Abteilung Fahrzeugtechnik
Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
Dokumenttyp
Sprache
- Englisch (106) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- Anfahrversuch (37)
- Safety (35)
- Impact test (veh) (34)
- Sicherheit (34)
- Bewertung (30)
- Conference (29)
- Evaluation (assessment) (29)
- Konferenz (29)
- Fahrzeug (26)
- Test method (25)
- Vehicle (25)
- Prüfverfahren (24)
- Dummy (20)
- Fußgänger (20)
- Pedestrian (20)
- Accident (19)
- Unfall (19)
- Anthropometric dummy (18)
- Verletzung (18)
- Deutschland (17)
- Frontalzusammenstoß (17)
- Germany (17)
- Injury (17)
- Collision (16)
- Head on collision (16)
- Simulation (16)
- Kompatibilität (15)
- Compatibility (14)
- Driver assistance system (14)
- Versuch (14)
- Zusammenstoß (14)
- Fahrerassistenzsystem (13)
- Test (13)
- Analyse (math) (12)
- Analysis (math) (12)
- Biomechanics (11)
- Biomechanik (11)
- Europa (11)
- Europe (11)
- Schweregrad (Unfall, Verletzung) (10)
- injury) (10)
- Car (9)
- Child (9)
- Head (9)
- Kind (9)
- Kopf (9)
- Radfahrer (9)
- Seitlicher Zusammenstoß (9)
- Severity (accid, injury) (9)
- Side impact (9)
- Technische Vorschriften (Kraftfahrzeug) (9)
- Verletzung) (9)
- Bemessung (8)
- Cyclist (8)
- Design (overall design) (8)
- Forschungsarbeit (8)
- Method (8)
- Passives Sicherheitssystem (8)
- Research project (8)
- Schweregrad (Unfall (8)
- Severity (accid (8)
- Vehicle regulations (8)
- Verfahren (8)
- Automatic (7)
- Automatisch (7)
- Driver (7)
- Fahrer (7)
- Fahrzeuginnenraum (7)
- Improvement (7)
- Insasse (7)
- Interior (veh) (7)
- Passive safety system (7)
- Standardisierung (7)
- Vehicle occupant (7)
- Verbesserung (7)
- Active safety system (6)
- Aktives Sicherheitssystem (6)
- Brustkorb (6)
- Deformierbare Barriere (Anpralltest) (6)
- Gesetzgebung (6)
- Knee (human) (6)
- Legislation (6)
- Perception (6)
- Pkw (6)
- Schlag (6)
- Shock (6)
- Thorax (6)
- Unfallverhütung (6)
- Wahrnehmung (6)
- Accident prevention (5)
- Autonomes Fahren (5)
- Autonomous driving (5)
- Behaviour (5)
- Braking (5)
- Bremsung (5)
- Cost benefit analysis (5)
- Datenbank (5)
- Deformation (5)
- Development (5)
- Driver information (5)
- Entwicklung (5)
- Fahrerinformation (5)
- Fatality (5)
- Forschungsbericht (5)
- Impact test (5)
- Lkw (5)
- Lorry (5)
- Research report (5)
- Standardization (5)
- Tödlicher Unfall (5)
- Verhalten (5)
- Wirtschaftlichkeitsrechnung (5)
- Alte Leute (4)
- Aufprallschlitten (4)
- Database (4)
- Deformable barrier (impact test) (4)
- Fahrstabilität (4)
- Impact sled (4)
- Knie (menschl) (4)
- Leg (human) (4)
- Leistungsfähigkeit (allg) (4)
- Measurement (4)
- Messung (4)
- Modification (4)
- Motorcycle (4)
- Motorrad (4)
- Prevention (4)
- Reproducibility (4)
- Reproduzierbarkeit (4)
- Statistics (4)
- Statistik (4)
- Technologie (4)
- Technology (4)
- Vehicle handling (4)
- Verformung (4)
- Airbag (3)
- Bein (menschl) (3)
- Belastung (3)
- Benutzung (3)
- Body (car) (3)
- Collision avoidance system (3)
- Communication (3)
- EU (3)
- Efficiency (3)
- Empfindlichkeit (3)
- Ergonomics (3)
- Error (3)
- Fahrzeugführung (3)
- Fahrzeugsitz (3)
- Fehler (3)
- Front (3)
- Gewicht (3)
- Halswirbel (3)
- Human body (3)
- Intelligent transport system (3)
- Karosserie (3)
- Kommunikation (3)
- Kraftfahrzeug (3)
- Lenken (Fahrzeug) (3)
- Load (3)
- Mathematical model (3)
- Menschlicher Körper (3)
- Motorcyclist (3)
- Motorradfahrer (3)
- Official approval (3)
- Old people (3)
- Reaction (human) (3)
- Reaktionsverhalten (3)
- Rechenmodell (3)
- Risiko (3)
- Risk (3)
- Safety belt (3)
- Seat (veh) (3)
- Sensitivity (3)
- Sensor (3)
- Sicherheitsgurt (3)
- Steering (process) (3)
- Straßenverkehrsrecht (3)
- Use (3)
- Veränderung (3)
- Visual display (3)
- Weight (3)
- Wirbelsäule (3)
- Abdomen (2)
- Ablenkung (psychol) (2)
- Anthropmetric dummy (2)
- Anti locking device (2)
- Antikollisionssystem (2)
- Auffahrunfall (2)
- Ausrüstung (2)
- Autonomes Fahrzeug (2)
- Autonomous vehicle (2)
- Bildschirm (2)
- Cause (2)
- Cervical vertebrae (2)
- Classification (2)
- Crash Test (2)
- Decrease (2)
- Detection (2)
- Detektion (2)
- Distraction (2)
- Driving (veh) (2)
- Emission (2)
- Equipment (2)
- Forecast (2)
- Geschwindigkeit (2)
- Haftung (jur) (2)
- Headlamp (2)
- Hospital (2)
- Intelligentes Transportsystem (2)
- Interface (2)
- International (2)
- Kamera (2)
- Klassifizierung (2)
- Knie (2)
- Krankenhaus (2)
- Kunststoff (2)
- Leuchtdichte (2)
- Liability (2)
- Luminance (2)
- Mensch Maschine Verhältnis (2)
- Messgerät (2)
- Nacht (2)
- Night (2)
- Norm (tech) (2)
- On the spot accident investigation (2)
- Organisation (2)
- Plastic material (2)
- Prognose (2)
- Prototyp (2)
- Prototype (2)
- Rear end collision (2)
- Rear view mirror (2)
- Rückspiegel (2)
- Scheinwerfer (2)
- Schutz (2)
- Severity (acid (2)
- Sichtbarkeit (2)
- Specification (standard) (2)
- Speed (2)
- Spinal column (2)
- Stress (psychol) (2)
- Traffic (2)
- Traffic regulations (2)
- Transport infrastructure (2)
- Underride protection (2)
- Unfallrekonstruktion (2)
- Unterfahrschutz (2)
- Unterleib (2)
- Untersuchung am Unfallort (2)
- Ursache (2)
- Vereinigtes Königreich (2)
- Verhütung (2)
- Verkehr (2)
- Verkehrsinfrastruktur (2)
- Verminderung (2)
- Sichtbarkeit (2)
- Vorn (2)
- Windschutzscheibe (2)
- Windscreen (veh) (2)
- Zusammenstoss (2)
- (menschl) (1)
- Ablenkung (1)
- Accessibility (1)
- Accident rate (1)
- Accident reconstruction (1)
- Achslast (1)
- Active safety (1)
- Adult (1)
- Aged people (1)
- Air bag (restraint system) (1)
- Aktive Sicherheit (1)
- Angle (1)
- Ankündigung (1)
- Anordnung (1)
- Antiblockiereinrichtung (1)
- Antiblockiersystem (1)
- Antikollisisonssystem (1)
- Apparatus (measurement) (1)
- Apparatus (measuring) (1)
- Articulated vehicle (1)
- Attention (1)
- Attitude (psychol) (1)
- Aufmerksamkeit (1)
- Augenbewegungen (1)
- Autobahn (1)
- Axle load (1)
- Battery (1)
- Bau (1)
- Baumusterzulassung (1)
- Baustelle (1)
- Beanspruchung (1)
- Bein (1)
- Benchmark (1)
- Bicycle (1)
- Bicyclist (1)
- Blind spot (veh) (1)
- Brake light (1)
- Bremslicht (1)
- Bruch (mech) (1)
- Bus (1)
- Cadaver (1)
- Calibration (1)
- Camera (1)
- Car park (1)
- Carbon dioxide (1)
- Cervical vertebrae; Conference; Evaluation (assessment); Injury; Spinal column; Test (1)
- Chassis (1)
- Compatiblity (1)
- Compression (1)
- Congestion (traffic) (1)
- Construction (1)
- Construction site (1)
- Contact (tyre road) (1)
- Correlation (math, stat) (1)
- Crashtest (1)
- Crossing the road (pedestrian) (1)
- Damage (1)
- Data acquisition (1)
- Data bank (1)
- Datenerfassung (1)
- Dauerhaftigkeit (1)
- Daylight (1)
- Decke (Straße) (1)
- Deformable barrier (Impact test) (1)
- Deformable barrier system (impact test) (1)
- Dehnungsmessstreifen (1)
- Delivery vehicle (1)
- Demografie (1)
- Demography (1)
- Detection response task (1)
- Deterioration (1)
- Diesel engine (1)
- Dieselmotor (1)
- Digital model (1)
- Dimension (1)
- Disstraction (1)
- Driver (veh) (1)
- Driver information system (1)
- Driving aptitude (1)
- Durability (1)
- Dynamic penetration test (1)
- Dynamo (1)
- EU directive (1)
- EU-Richtlinie (1)
- Echtzeit (1)
- Economic efficiency (1)
- Economics of transport (1)
- Eichung (1)
- Eigenschaft (1)
- Einstellung (psychol) (1)
- Electronic stability program (1)
- Elektronisches Stabilitätsprogramm (1)
- Emergency (1)
- Engine capacity (1)
- Ergonomie (1)
- Ersatzfahraufgabe (1)
- Erwachsener (1)
- European New Car Assessment Programme (1)
- Eye movement (1)
- Fahrassistenzsystem (1)
- Fahrbahnmarkierung (1)
- Fahrbahnüberquerung (1)
- Fahrerinformationssystem (1)
- Fahrleistung (1)
- Fahrrad (1)
- Fahrsimulator (1)
- Fahrstreifenwechsel (1)
- Fahrtauglichkeit (1)
- Fahrwerk (1)
- Fahrzeugbeleuchtung (1)
- Failure (1)
- Feuer (1)
- Finite element method (1)
- Fire (1)
- Foot (not a measure) (1)
- Form (1)
- Frau (1)
- Freight transport (1)
- Frequency (1)
- Frequenz (1)
- Fuel consumption (1)
- Future transport mode (1)
- Fuß (1)
- Gelenkfahrzeug (1)
- Grenzfläche (1)
- Grenzwert (1)
- Güterverkehr (1)
- Harmonization (1)
- Head (human) (1)
- Height (1)
- Herstellung (1)
- Hinten (1)
- Hubraum (1)
- Höhe (1)
- Hüfte (menschl) (1)
- Impact study (1)
- In Bewegung (1)
- Increase (1)
- Intelligentes Verkehrssystem (1)
- Intersection (1)
- Kleintransporter (1)
- Knotenpunkt (1)
- Kognitive Aufgabenanforderung (1)
- Kohlendioxid (1)
- Kompatiblität (1)
- Kontakt Reifen Straße (1)
- Kontrolle (1)
- Kopf (menschl) (1)
- Korrelation (math, stat) (1)
- Kraftstoffverbrauch (1)
- Laborexperiment (1)
- Landstraße (1)
- Lane changing (1)
- Layout (1)
- Leichnam (1)
- Limit (1)
- Location (1)
- Lärm (1)
- Man-machine interface (1)
- Manufacture (1)
- Market (1)
- Markt (1)
- Materialveränderung (allg) (1)
- Medical examination (1)
- Medizinische Untersuchung (1)
- Mensch-Maschine-Schnittstelle (1)
- Methode der finiten Elemente (1)
- Motorway (1)
- Moving (1)
- Nasse Straße (1)
- Noise (1)
- Notfall (1)
- Numerisches Modell (1)
- Oberfläche (1)
- Oberflächentextur (1)
- Optimum (1)
- Optische Anzeige (1)
- Organization (1)
- Organization (association) (1)
- Ort (Position) (1)
- Overlapping (1)
- Parkfläche (1)
- Pelvis (1)
- Pfahl (1)
- Pile (1)
- Productivity (1)
- Properties (1)
- Prüefverfahren (1)
- Public transport (1)
- Radio (1)
- Rammsondierung (1)
- Real time (1)
- Rear (1)
- Reconstruction (accid) (1)
- Reflectorized material (1)
- Reflexstoffe (1)
- Reifen (1)
- Richtlinien (1)
- Rippe (menschl) (1)
- Road marking (1)
- Robot (1)
- Roboter (1)
- Rundfunk (1)
- Rural road (1)
- Sachschaden (1)
- Safety fence (1)
- Safety glass (1)
- Schallpegel (1)
- Schnittstelle (1)
- Schulter (1)
- Schutzeinrichtung (1)
- Schweregrad /Unfall (1)
- Seite (1)
- Shape (1)
- Shoulder (human) (1)
- Sicherheitsglas (1)
- Side (1)
- Simulator (driving) (1)
- Size and weight regulations (1)
- Social factors (1)
- Sociology (1)
- Sound level (1)
- Soziale Faktoren (1)
- Soziologie (1)
- Spain (1)
- Spanien (1)
- Specification (standard ) (1)
- Specifications (1)
- Spectrum (1)
- Spektrum (1)
- Stadardization (1)
- Stadt (1)
- Stand der Technik (Bericht) (1)
- Standard (1)
- State of the art report (1)
- Steifigkeit (1)
- Stiffness (1)
- Strain gauge (1)
- Stress (1)
- Stress (psycho) (1)
- Surface (1)
- Surface texture (1)
- Surfacing (1)
- Surrogate driving set-up (1)
- Surveillance (1)
- Tactile perception (1)
- Tageslicht (1)
- Taktiles Signal (1)
- Telecommunication (1)
- Telekommunikation (1)
- Telematics (1)
- Telematik (1)
- Toter Winkel (1)
- Toxicity (1)
- Toxizität (1)
- Tracking task (1)
- Trackingaufgabe (1)
- Traffic control (1)
- Traffic regulation (1)
- Train (1)
- Typenzulassung (1)
- Tyre (1)
- USA (1)
- Unfallhäufigkeit (1)
- United Kingdom (1)
- United kingdom (1)
- Urban area (1)
- Vehicle lighting (1)
- Vehicle mile (1)
- Vehicle regulation (1)
- Veraenderung (1)
- Vergrößerung (1)
- Verkehrsstauung (1)
- Verkehrssteuerung (1)
- Verkehrswirtschaft (1)
- Vibration (1)
- Video camera (1)
- Vorne (1)
- Warning (1)
- Weather (1)
- Wet road (1)
- Winkel (1)
- Wirkungsanalyse (1)
- Wirtschaftlichkeit (1)
- Witterung (1)
- Woman (1)
- Zug (Eisenbahn) (1)
- Zugänglichkeit (1)
- Zukünftiges Verkehrsmittel (1)
- Zulassung (tech) (1)
- Zusammendrückung (1)
- Öffentlicher Verkehr (1)
- Überdeckung (1)
Institut
In general the passive safety capability is much greater in newer versus older cars due to the stiff compartment preventing intrusion in severe collisions. However, the stiffer structure which increases the deceleration can lead to a change in injury patterns. In order to analyse possible injury mechanisms for thoracic and lumbar spine injuries, data from the German Inâ€Depth Accident Study (GIDAS) were used in this study. A twoâ€step approach of statistical and caseâ€byâ€case analysis was applied for this investigation. In total 4,289 collisions were selected involving 8,844 vehicles, 5,765 injured persons and 9,468 coded injuries. Thoracic and lumbar spine injuries such as burst, compression or dislocation fractures as well as soft tissue injuries were found to occur in frontal impacts even without intrusion to the passenger compartment. If a MAIS 2+ injury occurred, in 15% of the cases a thoracic and/or lumbar spine injury is included. Considering AIS 2+ thoracic and lumbar spine, most injuries were fractures and occurred in the lumbar spine area. From the case by case analyses it can be concluded that lumbar spine fractures occur in accidents without the engagement of longitudinals, lateral loading to the occupant and/or very severe accidents with MAIS being much higher than the spine AIS.
It is commonly agreed that active safety will have a significant impact on reducing accident figures for pedestrians and probably also bicyclists. However, chances and limitations for active safety systems have only been derived based on accident data and the current state of the art, based on proprietary simulation models. The objective of this article is to investigate these chances and limitations by developing an open simulation model. This article introduces a simulation model, incorporating accident kinematics, driving dynamics, driver reaction times, pedestrian dynamics, performance parameters of different autonomous emergency braking (AEB) generations, as well as legal and logical limitations. The level of detail for available pedestrian accident data is limited. Relevant variables, especially timing of the pedestrian appearance and the pedestrian's moving speed, are estimated using assumptions. The model in this article uses the fact that a pedestrian and a vehicle in an accident must have been in the same spot at the same time and defines the impact position as a relevant accident parameter, which is usually available from accident data. The calculations done within the model identify the possible timing available for braking by an AEB system as well as the possible speed reduction for different accident scenarios as well as for different system configurations. The simulation model identifies the lateral impact position of the pedestrian as a significant parameter for system performance, and the system layout is designed to brake when the accident becomes unavoidable by the vehicle driver. Scenarios with a pedestrian running from behind an obstruction are the most demanding scenarios and will very likely never be avoidable for all vehicle speeds due to physical limits. Scenarios with an unobstructed person walking will very likely be treatable for a wide speed range for next generation AEB systems.
Regarding to the German road traffic licensing regulations it is mandatory to have a light system using a bicycle in public traffic. All attached components must be approved. The admission requires additional restrictions such as a dynamo as energy source with a nominal voltage of 6 V. Batteries are only allowed in addition to this. To adopt the German bicycle regulation to the state of art of an energy efficient lighting, additional power sources such as a battery respectively rechargeable batterie should be evaluated. The project will propose amendments for German Road Traffic Regulations and technical requirements.
The project UR:BAN "Cognitive assistance (KA)" aims at developing future assistance systems providing improved performance in complex city traffic. New state-of-the-art panoramic sensor technologies now allow comprehensive monitoring and evaluation of the vehicle environment. In order to improve protection of vulnerable road users such as pedestrians and cyclists, a particular objective of UR:BAN is the evaluation and prediction of their behaviour and actions. The objective of subproject "WER" is development support by providing quantitative estimates of traffic collisions at the very start and predict potential in terms of optimized accident avoidance and reduction of injury severity. For this purpose an integrated computer simulation toolkit is being devised based on real world accidents (GIDAS as well as video documented accidents), allowing the prediction of potential effectiveness and future benefit of assistance systems in this accident scenario. Subsequently, this toolkit may be used for optimizing the design of implemented assistance systems for improved effectiveness.
EEVC Status report
(2001)
Despite the steadily declining number of pedestrian fatalities and injuries in most European countries during recent decades, pedestrian protection is still of great importance in the European Union as well as in Germany. This is because they still constitute a large proportion of road user casualties and are more likely to suffer serious and fatal injuries than most other road users. In 1999 only car occupants suffered more fatal injuries than pedestrians in Germany. In December 1998, EEVC WG 17 completed their review and updating of the EEVC WG 10 pedestrian test procedure that made it possible to evaluate the protection afforded to pedestrians by the front of passenger cars in an accident. Within the scope of this procedure, four different impactors are used representing those parts of the body which are injured very often and/or very seriously in vehicle-pedestrian-collisions. In a project executed by IKA and BASt, a small family car was tested according to the EEVC WG 17 test procedure. Afterwards modifications to the car were carried out in order to improve the pedestrian protection provided by the vehicle design. There were certain restrictions placed on the level of modifications undertaken, e.g. only minor modifications to vehicle styling and to the vehicle structures, which provide passenger protection. The redesigned vehicle was tested again using the WG 17 test procedure. The test results of the modified vehicle were compared with those of the standard vehicle and evaluated. The results show that considered measures for pedestrian protection in many areas of the vehicle front structure and the use of innovative techniques can lead to a significant reduction of the loads of pedestrians at an acceptable expense.
EEVC Working Group 15 (Compatibility Between Passenger Cars) has carried out research for several years thanks to collaborative project funded by the E.C. and also by exchanging results of projects funded by national programmes. The main collaborative activity of the EEVC WG15 for the last four years was a research project partly funded by the European Commission, where the group made the first attempt to investigate compatibility between passenger cars in a comprehensive research program. Accident, crash test, and mathematical modelling data were analysed. The main result was that structural incompatibilities were frequently found and identified as the main source of incompatibility problems but were not easy to quantify. Unfortunately as little vehicle information other than mass is recorded in most accident databases, most analyses have only been able to show the effect of mass or mass ratio. Common ideas to improve compatibility have been reached by this group and from discussion with other research groups. They will be investigated in the next phase, where research work will concentrate on the development of methods to assess compatibility of passenger cars. The main idea is that the prerequisite to improve crash compatibility between cars is to improve structural interaction. The most important issue is that improved compatibility must not compromise a vehicle- self protection. Test methods should lead to vehicles which show good structural interaction in car to car accidents. Test methods to prove good compatibility may be an adaptation of existing regulatory test procedures (offset deformable barrier test or full width test like in the USA) for frontal impact or may be new compatibility tests. Additional criteria, e.g. impact force distribution, and maximum vehicle deceleration or maximum vehicle impact force should result in compatible cars. Attempts will be made to estimate the benefit of a more compatible car fleet for the European Community.
The purpose of this paper is to review injuries found in real world lateral collisions and determine the mechanisms responsible for certain kinds of biomechanical failure. During the last years the distribution of deaths among the different types of accidents has changed. Lateral collisions now are the most frequent cause of fatal and other serious injuries. Every third accident is an impact from the side, while every second fatality is the result of a lateral accident. Just a few years ago this value was no higher than 30%. This is probably the result of increasing safety standards for frontal collisions (airbags, seatbelt usage, structural improvements of cars, etc.). Although the number of registered vehicles increased, the total amount of fatalities decreased during the same period. Thus it is now necessary to pay greater attention to the lateral accident situation in order to improve road safety and decrease the number of traffic injuries. Several European organisations had decided to launch the project SID2000, which was funded by the European Commission, with the intention of gathering more knowledge on injuries occurring in lateral accidents and the mechanisms that lead to such injuries. This should enable the group to define the requirements for a new side impact dummy (SID) to be designed. Within the same project the existing TNO-EUROSID 1 was enhanced by another group and the experience gained has now enabled allowed to design a better measuring device for side impacts. The data used for this contribution came from sources from all over Europe and had to be gathered in such a manner that as many accident parameters as possible were taken into account.
A means of assessing the passive safety of automobiles is a desirable instrument for legislative bodies, the automobile industry, and the consumer. As opposed to the dominating motor vehicle assessment criteria, such as engine power, spaciousness, aerodynamics and consumption, there are no clear and generally accepted criteria for assessing the passive safety of cars. The proposed method of assessment combines the results of experimental safety tests, carried out according to existing legally prescribed or currently discussed testing conditions, and a biomechanical validation of the loading values determined in the test. This evaluation is carried out with the aid of risk functions which are specified for individual parts of the body by correlating the results of accident analysis with those obtained by computer simulation. The degree of conformance to the respective protection criterion thus deduced is then weighted with factors which take into account the frequency of occurrence and the severity of the accident on the basis of resulting costs. Each of the test series includes at least two frontal and one lateral crash test against a deformable barrier. The computer-aided analysis and evaluation of the simulation results enables a vehicle-specific overall safety index as well as partial and individual safety values to be determined and plotted graphically. The passive safety provided by the respective vehicle under test can be defined for specific seating positions, special types of accident, or for individual endangered parts of the body.
Many big cities in Europe and elsewhere in the world have problems managing the traffic especially during rush hours. The improvement of the parking problematic and environmental protection as well are important aspects for the future traffic design of urban areas. To improve the traffic situation the development of new traffic concepts and alternative vehicles are required. The BMW company has developed a new type of two-wheel vehicle. This two-wheeler constitutes a totally new concept. BMW implemented a lot of safety features, such as a structure made up of rollover bars and a crush element instead of a front protecting plate. Furthermore the driver can secure himself with two safety belts. The paper contains a description of the novel two-wheel vehicle concept designed so far. BMW's concept and the safety features are also explained. The Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt) was given the task of assessing the concept as a whole with regard to the active and passive safety and the exemption of the obligation to wear a helmet. The expertise concluded that the BMW two-wheeler concept has a very high safety standard. Some extracts of the expertise, in particular the investigations concerning the exemption of the obligation to wear a helmet are presented. Common legal requirements for the vehicle registration of vehicle concepts similar to the BMW two-wheeler in Germany have been formulated.