
- Vehicle regulation (1)
- Vehicle restraint system (1)
- Vehicle safety (1)
- Veletzung) (1)
- Veraenderung (1)
- Verbraucherschutz (1)
- Vereinigtes Königreichl (1)
- Verfahen (1)
- Verfahren ; Verkehrsinfrastruktur (1)
- Vergrößerung (1)
- Verkehrsmittel (1)
- Verkehrsspitze (1)
- Verkehrsstauung (1)
- Verkehrsstärke (1)
- Verkehrswirtschaft (1)
- Vermeidung (1)
- Verschmutzung (1)
- Versetzte Kreuzung (1)
- Verstärkung (1)
- Verstärkung (Brücke) (1)
- Versuchsstrecke (1)
- Verteilung (allg) (1)
- Verwaltung (1)
- Vibration (1)
- Video camera (1)
- Virtual reality (1)
- Virtuelle Realität (1)
- Viskosity (1)
- Viskosität (1)
- Visualisation (1)
- Visualisierung (1)
- Vorbelastung (Boden) (1)
- Vorspannung (1)
- Vulnerable road user (1)
- Warning (1)
- Wear (1)
- Wechselverkehrszeichen (1)
- Wetter (1)
- Whiplash injury (1)
- Width (1)
- Wind (1)
- Window (veh) (1)
- Winter (1)
- Wirkungsanalyse (1)
- Wirtschaftlichkeit (1)
- Wohngebiet (1)
- Women (1)
- Working group (1)
- Year (1)
- Zahl (1)
- Zeitlückenakzeptanz (1)
- Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (1)
- Zug (Eisenbahn) (1)
- Zug (mech) (1)
- Zugänglichkeit (1)
- Zukünftiges Verkehrsmittel (1)
- Zulassung (tech) (1)
- Zusammensetzung (1)
- ZusammenstoÃüï-¿-½Ãƒ-¯Ã‚-¿Ã‚-½ (1)
- Zweidimensional (1)
- accident (1)
- aktives Sicherheitssystem (1)
- analyses (math) (1)
- ar (1)
- driving dynamics (1)
- efficiency (1)
- fatality (1)
- finite element method (1)
- head (1)
- human-machine interaction (1)
- road) (1)
- simulation (1)
- stat) (1)
- stat] (1)
- trailer (1)
- tödlicher Unfall (1)
- vehicle safety (1)
- Überdeckung (1)
- Überholen (1)
- Überschwemmung (1)
Institut
- Sonstige (337)
- Abteilung Fahrzeugtechnik (126)
- Abteilung Verhalten und Sicherheit im Verkehr (23)
- Abteilung Brücken- und Ingenieurbau (22)
- Abteilung Straßenverkehrstechnik (22)
- Abteilung Straßenbautechnik (17)
- Präsident (9)
- Stabstelle Presse und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit (6)
- Stabstelle Forschungscontrolling, Qualitätsmanagement (1)
The main focus of the benefit estimation of advanced safety systems with a warning interface by simulation is on the driver. The driver is the only link between the algorithm of the safety system and the vehicle, which makes the setup of a driver model for such simulations very important. This paper describes an approach for the use of a statistical driver model in simulation. It also gives an outlook on further work on this topic. The build-up process of the model suffices with a distribution of reaction times and a distribution of reaction intensities. Both were combined in different scenarios for every driver. Each scenario has then a specific probability to occur. To use the statistical driver model, every accident scene has to be simulated with each driver scenario (combinations of reaction times and intensities). The results of the simulations are then combined regarding the probabilities to occur, which leads to an overall estimated benefit of the specific system. The model works with one or more equipped participants and delivers a range for the benefit of advanced safety systems with warning interfaces.
The focus of the technical innovation in the automobile industry is currently changing to sensor based safety systems, which are operating in the pre-crash phase of an accident. To get more information about this pre-crash phase for real accidents a simulation of this phase using the GIDAS database is done. The basics for this simulation are geometrical information about the accident location and the exact accident data out of the GIDAS database. This aggregated information gives the possibility to simulate an exact motion for every accident participant, using MATLAB / SIMULINK, in the pre-crash phase. After the simulation the information about the geometrical positions, the velocities and maneuvers of the drivers to an individual TTC (time to collision) are available. With those results it is possible to develop new useful sensor geometries using pre-crash scatter plots or estimate the efficiency of implemented active safety systems in combination with sensor characteristics. This simulation can be done for every reconstructed accident included in the GIDAS database, so these results can represent a wide spread basis for the further development of active safety systems and sensor geometries and characteristics
Past European collaborative research involving government bodies, vehicle manufacturers and test laboratories has resulted in a prototype barrier face called the Advanced European Mobile Deformable Barrier (AE-MDB) for use in a new side impact test procedure . This procedure offers a better representation of the current accident situation and, in particular, the barrier concept is a better reflection of front-end stiffness seen in today- passenger car fleet compared to that of the current legislative barrier face. Based on the preliminary performance corridors of the prototype AE-MDB, a refined AE-MDB specification has been developed. A programme of barrier to load cell wall testing was undertaken to complete and standardise the AE-MDB specification. Barrier faces were supplied by the four leading manufacturers to demonstrate that the specification could be met by all. This paper includes background, specification and proof of compliance.
A set of recommendations for pan-European transparent and independent road accident investigations has been developed by the SafetyNet project. The aim of these recommendations is to pave the way for future EU scale accident investigation activities by setting out the necessary steps for establishing safety oriented road accident investigations in Member States. This can be seen as the start of the process for establishing road accident investigations throughout Europe which operate according to a common methodology. The recommendations propose a European Safety Oriented Road Accident Investigation Programme which sets out the procedures that need to be put in place to investigate a sample of every day road accidents. They address four sets of issues; institutional addressing the characteristics of the programme; operational describing the conditions under which data isrncollected; data storage and protection; and reports, countermeasures and the dissemination of data.rn
Road condition acquisition and assessment are the key to guarantee their permanent availability. In order to maintain a country's whole road network, millions of high-resolution images have to be analyzed annually. Currently, this requires cost and time excessive manual labor. We aim to automate this process to a high degree by applying deep neural networks. Such networks need a lot of data to be trained successfully, which are not publicly available at the moment. In this paper, we present the GAPs dataset, which is the first freely available pavement distress dataset of a size, large enough to train high-performing deep neural networks. It provides high quality images, recorded by a standardized process fulfilling German federal regulations, and detailed distress annotations. For the first time, this enables a fair comparison of research in this field. Furthermore, we present a first evaluation of the state of the art in pavement distress detection and an analysis of the effectiveness of state of the art regularization techniques on this dataset.
The national accident statistics demonstrate that the situation of passenger car side impacts is dominated by car to car accidents. Car side to pole impacts are relatively infrequent events. However the importance of car side to pole impacts is significantly increasing with fatal and seriously injured occupants. For the present study the German in-depth database GIDAS (German In-Depth-Accident Study) and the UK based database CCIS (Co-operative Crash Injury Study) were used. Two approaches were undertaken to better understand the scenario of car to pole impacts. The first part is a statistical analysis of passenger car side to pole impacts to describe the characteristics and their importance relevant to other types of impact and to get further knowledge about the main factors influencing the accident outcome. The second part contains a case by case review on passenger cars first registered 1998 onwards to further investigate this type of impact including regression analysis to assess the relationship between injury severity and pole impact relevant factors.
The role of a national motor vehicle crash causation study-style data set in rollover data analysis
(2010)
On 1 January 2005, The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, an agency of the United States Department of Transportation, implemented a new data collection strategy designed to assess crash avoidance technologies and report associated behavioral inputs and outcomes. The original goal was a six-year program, however, during the shortened data collection period; it proved a valuable resource for understanding a precrash environment previously obscured by forensic case investigation. Another unintended consequence was an overlap with infrastructure, roadway geometry, and design with the occupant and vehicle outcomes, by virtue of well-defined attributes. External to the collected data, supplementary information was extrapolated, by using manuals published in the United States, by the American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials and selected State Departments of Transportation, in conjunction with the National Motor Vehicle Crash Causation Study (NMVCCS). This provided a backdrop to the infrastructure framework of the rollover problem within which the occupant and vehicle outcomes were studied. If a NMVCCS-style data collection were to be implemented elsewhere, then complementary manuals produced by federal transportation officials might be consulted producing similar relationships. The current study uses NMVCCS data to describe vehicles travelling through diverse design geometries and the outcome for occupants involved in crashes within that system. Codified and extrapolated data form the basis for assessing NMVCCS and its value to the transportation safety community, as the protocols are applicable universally. The benefit in continuing a NMVCCS-style study is noted, as the interaction of roadway infrastructure and occupant protection agencies might find paths to better work together in solving the complex rollover problem using a common data-driven approach.
To assess occupant safety in a crash test, criteria associating the measurements made with a crash test dummy to injury risk are necessary. To enable better protection of elderly car occupants the objective of this study was to develop improved thoracic injury criteria for the THOR average male dummy. The development of these criteria is usually based on matched dummy and Post Mortem Human Surrogate (PMHS) tests by relating the obtained PMHS injuries to dummy measurements. This approach is limited, since only a few tests in relevant loading conditions are available and any new test series requires high efforts to be performed due to their complexity and costs. To overcome these limitations and to extend the dataset for the development of THOR dummy chest injury risk functions a simulation-based approach was applied within the EC funded project SENIORS (Safety Enhanced Innovations For older Road Users - www.seniors-project.eu). Within this study frontal impact sled simulations with an FE model representing a THOR average male dummy and matched simulations with a human body model (HBM) representing an elderly car occupant were carried out. The HBM used for this study was the THUMS TUC with modified rib cage, which was developed in SENIORS. The modifications included material and geometry changes aiming to represent an elderly car occupant. The rib fracture risk was predicted with a deterministic approach whereby a rib was considered broken when the strain exceeded an age-dependent threshold. Furthermore, a probabilistic method was applied to predict the probability of sustaining a certain number of fractured ribs by comparing local strain values to the distribution of cortical rib ultimate strain. By relating the output from the HBM simulations to a multi-point dummy injury criterion, injury risk curves were calculated by statistical methods. The wide range of loading conditions resulted in the desired range of injuries and THOR ATD output. The number of fractured ribs predicted by the HBM based on the deterministic prediction method was between 0 and 15. Furthermore, the probabilistic risk for the number of rib fractures equal or greater than two, three or four was calculated for each load case. The THOR rib deflection criterion Rmax was between 18 and 56 mm, while the PC Score was in the range of 2.5 to 7.2. Based on these outputs new risk curves for the predicted deterministic (AIS2+/3+) and probabilistic injury risk were calculated. The new curves show reasonable shapes and significance that provide trust in their application. The new risk curves are compared to risk curves obtained by traditional methods. The results were found similar to previous injury risk functions based on physical tests, which gives a high level of confidence in the chosen approach. The simulation-based approach of matched ATD model vs. HBM simulation was successfully applied. Rmax curves show a slightly better quality than the injury criterion PC Score.
Thorax injury is one of main causes of serious injury in frontal collisions, especially for elderly car occupants. The anthropometric test device (ATD) THOR‐M provides chest deflection measurements at multiple locations, to assess the risk of thorax injury. For this purpose e, risk functions are needed that relate the potential criteria based on multipoint chest deflection measurement to in jury risk. Different thorax injury criteria and risk functions for THOR have been proposed [2‐3]. The criteria and functions are based on the traditional approach to developing injury risk functions using matched ATD and PMHS tests by relating the injury (number of fractures) to injury criteria. Regarding these studies, some limitations have been identified, in particular concerning the loading conditions of the data used (mainly 3‐point‐belt loading, high loading severity, out‐of‐date ATD versions. To extend the data set and overcome these limitations, a new approach for improved thorax injury criteria was applied within the EC‐funded project SENIORS. The new approach is based on matched frontal impact sled computer simulations with a model representing the latest THOR‐M ATD version, and matching simulations with a human body model (HBM) representing an elderly car occupant.
For a number of EU regulatory acts Virtual Testing (VT) is already allowed for type approval (see Commission Regulation No. 371/2010 of 16 April 2010 amending the Framework Directive 2007/46/EC). However, only a very general procedure on how to apply VT for type approval is provided. Technical details for specific regulatory acts are not given yet. The main objective of the European project IMVITER (IMplementation of VIrtual TEsting in Safety Regulations) was to promote the implementation of VT in safety regulations. When proposing VT procedures the new regulation was taken into account, in particular, addressing open issues. Special attention was paid to pedestrian protection as pilot cases. A key aspect for VT implementation is to demonstrate that the employed simulation models are reliable. This paper describes how the Verification and Validation (V&V) method defined by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers was adapted for pedestrian protection VT based assessment. or the certification of headform impactors an extensive study was performed at two laboratories to assess the variability in calibration tests and equivalent results from a set of simulation models. Based on these results a methodology is defined for certification of headform impactor simulation models. A similar study was also performed with one vehicle in the type approval test setup. Its bonnet was highly instrumented and subjected to 45 impacts in five different positions at two laboratories in order to obtain an estimation of the variability in the physical tests. An equivalent study was performed using stochastic simulation with a metamodel fed with observed variability in impact conditions of physical headforms. An estimation of the test method uncertainty was obtained and used in the definition of a validation corridor for simulation models. Validation metric and criteria were defined in cooperation with the ISO TC22 SC10 and SC12 WG4 "Virtual Testing". A complete validation procedure including different test setups, physical magnitudes and evaluation criteria is provided. A detailed procedural flowchart is developed for VT implementation in EC Regulation No 78/2009 based on a so called "Hybrid VT" approach, which combines real hardware based head impact tests and simulations. This detailed flowchart is shown and explained within this paper. Another important point within the virtual testing based procedures is the documentation of relevant information resulting from the verification and validation process of the numerical models used. For this purpose report templates were developed within the project. The proposed procedure fixes minimum V&V requirements for numerical models to be confidently used within the type-approval process. It is not intended to be a thorough guide on how to build such reliable models. Different modeling methodologies are therefore possible, according to particular OEM know-how. These requirements respond to a balance amongst the type-approval stakeholders interests. A cost-benefit analysis, which was also performed within the IMVITER project, supports this approach, showing the conditions in which VT implementation is beneficial. Based on the experience gained in the project and the background of the experts involved an outlook is given as a roadmap of VT implementation, identifying the most important milestones to be reached along the way to a future vehicle type approval procedure supported by VT. The results presented in this paper show an important step addressing open questions and fostering the future acceptance of virtual testing in pedestrian protection type approval procedures.
Upcoming test procedures and regulations consider the use of Q-dummies. Especially Q6 and Q10 will be introduced to assess the safety of child occupants in vehicle rear seats. Therefore detailed knowledge of these dummies is important to improve safety. As recent studies have shown, chest deflection measurements of both dummies are influenced by parameters like belt geometry. This could lead to a non optimized design of child restraint systems (CRS) and belt systems. The objective of this study is to obtain a more detailed understanding of the sensitivity of chest measurements to restraint parameters and to investigate the possibilities of chest acceleration as an alternative for the assessment of chest injury risks. A study of frontal impact sled tests was performed with Q6 and Q10 in a generic rear seat environment on a bench. Belt parameters like modified belt attachment locations were varied. For the Q6 dummy, different positioning settings of the CRS (booster with backrest) and of the dummy itself were investigated. The Q10 dummy was seated on a booster cushion. Here the position of the upper belt anchorage point was varied. To simulate the influence of vehicle rotation in the ODB crash configuration, the bench was pre-rotated on the sled in additional tests with the Q10. This configuration was tested with and without pretensioner and load limiter. Chest deflection in Q6 showed a high sensitivity to changes in positioning of the CRS and the dummy itself. A more slouched position of the CRS or dummy resulted in a reduction of measured chest deflection, whereas chest acceleration increased for a more slouched position of the CRS. Chest deflection in Q10 is sensitive to belt geometry as already shown in other studies. In a more outboard position of the shoulder belt anchorage the measured chest deflection is higher. Chest acceleration shows the opposite tendency, which is highest for the rearmost location of the upper belt anchorage. On a pre-rotated bench the highest chest deflection within this test series was observed without load limiter/pretensioner and an outboard belt position. By optimizing the belt location and the use of pretensioner/load limier the chest deflection was significantly reduced. For the Q6 a criterion based on chest acceleration as well as deflection measured at two locations might be the most reliable approach, which requires further research with an additional upper deflection sensor. In the Q10 the measured chest deflection does not always correctly reflect the severity of chest loading. The deflection is depending on initial belt position and restraint parameters as well as test conditions, which result in different directions of belt migration. A3ms chest acceleration might be a better indicator for severity of chest loading independent of different conditions like belt geometries. However, in some cases the benefit of an optimized restraint system could only be shown by deflection. These findings suggest that further research is needed to identify a chest injury assessment method, which could be based on deflection as well as acceleration or other parameters related to belt to occupant interaction.
In the EC FP6 Integrated Project Advanced Protection Systems, APROSYS, the first WorldSID small female prototype was developed and evaluated by BASt, FTSS, INRETS, TRL and UPM-INSIA during 2006 and 2007. Results were presented at the ESV 2007 conference (Been et al., 2007). With the prototype dummy scoring a biofidelity rating higher than 6.7 out of 10 according to ISO/TR9790, the results were very promising. Also opportunities for further development were identified by the evaluation group. A revised prototype, Revision1, was subsequently developed in the 2007-2008 period to address comments from the evaluation group. The Revision1 dummy includes changes in the half arms and the suit (anthropometry and arm biomechanics), the thorax and abdomen ribs and sternum (rib durability), the abdomen/lumbar area and the lower legs (mass distribution). Also a two-dimensional chest deflection measurement system was developed to measure deflection in both lateral and anterior-posterior direction to improve oblique thorax loading sensitivity. Two Revision1 prototype dummies have now been evaluated by FTSS, TRL, UPM-INSIA and BASt. The updated prototype dummies were subjected to an extensive matrix of biomechanical tests, such as full body pendulum tests and lateral sled impact tests as specified by Wayne State University, Heidelberg University and Medical College of Wisconsin. The results indicated a significant improvement of dummy biofidelity. The overall dummy biofidelity in the ISO rating system has significantly improved from 6.7 to 7.6 on a scale between 0-10. The small female WorldSID has now obtained the same biofidelity rating as the WorldSID mid size male dummy. Also repeatability improved with respect to the prototype. In conclusion the recommended updates were all executed and all successfully contributed in achieving improved performance of the dummy.
One main objective of the EU-Project SENIORS is to provide improved methods to assess thoracic injury risk to elderly occupants. In contribution to this task paired simulations with a THOR dummy model and human body model will be used to develop improved thoracic injury risk functions. The simulation results can provide data for injury criteria development in chest loading conditions that are underrepresented in PMHS test data sets that currently proposed risk functions are based on. To support this approach a new simplified generic but representative sled test fixture and CAE model for testing and simulation were developed. The parameter definition and evaluation of this sled test fixture and model is presented in this paper. The justification and definition of requirements for this test set-up was based on experience from earlier studies. Simple test fixtures like the gold standard sled fixture are easy to build and also to model in CAE, but provide too severe belt-only loading. On the other hand a vehicle buck including production components like airbag and seat is more representative, but difficult to model and to be replicated at a different laboratory. Furthermore some components might not be available for physical tests at later stage. The basis of the SENIORS generic sled test set-up is the gold standard fixture with a cable seat back and foot rest. No knee restraint was used. The seat pan design was modified including a seat ramp. The three-point belt system had a generic adjustable load limiter. A pre-inflated driver airbag assembly was developed for the test fixture. Results of THOR test and simulations in different configurations will be presented. The configurations include different deceleration pulses. Further parameter variations are related to the restraint system including belt geometry and load limiter levels. Additionally different settings of the generic airbag were evaluated. The test set-up was evaluated and optimized in tests with the THOR-M dummy in different test configurations. Belt restraint parameters like D-ring position and load limiter setting were modified to provide moderate chest loading to the occupant. This resulted in dummy readings more representative of the loading in a contemporary vehicle than most available PMHS sled tests reported in the literature. However, to achieve a loading configuration that exposes the occupant to even less severe loading comparable to modern vehicle restraints it might be necessary to further modify the test set-up. The new generic sled test set-up and a corresponding CAE model were developed and applied in tests and simulations with THOR. Within the SENIORS project with this test set-up also volunteer and PMHS as well as HBM simulations are performed, which will be reported in other publications. The test environment can contribute in future studies to the assessment of existing and new frontal impact dummies as well as dummy improvements and related instrumentation. The test set-up and model could also serve as a new standard test environment for PMHS and volunteer tests as well as HBM simulations.
Thoracic injury is one of the predominant types of severe injuries in frontal accidents. The assessment of the injury risk to the thorax in the current frontal impact test procedures is based on the uni-axial chest deflection measured in the dummy Hybrid III. Several studies have shown that criteria based on the linear chest potentiometer are not sensitive enough to distinguish between different restraint systems, and cannot indicate asymmetric chest loading, which has been shown to correlate to increased injury risk. Furthermore, the measurement is sensitive to belt position on the dummy chest. The objective of this study was to evaluate the optical multipoint chest deflection measurement system "RibEye" in frontal impact sled tests. Therefore the sensitivity of the RibEyesystem to different restraint system parameters was investigated. Furthermore, the issue of signal drop out at the 6 th rib was investigated in this study.A series of sled tests were conducted with the RibEye system in the Hybrid III 50%. The sled environment consisted of a rigid seat and a standard production three-point seat belt system. Rib deflections were recorded with the RibEye system and additionally with the standard chest potentiometer. The tests were carried out at crash pulses of two different velocities (30 km/h and 64 km/h). The tests were conducted with different belt routing to investigate the sensitivity of chest deflection measurements to belt position on the dummy chest. Furthermore, different restraint system parameters were investigated (force limiter level, with or without pretensioning) to evaluate if the RibEye measurements provide additional information to distinguish between restraint system configurations . The results showed that with the RibEye system it was possible to identify the effect of belt routing in more detail. The chest deflections measured with the standard chest potentiometer as well as the maximum deflection measured by RibEye allowed the distinction to be made between different force limiter levels. The RibEye system was also able to clearly show the asymmetric deflection of the rib cage due to belt loading. In some configurations, differences of more than 15 mm were observed between the left and side areas of the chest. Furthermore, the abdomen insert was identified as source of the problem of signal drop out at the 6th rib. Possible solutions are discussed. In conclusion, the RibEye system provided valuable additional information regarding the assessment of restraint systems. It has the potential to enable the evaluation of thoracic injury risk due to asymmetric loading. Further investigations with the RibEye should be extended to tests in a vehicle environment, which include a vehicle seat and other restraint system components such as an airbag.
Cost benefit analysis
(2014)
Although the number of road accident casualties in Europe is falling the problem still remains substantial. In 2011 there were still over 30,000 road accident fatalities [EC 2012]. Approximately half of these were car occupants and about 60 percent of these occurred in frontal impacts. The next stage to improve a car- safety performance in frontal impacts is to improve its compatibility for car-to-car impacts and for collisions against objects and HGVs. Compatibility consists of improving both a car- self and partner protection in a manner such that there is good interaction with the collision partner and the impact energy is absorbed in the car- frontal structures in a controlled way which results in a reduction of injuries. Over the last ten years much research has been performed which has found that there are four main factors related to a car- compatibility [Edwards 2003, Edwards 2007]. These are structural interaction potential, frontal force matching, compartment strength and the compartment deceleration pulse and related restraint system performance. The objective of the FIMCAR FP7 EC-project was to develop an assessment approach suitable for regulatory application to control a car- frontal impact and compatibility crash performance and perform an associated cost benefit analysis for its implementation.
Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) systems for pedestrians have been predicted to offer substantial benefit. On this basis, consumer rating programmes, e.g. Euro NCAP, are developing rating schemes to encourage fitment of these systems. One of the questions that needs to be answered to do this fully, is to determine how the assessment of the speed reduction offered by the AEB is integrated with the current assessment of the passive safety for mitigation of pedestrian injury. Ideally, this should be done on a benefit related basis. The objective of this research was to develop a benefit based methodology for assessment of integrated pedestrian protection systems with pre-crash braking and passive safety components. A methodology has been developed which calculates the cost of pedestrian injury expected, assuming all pedestrians in the target population (i.e. pedestrians impacted by the front of a passenger car) are impacted by the car being assessed, taking into account the impact speed reduction offered by the car’s AEB (if fitted) and the passive safety protection offered by the car’s frontal structure. For rating purposes, this cost can be normalised by comparing it to the cost calculated for selected cars. The methodology uses the speed reductions measured in AEB tests to determine the speed at which each casualty in the target population will be impacted. The injury to each casualty is then calculated using the results from standard Euro NCAP pedestrian impactor tests and injury risk curves. This injury is converted into cost using ‘Harm’ type costs for the body regions tested. These costs are weighted and summed. Weighting factors were determined using accident data from Germany and GB and the results of a benefit analysis performed by the EU FP7 AsPeCSS project. This resulted in German and GB versions of the methodology. The methodology was used to assess cars with good, average and poor Euro NCAP pedestrian ratings, with and without a current AEB system fitted. It was found that the decrease in casualty injury cost achieved by fitting an AEB system was approximately equivalent to that achieved by increasing the passive safety rating from poor to average. Also, it was found that the assessment was influenced strongly by the level of head protection offered in the scuttle and windscreen area because this is where head impact occurs for a large proportion of casualties. The major limitation within the methodology is the assumption used implicitly during weighting. This is that the cost of casualty injuries to body areas, such as the thorax, not assessed by the headform and legform impactors, and other casualty injuries such as those caused by ground impact, are related linearly to the cost of casualty injuries assessed by the impactors. A methodology for assessment of integrated pedestrian protection systems was developed. This methodology is of interest to consumer rating programmes which wish to include assessment of these systems. It also raises the interesting issue if the head impact test area should be weighted to reflect better real-world benefit.
Although the number of road accident casualties in Europe (EU27) is falling the problem still remains substantial. In 2011 there were still over 30,000 road accident fatalities. Approximately half of these were car occupants and about 60 percent of these occurred in frontal impacts. The next stage to improve a car's safety performance in frontal impacts is to improve its compatibility. The objective of the FIMCAR FP7 EU-project was to develop an assessment approach suitable for regulatory application to control a car's frontal impact and compatibility crash performance and perform an associated cost benefit analysis for its implementation. This paper reports the cost benefit analyses performed to estimate the effect of the following potential changes to the frontal impact regulation: • Option 1 " No change and allow current measures to propagate throughout the vehicle fleet. • Option 2 " Add a full width test to the current offset Deformable Barrier (ODB) test. • Option 3 " Add a full width test and replace the current ODB test with a Progressive Deformable Barrier (PDB) test. For the analyses national data were used from Great Britain (STATS 19) and from Germany (German Federal Statistical Office). In addition in-depth real word crash data were used from CCIS (Great Britain) and GIDAS (Germany). To estimate the benefit a generalised linear model, an injury reduction model and a matched pairs modelling approach were applied. The benefits were estimated to be: for Option 1 "No change" about 2.0%; for Option 2 "FW test" ranging from 5 to 12% and for Option 3 "FW and PDB tests" 9 to 14% of car occupant killed and seriously injured casualties.
Although many German monitoring sites report declines of NOx concentrations, NO2-concentrations actually stagnate or even increase quite often. Various analyses have identified the altered compositions of nitrogen oxides (NO2/NOx-ratio) emitted by motor vehicles (resulting in an increase of primary NO2-emissions) as well as the chemical environmental conditions (mainly ground level ozone) as the main causes. The chemical conversion of NO to NO2 is often parameterized in dispersion calculations of exhaust emissions. A widely applied conversion model is the so-called Romberg approach from 1996. However, the Romberg approach has to be re-evaluated to accommodate the above-mentioned conditions. This article presents an adjustment to the Romberg approach in accordance with the measured data from 2000 to 2006, taking into consideration substantially higher NO2/NOx-ratios especially for higher NOx-concentrations. Model calculations with OSPM (Operational Street Pollution Model) including its internal chemistry module are able to reproduce very well the trends in the measured annual NO2-concentrations over a 10 year period. The relevant parameters for variations between the years are the NOx-emissions, primary NO2-emissions, ozone concentrations, wind conditions, and background concentrations. A simplified chemistry model based on annual mean NOx- and NO2-concentrations, and background ozone concentrations, as well as primary NO2-emissions is presented as a better method than the updated Romberg approach. This model simulates the annual mean NO2-concentrations much more accurately than the conventional and the updated Romberg approaches.
The frontal crash is still an important contributor to deaths and serious injured resulting from road accidents in Europe. As the Hybrid-III dummy used in crash tests is over two decades old, the European Enhanced Vehicle-safety Committee is studying the potential for a new test device. Key is the availability of a well-defined set of requirements that identifies the minimum level of biofidelity required for an advanced frontal dummy. In this paper, a complete set of frontal impact biofidelity requirements, consisting of references , description of test conditions and corridors, is presented.
An analysis of NASS and FARS was conducted to determine crash conditions that involved injuries that are not currently being directly addressed by vehicle safety standards or by consumer information test protocols. Analysis of both field data and US NCAP tests were conducted to determine the relative safety provided by seating position and by vehicle model year. Opportunities for improvements were determined by crash categories with large populations of injuries that were not addressed by safety tests or smaller numbers that were increasing in frequency. Areas of opportunities include improved occupant restrain in rollovers, improved frontal protection for rear seat occupants and improved fire prevention in frontal and rollover crashes.