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Erscheinungsjahr
Dokumenttyp
- Konferenzveröffentlichung (637) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- Conference (386)
- Konferenz (382)
- Germany (212)
- Deutschland (209)
- Unfall (188)
- Accident (187)
- Safety (123)
- Sicherheit (122)
- Injury (117)
- Verletzung (117)
- Unfallrekonstruktion (90)
- Bewertung (82)
- Evaluation (assessment) (79)
- Statistics (73)
- Statistik (72)
- Vehicle (72)
- Analyse (math) (71)
- Fahrzeug (71)
- Schweregrad (Unfall, Verletzung) (71)
- Analysis (math) (70)
- Severity (accid, injury) (69)
- Fußgänger (65)
- Pedestrian (65)
- Test method (63)
- Prüfverfahren (62)
- Simulation (62)
- Tödlicher Unfall (62)
- Fatality (61)
- Driver (60)
- Reconstruction (accid) (60)
- Datenbank (58)
- Test (58)
- Unfallverhütung (58)
- Fahrer (57)
- Versuch (57)
- injury) (53)
- Accident prevention (52)
- Datenerfassung (52)
- Data acquisition (51)
- Verletzung) (51)
- Schweregrad (Unfall (50)
- Car (49)
- Europa (49)
- Europe (49)
- Severity (accid (49)
- Anfahrversuch (48)
- Collision (47)
- On the spot accident investigation (47)
- Untersuchung am Unfallort (45)
- Ursache (45)
- Zusammenstoß (45)
- Cause (44)
- Active safety system (41)
- Impact test (veh) (41)
- Radfahrer (41)
- Frontalzusammenstoß (40)
- Passives Sicherheitssystem (40)
- Aktives Sicherheitssystem (39)
- Data bank (38)
- Head on collision (38)
- Cyclist (37)
- Fahrerassistenzsystem (37)
- Richtlinien (37)
- Risiko (37)
- Specifications (37)
- Passive safety system (36)
- Leistungsfähigkeit (allg) (35)
- Method (35)
- Risk (35)
- Geschwindigkeit (34)
- Improvement (34)
- Prevention (34)
- Verfahren (34)
- Driver assistance system (33)
- Speed (33)
- Verbesserung (33)
- Efficiency (32)
- Accident reconstruction (30)
- Behaviour (30)
- Legislation (30)
- Verhalten (30)
- Driving aptitude (29)
- Gesetzgebung (29)
- Insasse (28)
- Alte Leute (27)
- Kind (27)
- Measurement (27)
- Motorcyclist (27)
- Motorradfahrer (27)
- Bridge (26)
- Child (26)
- Messung (26)
- Old people (26)
- Pkw (26)
- Anthropometric dummy (24)
- Dummy (24)
- Fahrzeugführung (24)
- Vehicle occupant (24)
- Verminderung (23)
- Berechnung (22)
- Development (22)
- Entwicklung (22)
- Forschungsarbeit (22)
- Accident rate (21)
- Biomechanics (21)
- Biomechanik (21)
- Brücke (21)
- Calculation (21)
- Decrease (21)
- Driving (veh) (21)
- EU (21)
- Interview (21)
- PKW (21)
- Planning (21)
- Research project (21)
- Traffic (21)
- Verkehr (21)
- Erziehung (20)
- Planung (20)
- Seitlicher Zusammenstoß (20)
- Unfallhäufigkeit (20)
- Verhütung (20)
- Belastung (19)
- Benutzung (19)
- Brustkorb (19)
- Droge (19)
- Drugs (19)
- Education (19)
- Load (19)
- Prognose (19)
- Risikobewertung (19)
- Sicherheitsgurt (19)
- Side impact (19)
- Use (19)
- Database (18)
- Lorry (18)
- Risk assessment (18)
- Fahranfänger (17)
- Fahrtauglichkeit (17)
- Head (17)
- International (17)
- Kopf (17)
- Motorrad (17)
- Recently qualified driver (17)
- Thorax (17)
- Dauerhaftigkeit (16)
- Deformation (16)
- Durability (16)
- Forecast (16)
- Motorcycle (16)
- Rechenmodell (16)
- Repair (16)
- Safety belt (16)
- Standardisierung (16)
- Tunnel (16)
- Unterhaltung (16)
- Auffahrunfall (15)
- Digital model (15)
- Drunkenness (15)
- Leg (human) (15)
- Maintenance (15)
- Mathematical model (15)
- Medical aspects (15)
- Medizinische Gesichtspunkte (15)
- Modification (15)
- Numerisches Modell (15)
- Rear end collision (15)
- Road construction (15)
- Sachschaden (15)
- Straßenbau (15)
- Trunkenheit (15)
- Verformung (15)
- Verkehrsinfrastruktur (15)
- Arzneimittel (14)
- Bemessung (14)
- Damage (14)
- Driver training (14)
- Error (14)
- Highway (14)
- Medication (14)
- Norm (tech) (14)
- Road network (14)
- Straße (14)
- Straßennetz (14)
- Veränderung (14)
- Adolescent (13)
- Airbag (13)
- Construction (13)
- Design (overall design) (13)
- Einstellung (psychol) (13)
- Human factor (13)
- Illness (13)
- Information (13)
- Instandsetzung (13)
- Jugendlicher (13)
- Krankheit (13)
- Lkw (13)
- Menschlicher Faktor (13)
- Metal bridge (13)
- Politik (13)
- Stahlbrücke (13)
- Standardization (13)
- Transport infrastructure (13)
- Verkehrsteilnehmer (13)
- Antikollisionssystem (12)
- Ausrüstung (12)
- Bau (12)
- Bremsung (12)
- Detection (12)
- Driver information (12)
- Equipment (12)
- Fahrausbildung (12)
- Fahrzeugsitz (12)
- Fehler (12)
- Impact study (12)
- Kontrolle (12)
- Medizinische Untersuchung (12)
- Policy (12)
- Road user (12)
- Schutzhelm (12)
- Skill (road user) (12)
- Wirtschaftlichkeitsrechnung (12)
- Überschlagen (12)
- Attitude (psychol) (11)
- Bein (menschl) (11)
- Braking (11)
- Collision avoidance system (11)
- Condition survey (11)
- Cost benefit analysis (11)
- Crash helmet (11)
- Expert opinion (11)
- Gutachten (11)
- Knotenpunkt (11)
- Medical examination (11)
- Orthotropic plate (11)
- Rigid pavement (11)
- Seat (veh) (11)
- Steifigkeit (11)
- Stiffness (11)
- Verwaltung (11)
- Administration (10)
- Age (10)
- Air pollution (10)
- Alter (10)
- Autobahn (10)
- Autonomes Fahren (10)
- Autonomous driving (10)
- Betonstraße (Oberbau) (10)
- Cracking (10)
- Earthworks (10)
- Fahrerinformation (10)
- Kompatibilität (10)
- Lebenszyklus (10)
- Luftverunreinigung (10)
- Nitrogen oxide (10)
- Overturning (veh) (10)
- Rissbildung (10)
- Sensor (10)
- Surfacing (10)
- Surveillance (10)
- Technologie (10)
- Technology (10)
- Tragfähigkeit (10)
- Vehicle regulations (10)
- Weather (10)
- Zustandsbewertung (10)
- Air bag (restraint system) (9)
- Austria (9)
- Automatisch (9)
- Bearing capacity (9)
- Blood alcohol content (9)
- Blutalkoholgehalt (9)
- Boden (9)
- Chemical analysis (9)
- Classification (9)
- Compatibility (9)
- Concrete (9)
- Detektion (9)
- Erdarbeiten (9)
- Front (9)
- Interior (veh) (9)
- Japan (9)
- Krankenhaus (9)
- Life cycle (9)
- Lärm (9)
- Motorway (9)
- Noise (9)
- Organisation (9)
- Soil (9)
- Specification (standard) (9)
- Stickoxid (9)
- Straßenverkehr (9)
- Technische Vorschriften (Kraftfahrzeug) (9)
- Umwelt (9)
- Wirbelsäule (9)
- Witterung (9)
- Österreich (9)
- Automatic (8)
- Bauwerk (8)
- Beton (8)
- Chemische Analyse (8)
- Decke (Straße) (8)
- Environment (8)
- Erfahrung (menschl) (8)
- Erste Hilfe (8)
- Experience (human) (8)
- Fahreignung (8)
- Fahrstabilität (8)
- Fahrzeuginnenraum (8)
- Fracture (bone) (8)
- Führerschein (8)
- Grenzwert (8)
- Hospital (8)
- Human body (8)
- Information documentation (8)
- Junction (8)
- Klassifizierung (8)
- Knee (human) (8)
- Knochenbruch (8)
- Limit (8)
- Menschlicher Körper (8)
- Mobility (8)
- Mobilität (8)
- Oberflächentextur (8)
- Official approval (8)
- Quality assurance (8)
- Qualitätssicherung (8)
- Software (8)
- Surface texture (8)
- USA (8)
- Vehicle handling (8)
- Vereinigtes Königreich (8)
- Wasser (8)
- Water (8)
- Wirksamkeitsuntersuchung (8)
- Blood (7)
- Blut (7)
- Brücken Management System (7)
- Driving licence (7)
- Eigenschaft (7)
- Engineering structure (7)
- Fahrgeschicklichkeit (7)
- Frau (7)
- Halswirbel (7)
- Impact test (7)
- Ort (Position) (7)
- Orthotrope Fahrbahntafel (7)
- Probability (7)
- Properties (7)
- Psychologie (7)
- Psychology (7)
- Quality (7)
- Qualität (7)
- Reaction (human) (7)
- Rehabilitation (7)
- Road traffic (7)
- Sichtbarkeit (7)
- Straßenentwurf (7)
- Straßenverkehrsrecht (7)
- Traffic regulations (7)
- Sichtbarkeit (7)
- Wahrscheinlichkeit (7)
- Welding (7)
- Abbiegen (6)
- Attention (6)
- Aufmerksamkeit (6)
- Bicycle (6)
- Bremse (6)
- Bridge deck (6)
- Bridge management system (6)
- Cervical vertebrae (6)
- China (6)
- Continuous (6)
- Correlation (math, stat) (6)
- Crashtest (6)
- Decision process (6)
- Drainage (6)
- Echtzeit (6)
- Economic efficiency (6)
- Emission control (6)
- Entscheidungsprozess (6)
- Entwässerung (6)
- Fahrbahntafel (6)
- Fahrrad (6)
- Fernverkehrsstraße (6)
- Finite element method (6)
- First aid (6)
- Fuge (6)
- Genauigkeit (6)
- Gesetzesdurchführung (6)
- Highway design (6)
- Impact sled (6)
- India (6)
- Indien (6)
- Joint (structural) (6)
- Knie (menschl) (6)
- Kontinuierlich (6)
- Kosten (6)
- Kraftfahrzeug (6)
- Laboratorium (6)
- Leistungsfähigkeit (Fahrer) (6)
- Location (6)
- Main road (6)
- Nacht (6)
- Night (6)
- Oberfläche (6)
- Perception (6)
- Portugal (6)
- Reaktionsverhalten (6)
- Real time (6)
- Schutzeinrichtung (6)
- Schweden (6)
- Schweissen (6)
- Spinal column (6)
- Stadt (6)
- Stress (psychol) (6)
- Surface (6)
- Temperatur (6)
- Temperature (6)
- United Kingdom (6)
- Urban area (6)
- Vorn (6)
- Wahrnehmung (6)
- Wirtschaftlichkeit (6)
- Woman (6)
- Addiction (5)
- Analyse (Math) (5)
- Angle (5)
- Arbeitsgruppe (5)
- Aufprallschlitten (5)
- Automatische Notbremsung (5)
- Baumusterzulassung (5)
- Bauweise (5)
- Beam (5)
- Beschichtung (5)
- Body (car) (5)
- Brake (5)
- Coating (5)
- Communication (5)
- Construction method (5)
- Corrosion (5)
- Cost (5)
- Deformierbare Barriere (Anpralltest) (5)
- Delivery vehicle (5)
- EU directive (5)
- Eins (5)
- Electric vehicle (5)
- Electronic stability program (5)
- Elektrofahrzeug (5)
- Emissionskontrolle (5)
- Enforcement (law) (5)
- Fahrtüchtigkeit (5)
- Festigkeit (5)
- Fire (5)
- Forschungsbericht (5)
- France (5)
- Frankreich (5)
- Griffigkeit (5)
- Intelligent transport system (5)
- Kamera (5)
- Karosserie (5)
- Kommunikation (5)
- Korrelation (math, stat) (5)
- Korrosion (5)
- Laboratory (not an organization) (5)
- Landstraße (5)
- Methode der finiten Elemente (5)
- Modell (5)
- Nanotechnologie (5)
- Nanotechnology (5)
- Oberbau (5)
- Offender (5)
- One (5)
- Oxid (5)
- Oxide (5)
- Pavement (5)
- Police (5)
- Polizei (5)
- Post crash (5)
- Rehabilitation (road user) (5)
- Reinforcement (gen) (5)
- Research report (5)
- Risk taking (5)
- Rural road (5)
- Schallpegel (5)
- Schutz (5)
- Sound level (5)
- Specification (Standard) (5)
- Stahl (5)
- Steel (5)
- Strength (mater) (5)
- Stress (5)
- Süchtigkeit (5)
- Titan (5)
- Titanium (5)
- Umweltschutz (5)
- Vegetation (5)
- Verstärkung (allg) (5)
- Winkel (5)
- Working group (5)
- Abdomen (4)
- Accuracy (4)
- Adaptation (psychol) (4)
- Alcohol test (4)
- Alkoholtest (4)
- Anpassung (psychol) (4)
- Asphaltstraße (Oberbau) (4)
- Autonomous emergency braking (4)
- Balken (4)
- Baustoff (4)
- Berufsausübung (4)
- Bicyclist (4)
- Blech (4)
- Camera (4)
- Carriageway (4)
- Coefficient of friction (4)
- Collision test (veh) (4)
- Compliance (specif) (4)
- Composite bridge (4)
- Concentration (chem) (4)
- Contact (tyre road) (4)
- Contract (4)
- Cycle track (4)
- Deformable barrier (impact test) (4)
- Digitale Bildverarbeitung (4)
- Distraction (4)
- Dynamics (4)
- Dynamik (4)
- Elektronisches Stabilitätsprogramm (4)
- Emission (4)
- Entdeckung (4)
- Environment protection (4)
- Ermüdung (mater) (4)
- Estimation (4)
- European Union (4)
- Fahrbahn (4)
- Fahrdatenschreiber (4)
- Feinstaub (4)
- Finanzierung (4)
- Frequency (4)
- Gefahrenabwehr (4)
- Geschichte (4)
- Gestaltung (4)
- Gewicht (4)
- Hazard (4)
- Herstellung (4)
- Hinten (4)
- History (4)
- Immission (4)
- Information management (4)
- LKW (4)
- Langfristig (4)
- Layout (4)
- Lebensdauer (4)
- Lieferfahrzeug (4)
- Long term (4)
- Man (4)
- Mann (4)
- Manufacture (4)
- Material (constr) (4)
- Occupant (veh) (4)
- Occupation (4)
- Orthotrope Platte (4)
- Overtaking (4)
- Particulate matter (4)
- Pavement Management System (4)
- Personal (4)
- Personality (4)
- Personnel (4)
- Persönlichkeit (4)
- Platte (4)
- Pollution concentration (4)
- Psychological aspects (4)
- Psychologische Gesichtspunkte (4)
- Public transport (4)
- Quer (4)
- Radweg (4)
- Rear (4)
- Regression analysis (4)
- Regressionsanalyse (4)
- Reibungsbeiwert (4)
- Reifen (4)
- Reproducibility (4)
- Reproduzierbarkeit (4)
- Safety fence (4)
- Sample (mater) (4)
- Schrägseilbrücke (4)
- Security (4)
- Seite (4)
- Sheet (metal) (4)
- Skidding resistance (4)
- Slab (4)
- Stayed girder bridge (4)
- Steife (Brücke) (4)
- Sweden (4)
- Telekommunikation (4)
- Theorie (4)
- Theory (4)
- Traffic control (4)
- Transverse (4)
- Tyre (4)
- Tyre tread (4)
- Unfallfolgemaßnahme (4)
- Unterfahrschutz (4)
- Unterleib (4)
- Verbundbrücke (4)
- Verkehrssteuerung (4)
- Vorschrifteneinhaltung (4)
- Warning (4)
- Weight (4)
- Wirkungsanalyse (4)
- Öffentlicher Verkehr (4)
- Überholen (4)
- Abdichtung (3)
- Abkommen von der Fahrbahn (Unfall) (3)
- Ablenkung (psychol) (3)
- Accident proneness (3)
- Accompanied driving (3)
- Activity report (3)
- Advanced driver assistance system (3)
- Aggression (psychol) (3)
- Animal (3)
- Auftrag (3)
- Ausbesserung (3)
- Ausdehnung (mater) (3)
- Australia (3)
- Australien (3)
- Autonomes Fahrzeug (3)
- Autonomous vehicle (3)
- Bauwerksmonitoring (3)
- Befreiung (Bergung) (3)
- Begleitetes Fahren (3)
- Behinderter (3)
- Bein (3)
- Beinahe Unfall (3)
- Bituminous mixture (3)
- Blickfeld (3)
- Brand (3)
- Brückenbelag (3)
- Budget (3)
- Bus (3)
- CEN (3)
- Cable (3)
- Case law (3)
- Cement (3)
- Chromatographie (3)
- Chromatography (3)
- Crash test (3)
- Cross section (3)
- Czech Republic (3)
- Data base (3)
- Data processing (3)
- Datenverarbeitung (3)
- Datenübertragung (telekom) (3)
- EU-Richtlinie (3)
- Effectiveness (3)
- Electronic driving aid (3)
- Elektronische Fahrhilfe (3)
- Emergency (3)
- Empfindlichkeit (3)
- Ergonomics (3)
- Event data recorder (road vehicle) (3)
- Expansion (3)
- Experimental road (3)
- Extrication (3)
- Fahrbahnmarkierung (3)
- Fahrbahnüberquerung (3)
- Fahrsimulator (3)
- Fahrzeugrückhaltesystem (3)
- Fatigue (human) (3)
- Fatigue (mater) (3)
- Field of vision (3)
- Financing (3)
- Flexible pavement (3)
- Frequenz (3)
- Fugenfüllung (3)
- Führerscheinentzug (3)
- Gefahr (3)
- Gemeindeverwaltung (3)
- Geomembran (3)
- Geomembrane (3)
- Geschwindigkeitsbeschränkung (3)
- Gesetzesübertretung (3)
- Government (national) (3)
- Grundwasser (3)
- Harmonisation (3)
- Head restraint (3)
- In situ (3)
- Installation (3)
- Intelligentes Transportsystem (3)
- Intersection (3)
- Kleidung (3)
- Kontakt Reifen Straße (3)
- Konzentration (chem) (3)
- Kopfstütze (3)
- Korea (Süd) (Demokratische Republik) (3)
- Kunststoff (3)
- Lenken (Fahrzeug) (3)
- Local authority (3)
- Longitudinal (3)
- Längs (3)
- Lärmschutzwand (3)
- Messgerät (3)
- Model (not math) (3)
- Montage (3)
- Müdigkeit (3)
- Near miss (3)
- Netherlands (3)
- Niederlande (3)
- Noise barrier (3)
- Notfall (3)
- Offence (3)
- Organization (3)
- Organization (Association) (3)
- Overlapping (3)
- Passenger (3)
- Pavement management system (3)
- Plastic material (3)
- Population (3)
- Probe (3)
- Prototyp (3)
- Prototype (3)
- Psychological examination (3)
- Psychologische Untersuchung (3)
- Querschnitt (3)
- Radio (3)
- Rechtsprechung (3)
- Rechtsübertreter (3)
- Recording (3)
- Recycling (3)
- Recycling (mater) (3)
- Reifenprofil (3)
- Reinforcement (in mater) (3)
- Republic of Korea (3)
- Retraining of drivers (3)
- Risikoverhalten (3)
- Run off the road (accid) (3)
- Rundfunk (3)
- Seepage (3)
- Sensitivity (3)
- Severity (acid (3)
- Shock (3)
- Sickerung (3)
- Simulator (driving) (3)
- Spain (3)
- Spanien (3)
- Speed limit (3)
- Steering (process) (3)
- Stiffener (Bridge) (3)
- Straßenseitenfläche (3)
- Structural health monitoring (3)
- Telecommunication (3)
- Tier (3)
- Time (3)
- Traffic count (3)
- Tragschicht (3)
- Trapezoidal beam (3)
- Tschechische Republik (3)
- Turn (3)
- Turning (3)
- Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung (3)
- Unfallneigung (3)
- Unfallschwerpunkt (3)
- United kingdom (3)
- Vehicle restraint system (3)
- Verkehrserhebung (3)
- Verschiebung (3)
- Versuchspuppe (3)
- Versuchsstrecke (3)
- Vorne (3)
- Warnung (3)
- Waterproofing (3)
- Wet road (3)
- Zeit (3)
- Zement (3)
- Absorption (2)
- Abstandsregeltempomat (2)
- Acceleration (2)
- Accident black spot (2)
- Accident data (2)
- Achslast (2)
- Active safety (2)
- Adult (2)
- Ageing (2)
- Aggressiveness (psychol) (2)
- Aktive Sicherheit (2)
- Alcohol (2)
- Alcolock (2)
- Alkohol (2)
- Alterung (mater) (2)
- Anthropmetric dummy (2)
- Anti locking device (2)
- Antiblockiereinrichtung (2)
- Asphaltoberbau (2)
- Audit (2)
- Aufzeichnung (2)
- Ausführungsfehler (2)
- Ausschreibung (2)
- Axle load (2)
- Ballungsgebiet (2)
- Battery (2)
- Bepflanzung (2)
- Beschleunigung (2)
- Bevölkerung (2)
- Bewehrung (2)
- Bindemittel (2)
- Binder (2)
- Bituminöses Mischgut (2)
- Black ice (2)
- Blendung (2)
- Blutkreislauf (2)
- Bremsweg (2)
- Bridge surfacing (2)
- Bruch (mech) (2)
- Böschung (2)
- Calibration (2)
- Carriageway marking (2)
- Catalysis (2)
- Circulation (blood) (2)
- Clothing (2)
- Coach (2)
- Coefficient (2)
- Comprehension (2)
- Compression (2)
- Confiscation (driving licence) (2)
- Contractor (2)
- Control (2)
- Conurbation (2)
- Costs (2)
- Crash Test (2)
- Crash victim (2)
- Cross roads (2)
- Crossing the road (2)
- Cycling (2)
- Damping (2)
- Data security (2)
- Data transmission (telecom) (2)
- Datenbasis (2)
- Datensicherheit (2)
- Defect (tech) (2)
- Depth (2)
- Deterioration (2)
- Deutschalnd (2)
- Diabetes (2)
- Digital image processing (2)
- Disablement (2)
- Dreidimensional (2)
- Driving (2)
- Driving test (2)
- Durchlässigkeit (2)
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Institut
In recent years considerable progress in active and passive safety of road vehicles has been made. The road traffic of today is much safer than in the past. A current vehicle has a lot more safety elements resulting in an improved inner and outer technique. In most European countries the number of fatalities is decreasing despite growing traffic and road usage. Nevertheless, the number of casualties in road traffic accidents is high enough, thus more progress is needed if the number of fatalities is to be reduced by 50%, as postulated by the European Commission for the year 2010. In order to develop countermeasures and further possibilities for injury prevention, it is increasingly important to have accident data available, supplying results quickly and giving the best overview across Europe. In-Depth-Data Sampling Procedures have a huge historical development, starting in the 60ies by the car manufactures, continued during the 70ies mostly by some universities mainly in England, Sweden, France and Germany, today a net of in-depth-investigation teams are working across Europe and around the world.One of the oldest teams is located at the Hannover Medical School, founded in 1973 by the German Government on behalf of the Federal Highway Research Institute Bast. It was the only team worldwide that was equipped with blue light emergency cars, working on scene in time so directly after the event and working continuously during the years, collecting 20 thousand accidents within 30 years period. Since 1999 the order is carried out in cooperation with the German car industry, which is interested and has benefit on the data too. On the basis of the new data collection, so called GIDAS (German In-Depth Accident Study), that has been run at the Technical University Dresden and the Medical University Hannover), a special tool for In-Depth-Accident Analysis was founded. It is the task of this conference to build a platform for such research based on In-Depth-Investigation. The conference is specially aimed at the area of accident data analysis in order to contribute to the harmonization of different investigation methods and accumulation of different results that does exist for different countries worldwide. Up to now no special conference did exist to deal with accident data only following in the discussion for an improvement in traffic and vehicle safety. ESAR - expert symposium on accident research - should be a step forward. This first international conference is being organized by the Accident Research Unit at the Medical University Hannover jointly with the German Federal Highway Research Institute Bast and the Research Association of German Car Manufacturers FAT. The conference should be a platform for an interdisciplinary exchange of information based on the different presentations from participants around the world.
The second ESAR Conference took place at the Medical University Hannover. This year conference presents the current state of affairs of relevant research activities in the field of in-depth investigations. The first conference on ESAR (Expert Symposium on Accident Research) was established in 2004. It is planned to hold ESAR every two years. Hannover seems to be the right place for this conference concerning the fact that the first in-depth research team was found here in the year 1973 and comprehensive studies on accident analysis were spread out from here around the world continuously. This year conference topped all expectations in terms of the numbers of participants, in the variety of papers and the interdisciplinary of presenters from medical, psychological and engineering background. More than 100 delegates from all over the world, that means 13 different countries and from 4 different continents, came to Hannover, presented their results of accident investigation and discussed countermeasures for accident prevention and injury reduction. ESAR should be a platform for exchange of knowledge to find an optimized way for increase of traffic and vehicle safety by in-depth investigation and methodology. ESAR as international conference should be a platform for consideration of all nations round the world. This seems to be very important for the current situation, having high safety in the high industrial countries of Europe, US and Australia, but low safety and high injury risk in Asia and Africa.
In September 2004 the first international symposium called ESAR (Expert Symposium on Accident Research) was carried out at the University of Hannover (Germany). The idea for such international conference was to bring together experts from the fields of accident investigation teams worldwide to present their results for a common audience of people from government, industry and other universities. The first conference was a really sufficient one and followed by the second symposium also at the Hannover Medical School two years later in 2006. This two year rhythm was now continued with the third conference in Hannover again in 2008. It is planned to carry out ESAR every two years also in the future. ESAR is a scientific colloquium and can be seen as a platform for exchange of information on accident research issues based on methodologies of investigation, injury mechanisms and injury assessment, accident causation and other issues of statistical accident data analysis. Representatives from authorities as well as from medical and technical institutions come together to discuss new research issues and exchange experiences on accident prevention and the complex field of accident reconstruction. Special focus was given to the target the European Union set for itself in 2000 which stipulates that within 10 years the number of person killed in road traffic accidents must be cut in half. To reach this goal, optimized measures, comprehensive research and analysis are necessary. A key hurdle comes from the European Union extension to 27 member states, each featuring different levels of traffic safety standards and different accident scenarios. Existing results from long term research projects in Europe, the USA, Australia and Japan including analyses of infrastructure, population, vehicle fleet and driver behaviour offer an excellent basis for understanding and improving countermeasures and research support needs in underdeveloped countries. ESAR's goal is to bring together researchers from all parts of the world, who will report on their methods and recommendations to improve traffic safety based on "In-Depth-Investigations" of real world accidents. These In-depth-investigations of accidents require thorough documentation and an accident data analysis on multidisciplinary levels which must be carried out immediately after it occurs. ESAR presents scientists the opportunity to present their studies on a common basis of research level.
Am 42. Erfahrungsaustausch über Erdarbeiten im Straßenbau (EAT) am 5. und 6. Mai 2010 nahmen neben Vertretern des Bundesministeriums für Verkehr, Bau- und Stadtentwicklung und der Straßenbaubehörden der Länder auch Vertreter der Bundesanstalt für Wasserbau, der Deutschen Bahn AG und der DEGES teil. Der Erfahrungsaustausch dient dazu, Erfahrungen mit neuen Bauweisen und der Anwendung neuer Regelwerke und Prüfverfahren mitzuteilen und zu diskutieren. Der 42. EAT hatte vier verschiedene Themen-Schwerpunkte. Zum Einen "Regelwerke und Normung", es wurde die Arbeitsgruppe des CEN und deren Aufgaben bei der europäischen Normung "Erdarbeiten" vorgestellt, über die Qualitätssicherung von Geokunststoffen informiert und außerdem Neuerungen in den RAP Stra 2010 und der aktuelle Überarbeitungsstand der Richtlinien für die Straßenentwässerung (ZTV Ew, RiStWag und RAS-Ew) erläutert. Die Erfahrungsberichte gewährten Einblicke über neue Bauverfahren und Baustoffe. Es wurde der Vortrag vom 41. EAT über die Anwendung von Glasschaumgranulat als Leichtschüttung mit 2-jähriger Erfahrung fortgeführt. Ferner wurde über die Verbesserung des Verformungsverhaltens organischer Böden am Beispiel der Querung eines Moorgebietes in Brandenburg und der Überwindung eines Todeisloches beim Bau der A7 im Allgäu berichtet. Ebenfalls wurden die Vorteile und erforderlichen Einschränkungen (Risiken) der Beobachtungsmethode bei der Sicherung standsicherheitsgefährdeter Einschnittsböschungen erläutert. Ein weiteres Thema waren die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf die Straßeninfrastruktur. In verschiedenen Szenarien wurde über den Klimawandel mit Relevanz für die Straße und über Risiken von Hang- und Böschungsrutschungen durch die Zunahme von Extremwetterereignissen informiert. An drei Fallbeispielen in Baden Württemberg, Rheinland-Pfalz und Niedersachsen wurde über Böschungsrutschungen und deren Sanierungsmaßnahmen berichtet. Den letzten Schwerpunkt bildeten die Bauverträge mit funktionalen Anforderungen. Es wurde über den Funktionsbauvertrag im Bundesfernstraßenbau, die Vorstellung der ZTV-Funktion E an Hand der BAB A6 bei Nürnberg und über die ZTV Funktion Ew berichtet. Die Fachexkursion am 6. Mai 2010 führte zunächst zur Verkehrs- und Betriebszentrale Nordbayern, die eindrucksvoll über ihre Aufgabengebiete, einschließlich des verkehrstelematischen, betriebs- und tunneltechnischen Systems informierte. Anschließend wurde über weitere Details des sechsstreifigen Ausbaus der BAB A6 zwischen der AS Roth und dem AK Nürnberg-Süd informiert. Im Anschluss erfolgten unter fachkundiger Führung die Besichtigung der Erdbaumaßnahmen an der Main-Donau-Kanalbrücke und der Rückbau des Lärmschutzwalls Kornburg inklusive der Erläuterungen der unvorhergesehenen Probleme bei der Aufbereitung des alten Lärmschutzwalls.
Im Jahr 2004 fand an der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover die erste ESAR-Konferenz (Expert Symposium on Accident Research) statt. Die Idee einer internationalen Konferenz war aus der Notwendigkeit entstanden, diejenigen Experten zusammen zu bringen, die weltweit tätig sind und Verkehrsunfälle wissenschaftlich analysieren, um ihre Ergebnisse gemeinsam zu diskutieren und einem Zielpublikum von Behördenvertretern, Entwicklungsingenieuren der Automobilindustrie und anderen Wissenschaftlern darzubringen. Die durch Professor Otte initiierte und nun zum vierten Male organisierte Konferenz fand eine breite Akzeptanz und ist mittlerweile Bestandteil einer Konferenzlandschaft mit Zielvorträgen von der Fahrzeugsicherheit bis hin zur Verletzungsanalyse und den Unfallursachen. ESAR kann als wissenschaftliches Kolloquium und Plattform für einen Informationsaustausch der Unfallforscher angesehen werden, die sich speziell mit Methoden der Unfalluntersuchung, mit Verletzungsmechanismen und der Bewertung von Verletzungen, Unfallursachen und anderen Bereichen der statistischen Unfalldatenanalyse befassen. Experten aus den Bereichen der Medizin, der Verkehrspsychologie und der Technik sowie Vertreter zuständiger Behörden kommen hier zusammen, um die Erfahrungen in der Unfallprävention und der Unfallrekonstruktion zu diskutieren und um der Forschung neue Felder zu eröffnen. Neben den Belangen der Europäischen Gemeinschaft werden auch die weltweit zu registrierenden hohen Verletztenzahlen berücksichtigt. Wissenschaftliche Vorträge aus aller Welt tragen dazu bei, geeignete Maßnahmen und Methoden zur Analyse und drastischen Verringerung der Zahl der bei Verkehrsunfällen Getöteten zu entwickeln. Die Zusammensetzung des Teilnehmerkreises dieser wie früherer ESAR-Konferenzen hat längst eine über Europa hinausgreifende Internationalitaet erreicht und bietet daher einen aufschlussreichen Überblick über die verschiedenen Standards bestehender Verkehrssicherheit und unterschiedlichen Unfallszenarien und über die Anforderungen an die Unfallanalysen. Die Ergebnisse langjähriger Forschungsarbeiten in Europa, USA, Australien und asiatischen Ländern beinhalten unterschiedliche infrastrukturelle Zusammenhänge und geben Erkenntnisse über Population, Fahrzeugbestand und Fahrereigenschaften. Derartige Informationen bilden eine exzellente Basis für abzuleitende Empfehlungen und Maßnahmen für die Erhöhung der Verkehrssicherheit international.
In 2012 the fifth ESAR conference (Expert Symposium on Accident Research) was held in Hannover. ESAR is an international convention of experts, who analyze traffic accidents all over the world and discuss their results in this context, conducted at the Medizinische Hochschule Hannover every 2 years. It connected representatives of public authorities, engineers in automotive development and scientists and offers a forum with particular emphasis on In-Depth-Analyses of accident statistics and accident analyses. Special focus is placed on research on the basis of so-called "In-Depth-Accident-Investigations" [data collections at the sites of the accidents], which are characterized by extensive documentations of the sites of the accidents, of the vehicles as well as of the injuries, encompassing several scientific fields. ESAR aims at a multi-disciplinary compilation of scientific results and at discussing them on an international, scientific level. It is thus a scientific colloquium and a platform for exchanging information for all accident researchers. Experiences in accident prevention as well as in the complex field of accident reconstruction are stated and new research fields are added. Existing results of long-term research work in Europe, the US, Australia and Japan include different infrastructural correlations and give findings on population, vehicle population and driver characteristics, which offer a basis for recommendations to be derived and measures for increasing road safety.
Der Allgemeine Deutsche Automobil-Club e.V. (ADAC) und die Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (BASt) veranstalteten am 13. Oktober 2006 in Baden-Baden das 6. Symposium "Sicher fahren in Europa". Die Fachvorträge befassten sich mit den Themenbereichen: Ansätze zu mehr Verkehrssicherheit, - Verbesserung der Fahrzeugsicherheit, - Besondere Zielgruppen. Die CD-ROM dokumentiert die Grußworte, die Referate und die Podiumsdiskussion.
In 2014 the sixth ESAR conference (Expert Symposium on Accident Research) was held in Hannover. ESAR is an international convention of experts, who analyze traffic accidents all over the world and discuss their results in this context, conducted at the Medizinische Hochschule Hannover every 2 years. It connected representatives of public authorities, engineers in automotive development and scientists and offers a forum with particular emphasis on In-Depth-Analyses of accident statistics and accident analyses. Special focus is placed on research on the basis of so-called "In-Depth-Accident-Investigations" [data collections at the sites of the accidents], which are characterized by extensive documentations of the sites of the accidents, of the vehicles as well as of the injuries, encompassing several scientific fields. ESAR aims at a multi-disciplinary compilation of scientific results and at discussing them on an international, scientific level. It is thus a scientific colloquium and a platform for exchanging information for all accident researchers. Experiences in accident prevention as well as in the complex field of accident reconstruction are stated and new research fields are added. Existing results of long-term research work in Europe, the US, Australia and Japan include different infrastructural correlations and give findings on population, vehicle population and driver characteristics, which offer a basis for recommendations to be derived and measures for increasing road safety.
Der Allgemeine Deutsche Automobil-Club e.V. (ADAC) und die Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (BASt) veranstalteten am 15. Oktober 2009 in Baden-Baden ihr 7. Symposium \"Sicher fahren in Europa\". Nach 1991, 1994, 1997, 2000, 2003 und zuletzt 2006 trafen sich auch dieses Mal wieder zahlreiche Fachleute aus Wissenschaft und Politik, Industrie, Wirtschaft und Verbänden aus dem In- und Ausland, trugen neue Forschungsergebnisse vor und erörterten aktuelle Ansätze zur Erhöhung der Verkehrssicherheit. Dabei ging es in den Referaten und Diskussionsbeiträgen und in den vier Workshops vor allem darum, die verkehrspolitischen Entwicklungen und Herausforderungen für die europäische Verkehrssicherheitsarbeit im Hinblick auf folgende Themen zu beleuchten: "Verkehrssicherheit Junger Fahrer", - Das "Auto der Zukunft", - "Demographischer Wandel", - "Landstraßensicherheit". Den Grundsatzreferaten folgten vertiefte Bearbeitungen in den Workshops. Die CD-ROM dokumentiert die Grußworte, Referate und Diskussionsbeiträge.
In 2016 the seventh ESAR conference (Expert Symposium on Accident Research) was held in Hannover. ESAR is an international convention of experts, who analyze traffic accidents all over the world and discuss their results in this context, conducted at the Medizinische Hochschule Hannover every 2 years. It connected representatives of public authorities, engineers in automotive development and scientists and offers a forum with particular emphasis on In-Depth-Analyses of accident statistics and accident analyses. Special focus is placed on research on the basis of so-called "In-Depth-Accident-Investigations" [data collections at the sites of the accidents], which are characterized by extensive documentations of the sites of the accidents, of the vehicles as well as of the injuries, encompassing several scientific fields. ESAR aims at a multi-disciplinary compilation of scientific results and at discussing them on an international, scientific level. It is thus a scientific colloquium and a platform for exchanging information for all accident researchers. Experiences in accident prevention as well as in the complex field of accident reconstruction are stated and new research fields are added. Existing results of long-term research work in Europe, the US, Australia and Japan include different infrastructural correlations and give findings on population, vehicle population and driver characteristics, which offer a basis for recommendations to be derived and measures for increasing road safety.
Seit mehreren größeren Brandereignissen in Straßentunneln um die Jahrtausendwende wurde sowohl im baulichen Brandschutz als auch in der sicherheitstechnischen Tunnelausstattung viel getan. Zahlreiche technische Neu- und Weiterentwicklungen haben seither Eingang in Bau, Ausstattung und Betrieb der Bauwerke gefunden. Im europäischen aber auch weltweiten Vergleich befinden sich die deutschen Straßentunnel auf einem sehr hohen Sicherheitsniveau. Dies ist auch erforderlich, da Deutschland als Transitland in Europa über ein hoch belastetes Straßennetz verfügt. Tunnel stellen neuralgische Punkte in diesem Netz dar. Daher gilt es hier für den Nutzer ein Optimum an Sicherheit zu gewährleisten, gleichzeitig aber auch den Verkehrsfluss so gering wie möglich durch Wartungs- bzw. Sperrzeiten der Tunnelröhren zu behindern. Mit diesem Tagungsband sollen die neuesten Erkenntnisse sowohl zur Verkehrssicherheit in Tunneln, als auch zur bautechnischen Sicherheit für die Verwendung in der alltäglichen Praxis nähergebracht werden. Nach einem allgemeinen Überblick zum Stand von aktuellen Bau-, Instandsetzungs- und Nachrüstungsmaßnahmen im deutschen Fernstraßentunnelnetz erfolgt die Vorstellung zweier Forschungsprojekte der BASt, dem europäischen Projekt ECOROADS, welches die Harmonisierung zwischen Sicherheitsanforderungen auf freier Strecke und Tunnel zum Inhalt hat, und dem BASt-eigenen Modelltunnel, in dem längsneigungsabhängige, modellmaßstäbliche Rauchausbreitungsuntersuchungen vorgenommen wurden. Im zweiten Themenbereich, der die Grundlagen für Planung und Bau fokussiert, wird auf die Fortschreibung des betriebstechnischen Regelwerks, die Entwicklung von Kostenansätzen für Straßentunnel sowie auf planerische Herausforderungen im Rahmen des Großprojektes Fehmarnbeltquerung eingegangen. Im Themenschwerpunkt Tunnelbetrieb werden neue Erkenntnisse zur Belüftung von Straßentunneln bei Stau und den damit verbundenen Auswirkungen auf die Risikoanalyse vorgestellt. Außerdem gibt es ein Update zum Stand der Umsetzung des Pilotprojektes Tunnelsimulator aus zwei Bundesländern. Im Rahmen der Beiträge zu Instandsetzung und Nachrüstung von Straßentunneln wird dem aktuellen Thema des Umgangs mit Chloridbelastungen von Tunnelinnenschalen nachgegangen, sowie den Besonderheiten bei der Nachrüstung mehrerer Bestandstunnelbauwerke der Stadt Köln mit Schwerpunkt auf dem Stadtautobahntunnel Kalk. An dieser Stelle sei allen Autoren gedankt, die zu dieser gelungenen Veranstaltung beigetragen haben.
Im europäischen aber auch weltweiten Vergleich befinden sich die deutschen Straßentunnel auf einem sehr hohen Sicherheitsniveau. Dies ist auch erforderlich, da Deutschland als Transitland in Eu-ropa über ein hoch belastetes Straßennetz verfügt. Tunnel stellen neuralgische Punkte in diesem Netz dar. Daher gilt es hier für den Nutzer ein Optimum an Sicherheit zu gewährleisten, gleichzeitig aber auch den Verkehrsfluss so gering wie möglich durch Wartungs- bzw. Sperrzeiten der Tunnelröhren zu behindern. Neben der Sicherheit und Verfügbarkeit wird erwartet, dass insbesondere auch die Themen Digitalisierung, Nachhaltigkeit und Wirtschaftlichkeit in der Zukunft den Tunnelbau- und Tunnelbetrieb (weiter) prägen werden.
Mit diesem Tagungsband sollen die neuesten Er-kenntnisse zu diesen Zukunftsthemen für die Ver-wendung in der alltäglichen Praxis nähergebracht werden.
Nach einem allgemeinen Überblick zum Stand von aktuellen Bau-, Instandsetzungs- und Nachrüs-tungsmaßnahmen im deutschen Fernstraßentunnelnetz wird im zweiten Themenblock, der den Be-trieb und die Erhaltung fokussiert, auf den Einsatz von BIM im Rahmen der Tunnelerhaltung sowie den Einfluss von Nutzungsdauern auf die Lebenszykluskosten von Tunneln eingegangen. Der Themenblock schließt mit der Vorstellung der geothermischen Nutzung von Bergwasser für einen nachhaltigen Betrieb am Grenztunnel Füssen.
Im Rahmen der Beiträge zum Themenblock „Erhöhung der Verfügbarkeit“, werden Konzepte vorge-stellt, die es ermöglichen die Verfügbarkeit im Ereignisfall zu optimieren sowie die gesamtwirtschaft-lichen Auswirkungen infolge von Modernisierungen beziehungsweise Erneuerungen strategisch zu berücksichtigen. Der letzte Beitrag in diesem Block stellt Ihnen das Ergebnis des Forschungsprojektes „RITUN – Resiliente Straßentunnel“ vor.
Abgerundet wird die Veranstaltung mit Praxisbeispielen zur Nachrüstung von Tunneln unter Verkehr. Am Engelbergbasistunnel bei Leonberg und am Rathaustunnel in Lüdenscheid wird die Bandbreite zu treffender Maßnahmen für die Aufrechterhaltung eines sicheren Verkehrsablaufs während umfang-reicher Ertüchtigungsarbeiten dargestellt.
An dieser Stelle sei allen Autoren gedankt, die zu dieser gelungenen Veranstaltung beigetragen haben.
In Germany, expenditure for the construction of new and maintenance of existing federal highways is currently at a record level of EUR 8 billion per year. In connection with the planned infrastructure policy reforms it is necessary to further develop the planning tools for dimensioning and substance assessment of road structures in order to increase the efficiency of construction measures. The stress caused by traffic is of central importance here. Since unevenness in the road surface has a significant influence on the dynamic part of the wheel load, dynamic effects must be explicitly taken into account. As a result, increasing unevenness can lead to higher dynamic loads and, in the context of a corresponding number of wheel rollovers, to disproportionate damage to the road structure. In general, a shock factor is taken into account during dimensioning, which is to be considered as a function of vehicle suspension, load, speed and evenness. This approach is not sufficient for concrete road structures executed as slabs. In the normal case, only the periodically occurring individual event of a transverse contraction joint, superimposed by irreversible and/or temporary slab deformations, can lead to a significant increase in the dynamic wheel load. In addition, the existing slab deformations are tied to many boundary conditions and can therefore vary greatly in their characteristics. For the further development of methods for dimensioning and residual substance assessment with regard to their accuracy, a three-dimensional slab-specific view of the road surface is therefore appropriate. In this paper, a suitable measuring method for three-dimensional surface laser scanning and an algorithm for the classification of slab deformations are presented.
Cycling supports the independence and health of the aging population. However, elderly cyclists have an increased injury risk. The majority of injured cyclists is victim of a single-sided accident, an accident in which there is no other party involved. The aim of the project "Safe and Aware on the bicycle" is to develop guidelines for an advisory system that is useful in preventing single-sided accidents. This system is able to support the elderly cyclist; enabling the cyclist to timely adapt his cycling behaviour and improve cycling safety and comfort. For the development of such advisory system the causes of singles accidents and the wishes of the elderly cyclist must be known. First step to obtain this insight was a literature survey and an GIDAS research. Unfortunately accidentology research with GIDAS did not give the full understanding of the pre-crash situations and (especially the behaviour related) factors leading to the accident. The second step was consultation of elderly cyclist through a questionnaire (n=800), in-depth interviews (n=12) and focus group sessions (n=15). This offered complementary information and a much better understanding of the behavioural aspects. Results concern the behaviour in traffic and identify specific physical (i.e. problems looking backwards over the shoulder) and mental issues. Furthermore, the needs and wishes for support in specific cycling situations were identified. In conclusion; The GIDAS results together with the information obtained contacting the elderly cyclists enabled setting up requirements for an advisory system, which is useful in preventing single-sided accidents.
Road safety is a major preoccupation of the European Commission and the road transport industry and depends on numerous significant factors. In order to improve road safety and to plan effective safety improvement actions for truck transport, we must first identify the problems to be addressed, i.e. what are the main causes of truck accidents. The ETAC project, initiated by the European Commission and the IRU, was launched in order to set up a heavy goods vehicle accident causation study across European countries to identify future actions which could contribute to the improvement of road safety. The results will be based on a detailed analysis of truck accident data collected in seven European countries according to a common methodology which has been elaborated through numerous national and European projects. This paper describes the common methodology used to collect the information on the scene of the accident and to analyse the data so that the reconstruction of the crash events may be carried out. CEESAR proposes a methodology using its experience gained from over 10 years of accident data collection. This methodology is based on an in-depth investigation of the parameters involved in-an accident and linked to the driver, the vehicle, the road and their environment. In-depth investigation requires accident investigator presence on the scene of the accident in order to collect volatile information such as marks on the road, weather conditions, visibility, state and equipment of the vehicle, driver interview. Later, passive and active information is gathered, either at the hospital for the driver, at the garage for the vehicle or on the spot for the road geometry. A reconstruction carried out with the help of specific software and the analysis of the data collected and calculated enables the identification of the main causes of the accident and the future actions to plan in order to improve road safety as regards truck traffic.
Accidents between right turning trucks and straight driving cyclists often show massive consequences. Accident severity in terms of seriously or fatally injured cyclists that are involved is much higher than in accidents of other traffic participants in other situations. It seems clear that adding additional mirrors will very likely not improve the situation. At ESV 2015, a methodology to derive test procedures and first test cases as well as requirements for a driver assist system to address blind spot accidents has been presented. However, it was unclear if and how testing of these cases is feasible, to what extent characteristics of different truck concepts (e.g. articulated vehicles, rigid vehicles) influence the test conduction and outcome, and what tolerances should be selected for the different variables. This work is important for the acceptance of a draft regulation in the UN working group on general safety. In the meantime, three test series using a single tractor vehicle, a tractor-semitrailer combination and a rigid vehicle have been conducted. The test tools (e.g. surrogate devices) have been refined. A fully crashable, commercially available bicycle dummy has been tested. If used correct, this dummy does follow a straight line quite precisely and it does not cause any damage to the truck under test in case of accidental impact. The dummy specifications are freely available. During testing, the different vehicle categories resulted in different trajectories being driven. Articulated vehicle combinations did first execute a turn into the opposite direction, and on the other hand, single tractor vehicles did behave comparable to passenger cars. A possible solution to take these behaviors into account is to require the vehicles to drive through a corridor that is narrow for a precise straight-driving phase and extends during the turn. Other investigated parameters are the dummy and vehicle speed tolerances. The results from this research make it possible to draft a regulation for a driver assistance system that helps to avoid blind spot accidents: test cases have been refined, their feasibility has been checked, and corridors for the vehicles and for important parameters (e.g. test speeds) have been set. The test procedure is applicable to all types of heavy goods vehicles. In combination with the accidentology (ESV 2015 paper), the work provides the basis for a regulation for such an assistance system.
A lack of representative European accident data to aid the development of safety policy, regulation and technological advancement is a major obstacle in the European Union. Data are needed to assess the performance of road and vehicle safety and is also needed to support the development of further actions by stakeholders. This short-paper describes the process of developing a data collection and analysis system designed to partly fill these gaps. A project team with members from 7 countries was set up to devise appropriate variable lists to collect fatal crash data under the following topic levels: accident, road environment, vehicle, and road user, using retrospective detailed police reports (n=1,300). The typical level of detail recorded was a minimum of 150 variables for each accident. The project will enable multidisciplinary information on the circumstances of fatal crashes to be interpreted to provide information on a range of causal factors and events surrounding the collisions.
In the context of the COST357 research project, the climatic conditions and requirements for protective helmets for motorcyclists have been examined. The extent to which these factors would influence motorbike handling and accidents in which motorcyclists are involved have also been examined. This project addresses how cognitive abilities of motorcyclists relate to helmet construction factors. In particular, the aspects of motorcycle driver helmets are to be parameterized in order that they may be used subsequently as a basis for future requirement profiles. The task of one working group of the COST357 project has been to analyse accident events and to identify helmet design issues which affect motorcycle drivers while wearing a helmet. This has been achieved by collating accident data across different countries recorded in the course of in-depth investigations at the site of accidents and by combining this with field studies of motorcyclists participating in traffic, but not involved in accidents. This paper presents the study methodology, database and first results of this international survey. The basis of the study has been a total of 424 interviews of motorcyclists and 134 motorcycle accidents, which were collected across Germany, Greece, Italy, Ireland, Portugal and Turkey and combined in a single database.
Pelvic fracture, cracking or breaking of a portion of the pelvis are extremely common injuries in the side impact collisions of motor vehicles. Due to both its shape and structural architecture, mechanics of the pelvic bone is complicated. There is a lack of knowledge regarding the dynamic behavior of the pelvis and its biomechanical tolerance under impact environment. Hence this study is aimed at the understanding of the mechanical response of the human pelvis with three-dimensional finite element (FE) models, under side impact load, applied through a structure, equivalent to a car door. The door structure was modeled, considering few layers, consisting of foam (Styrodur®, 3035 CS), plastic (UHMWPE), steel, glass and steel, putting them in series. A soft tissue layer (equivalent to fat) was also considered on the greater trochanter location. These FE models (with and without the car door structure) were analyzed with ANSYS-LS-DYNA-® dynamic finite element software to compare the effect of the car door padding system for shock absorption. It was observed that with proper combination of shock absorbing material (foam, etc.) and its thickness, the transmission of impact load to the body part (pelvis, etc.) from the outer surface of the car door could be reduced.
Description of road traffic related knee injuries in published investigations is very heterogeneous. The purpose of this study was to estimate the risk of knee injuries in real world car impacts in Germany focusing vulnerable road users (pedestrians, bicyclists and motorcyclists) and restrained car drivers. The accident research unit analyses technical and medical data collected shortly after the accident at scene. Two different periods (years 1985-1993 and 1995-2003) were compared focusing on knee injuries (Abbreviated Injury Scale (AISKnee) 2/3). In order to determine the influences type of collision, direction and speed as well as the injury pattern and different injury scores (AIS, MAIS, ISS) were examined. 1.794 pedestrians, 742 motorcyclists, 2.728 bicyclists and 1.116 car drivers were extracted. 2% had serious ligamentous or bony injuries in relation to all injured. The risk of injury is higher for twowheelers than for pedestrians, but knee injury severity is higher for the latter group. Overall the current knee injury risk is low and significant reduced comparing both time periods (27%, p<0,0001). Severe injuries (AISKnee 2/3) were below 1%). Improved aerodynamic design of car fronts reduced the risk for severe knee injuries significantly (p=0,0015). Highest risk of injury is for motorcycle followed by pedestrians, respectively. Knee protectors could prevent injuries by reducing local forces. The classically described dashboard injury was rarely identified. The overall injury risk for knee injuries in road traffic is lower than estimated and reduced comparing both periods. The aerodynamic shape of current cars compared to older types reduced the incidence and severity of knee injuries. Further modification and optimization of the interior and exterior design could be a proper measurement. Classic described injury mechanisms were rarely identified. It seems that the AIS is still underestimating extremity injuries and their long term results.
A methodology to derive precision requirements for automatic emergency braking (AEB) test procedures
(2015)
AEB Systems are becoming important to increase traffic safety. Test procedures in testing for consumer information, manufacturer self-certification and technical regulations are used to ensure a certain minimum performance of these systems. Consequently, test robustness, test efficiency and finally test cost become increasingly important. The key driver for testing effort and test costs is the required repeatable accuracy in a test design - the higher the accuracy, the higher effort and test costs. On the other hand, the performance of active safety systems depends on time discretization in the environment perception and other sub-systems: for instance, typical sensors supply information with a cycle time of 50 - 150 ms. Time discretization results in an inherent spread of system performance, even if the test conditions are perfectly equal. The proposed paper shows a methodology to derive requirements for a test setup (e.g. test repeats, use of driving robots, ...) as function of AEB system generation and rating method (e.g. Euro NCAP points awarded, pass/fail, ...). While the methodology itself is applicable to AEB pedestrian and AEB Car-Car scenarios, due to the lack of sufficient test data for AEB Car-Car, the focus of this paper is on AEB pedestrian scenarios. A simulation model for the performance of AEB Pedestrian systems allows for the systematic variation of the discretization time as well as test condition accuracy. This model is calibrated with test results of 4 production vehicles for AEB Pedestrian, all fully tested by BASt according to current Euro NCAP test protocols. Selected parameters to observe the accuracy of the test setup in case of pedestrian AEB is the calculated impact position of pedestrian on the vehicle front (as if no braking would have occurred), and the test vehicle speed accuracy. These variable was shown in real tests to be repeatable in the range of ± 5 cm and ± 0,25 km/h, respectively, with a fully robotized state of the art test setup. The sensitivity of AEB performance (measured in achieved speed reduction as well as overall rating result according to current Euro NCAP rating methods) towards discretization and the sensitivity of performance towards test accuracy then is compared to identify economic yet robust test concepts. These comparisons show that the available repeatability accuracy of current test setups is more than sufficient for today's AEB system capabilities. Time discretization problems dominate the performance spread especially in test scenarios with a limited pedestrian dummy reveal time (e.g. child behind obstruction, running adult scenarios with low car speeds). This would allow to increase test tolerances to decrease test cost. A methodology which allows to derive the required tolerances in active safety tests might be valuable especially for NCAPs of emerging countries that do not have the necessary equipment (e.g. driving robots, positioning units) available for the full-scale and high tolerance EuroNCAP active safety procedures yet still want to rate active safety systems, thus improving the global safety.
Pedestrians represent about 20% of the overall fatalities in Europe- road traffic accidents. In this paper a methodology is proposed to understand why the numbers are so high, especially in the south of Europe and particularly in Portugal, . First a detailed statistical analysis using Ordinal Logistic Regression model (OLR) was applied to the gathered data from all Portuguese accidents with victims in the period 2010-2012. In a second stage accident reconstruction computational techniques using pedestrian biomechanical models are used to evaluate the accident conditions that lead to the injuries, such as the speed and the impact location. For biomechanical injury criterions, the AIS (Abbreviated Injury Scale), the HIC (Head Injury Criterion) and other injury criterions based on the resulting accelerations in the pedestrian's body are used. The statistical model reported that there were several predictors that significantly influenced the pedestrian injury severity in the event of a road accident, such as Pedestrian's age, Pedestrian's gender, Vehicle Design/Category or Driver's gender. The use of injury scales and biomechanical criterions in in-depth investigation of road accidents, such as AIS, can significantly improve the quality of the reconstruction process.
Whiplash injuries are characterized by the high variability of its symptoms and by the subjectivity of its diagnosis, which sometimes leads to frauds perpetrated by victims of rear-end impacts. It is estimated that whiplash injuries cost annually about 10.000 million Euros in Europe. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the dynamics of the accident in which the victim was involved in the probability of development of whiplash associated injuries. In the presented methodology, first an accident reconstruction is performed where the dynamics of the accident is determined. This is carried out using the software PC-Crash, police and insurance companies' data. Then biomechanical injuries criteria related with whiplash injuries are evaluated. For the evaluation of the probability of having whiplash injuries, the Neck Injury Criterion (NIC) of the victim and the mean acceleration of the vehicle were evaluated. Then, with medical reports, the results of the accident reconstruction are correlated with the reported injuries. Some examples are presented. The results obtained indicate that the study of the dynamics of the road accidents in which the victims were involved could be used as an auxiliary of the prognosis of whiplash injuries and is important for a precise diagnosis of this type of injuries.
One main objective of the EU-Project SENIORS is to provide improved methods to assess thoracic injury risk to elderly occupants. In contribution to this task paired simulations with a THOR dummy model and human body model will be used to develop improved thoracic injury risk functions. The simulation results can provide data for injury criteria development in chest loading conditions that are underrepresented in PMHS test data sets that currently proposed risk functions are based on. To support this approach a new simplified generic but representative sled test fixture and CAE model for testing and simulation were developed. The parameter definition and evaluation of this sled test fixture and model is presented in this paper. The justification and definition of requirements for this test set-up was based on experience from earlier studies. Simple test fixtures like the gold standard sled fixture are easy to build and also to model in CAE, but provide too severe belt-only loading. On the other hand a vehicle buck including production components like airbag and seat is more representative, but difficult to model and to be replicated at a different laboratory. Furthermore some components might not be available for physical tests at later stage. The basis of the SENIORS generic sled test set-up is the gold standard fixture with a cable seat back and foot rest. No knee restraint was used. The seat pan design was modified including a seat ramp. The three-point belt system had a generic adjustable load limiter. A pre-inflated driver airbag assembly was developed for the test fixture. Results of THOR test and simulations in different configurations will be presented. The configurations include different deceleration pulses. Further parameter variations are related to the restraint system including belt geometry and load limiter levels. Additionally different settings of the generic airbag were evaluated. The test set-up was evaluated and optimized in tests with the THOR-M dummy in different test configurations. Belt restraint parameters like D-ring position and load limiter setting were modified to provide moderate chest loading to the occupant. This resulted in dummy readings more representative of the loading in a contemporary vehicle than most available PMHS sled tests reported in the literature. However, to achieve a loading configuration that exposes the occupant to even less severe loading comparable to modern vehicle restraints it might be necessary to further modify the test set-up. The new generic sled test set-up and a corresponding CAE model were developed and applied in tests and simulations with THOR. Within the SENIORS project with this test set-up also volunteer and PMHS as well as HBM simulations are performed, which will be reported in other publications. The test environment can contribute in future studies to the assessment of existing and new frontal impact dummies as well as dummy improvements and related instrumentation. The test set-up and model could also serve as a new standard test environment for PMHS and volunteer tests as well as HBM simulations.
Road accidents are typically analyzed to address influences of human, vehicle, and environmental (primarily infrastructure) factors. A new methodology, based on a "Venn diagram" analysis, gives a broader perspective on the probable factors, and combinations of factors, contributing both to the occurrence of a crash and to sustaining injuries in that crash. The methodology was applied to 214 accidents on the Mumbai-Pune expressway. Factors contributing to accidents and injuries were addressed. The major human factors influencing accidents on this roadway were speeding (30%) and falling asleep (29%), while injuries were primarily due to lack of seat belt use (46%). The leading infrastructure factor for injuries was impact with a roadside manmade structure (28%), and the main vehicle factor for injuries was passenger compartment intrusion (73%). This methodology can help identify effective vehicle and infrastructure-related solutions for preventing accidents and mitigating injuries in India.
In order to improve the protection of children transported in cars, within the CHILD programme (GR3D-CT2002-00791) real world road accidents are thoroughly analysed and then reconstructed in laboratory. Prior to comparing injury severities of real victims to physical parameter values measured on the dummies, the quality of the reconstructions is evaluated by experts who use their experience based on the investigation of numerous and various accidents. This paper presents a new tool aiming at better evaluating and validating accident reconstructions. It is based on statistical evaluation of vehicle deformations which gives weighing factors for every part of the car body structure finally leading to a specific Reconstruction Quality Score (RQS indicator). Furthermore, the reliability of this score, depending on the number of measured points, can be established. This tool includes a function aiming at adjusting the speed for a further reconstruction and at defining the launching speed and the pulse shape for complementary sled tests. Finally, the functions of the RQS software and database are presented.
For the avoidance of traffic accidents by means of advanced driver assistance systems the knowledge of failures and deficiencies a few seconds before the crash is of increasing importance. This information e.g. is collected in the German accident survey GIDAS by an interview derived from the ACAS methodology. However to display the whole range of accident causation factors additional information is needed on enduring factors of the system components "human", "infrastructure" and "machine". On the strategic level these accident moderating factors include long term influences such as medical preconditions or a general higher risk taking behavior as well as influences on the immediate conflict level such as an aggressive response to a perceived previous traffic conflict. This study was conducted to examine the feasibility of collecting such causation information in the scope of an in-depth accident investigation like GIDAS. Due to the comprehensive amount of information necessary to estimate the moderating factors the collection of the information is distributed to different methods. 5 cases of real world crashes have been investigated where information was collected on-scene and retrospective by interviews. The identified moderating factors of the accidents and the method for collecting the information are displayed.
Vehicle crash research at different levels is currently being conducted by several investigation groups in Spain, in some instances within various EU-funded projects. However there is a clear opportunity for increasing compatibility and maximizing usefulness, both at national and European levels, of the information collected by these groups. After reviewing on-going activities and programs in different countries, a framework for a nationwide crash investigation project is proposed: an organizational scheme is suggested as part of a future National Road Safety Strategic Plan; a map of investigation teams located in technological centres, universities and police agencies in Spain is presented; alternatives for several practical aspects such as team composition, deployment and operational budgets and project developmental stages are also discussed.
While many medical studies have dealt with the incidence, nature and treatment of polytrauma the injury-causing accident mechanisms are rarely discussed in detail, mostly due to the lack of documentation of the technical aspects. The present prospective study was started in late 2007 and collects data from traffic accidents with most severely injured in six south- German counties and two larger cities for the duration of one year. It is aimed at identifying and documenting all polytrauma cases (ISS ≥ 16) caused by traffic accidents and their crash circumstances. The data collection is based on an interdisciplinary concept to include both the police, emergency dispatch centers, hospitals and fire departments in the region and is completely anonymous. Potentially relevant cases where an emergency physician was called to the scene of a traffic accident are provided by the dispatch center. All three hospitals in the region suited for the treatment of polytraumatised patients record injuries, major diagnostic and surgery data. Data and images from the accident scene are provided by the police and by fire departments. The latter provide information which is usually not available from the police, like deployed airbags, vehicle extrication measures and detailed views of car interiors. The main objective of the study is to determine the structure of road users who sustain a polytrauma, their crash opponents and the injury patterns found in relation to the collision configuration and the protection by seat belts, air bags and other devices. With detailed documentation of vehicle damage and extrication measures the study is also intended to support the development of injury predictors for pre-hospital treatment and provide field data regarding further improvement of technical rescue.
Thorax injury is one of main causes of serious injury in frontal collisions, especially for elderly car occupants. The anthropometric test device (ATD) THOR‐M provides chest deflection measurements at multiple locations, to assess the risk of thorax injury. For this purpose e, risk functions are needed that relate the potential criteria based on multipoint chest deflection measurement to in jury risk. Different thorax injury criteria and risk functions for THOR have been proposed [2‐3]. The criteria and functions are based on the traditional approach to developing injury risk functions using matched ATD and PMHS tests by relating the injury (number of fractures) to injury criteria. Regarding these studies, some limitations have been identified, in particular concerning the loading conditions of the data used (mainly 3‐point‐belt loading, high loading severity, out‐of‐date ATD versions. To extend the data set and overcome these limitations, a new approach for improved thorax injury criteria was applied within the EC‐funded project SENIORS. The new approach is based on matched frontal impact sled computer simulations with a model representing the latest THOR‐M ATD version, and matching simulations with a human body model (HBM) representing an elderly car occupant.
The European CASPER (Child Advanced Safety Project for European Roads) project studying car child safety includes a sociological approach in order to have a better understanding of the behaviour of parents driving children under 12 years old. A questionnaire was distributed via the internet in Europe with 998 parents (representing 1638 children) from 22 European countries responding. The results inform on the way parents secure their children during a car trip. Many parents did not control how their children were installed in the child restraint system (CRS). A toddler was more likely to travel into a child seat than an older child was. Regarding misuse situations, an important part of the participants did not think that they could make mistakes when fixing the child seat to the car (26%) or when placing the child into the seat (39%). This leaves an important field of action especially by communication via different media and in the CRS sale outlets.
A sociological perspective on different strategies of reward in urban traffic law enforcement
(1996)
In order to enhance road safety, it is necessary to make road users change their behaviour. There are two forms of police enforcement: punishment for breaking traffic regulations and rewards for rule-conformist behaviour. Punishment does not appear to produce long term changes. There are two main reward strategies: individual and group dependent rewards. Individuals who are members of a clearly defined group have good prospects of winning prizes in a lottery. The strategy of the delegated group dependent reward is based on a donation to a social institution. Traffic safety is a conflict of interests, and game theory considerations can be applied. Results of German and Dutch studies confirm hypotheses based on the game theory concept. Traffic behaviour mostly depends on expectation of others' behaviour. Successful strategies of reward should always be based on individual settlements of the rewards. More investigations are needed. Strategies of group dependent reward are not recommended. The size of reward and probability of winning it should be linked to rate of participation: the greater the participation, the greater the value of reward and probability of winning it. Every driver has a threshold from which he is prepared to change his traffic behaviour for a reward.
The objective of the study is to measure the risk of pedestrian and bicyclist in urban traffic through an analysis of real-world accident data. The kinematics and injury mechanisms for both pedestrian and bicyclists are investigated to find the correlation of injury risks with injury related parameters. For this purpose, firstly 338 cases are selected as a sample from an IVAC accident database based on the In-depth Investigation of Vehicle Accident in Changsha of China. A statistic measurement of the fatality and serious injury risks with respect to impact speed was carried out by logistic regression analysis. Secondly, 12 pedestrian and 12 bicyclist accidents were further selected for reconstruction with MADYMO program. A comparative analysis was conducted based on the results from accident analysis and computer reconstructions for the injury risk, head impact conditions and dynamic response of pedestrians and bicyclists. The results indicate that bicyclists suffered lower risks of severe injuries and fatalities compared with pedestrians. The risks of AIS 3+ injury and fatality are 50% for pedestrians at impact speeds of 53.2 km/h and 63.3 km/h, respectively, while that for bicyclists at 62.5 km/h and 71.1 km/h, respectively. The findings could have a contribution to get a better understanding of pedestrians" and bicyclists" exposures in urban traffic in China, and provide background knowledge to generate strategies for pedestrian protection.
This study aimed at prediction of long bone fractures and assessment of lower extremity injury mechanisms in real world passenger car to pedestrian collision. For this purpose, two pedestrian accident cases with detail recorded lower limb injuries were reconstructed via combining MBS (Multi-body system) and FE (Finite element) methods. The code of PC Crash was used to determine the boundary conditions before collision, and then MBS models were used to reproduce the pedestrian kinematics and injuries during crash. Furthermore, a validated lower limb FE model was chosen to conduct reconstruction of injuries and prediction of long bone fracture via physical parameters of von Mises stress and bending moment. The injury outcomes from simulations were compared with hospital recorded injury data and the same long bone fracture patterns and positions can be observed. Moreover, the calculated long bone fracture tolerance corresponded to the outcome from cadaver tests. The result shows that FE model is capable to reproduce the dynamic injury process and is an effective tool to predict the risk of long bone fractures.
The paper aims to study the injury risk and kinematics of pedestrians involved in different passenger vehicle collisions. Furthermore, the difference of pedestrian kinematics in the accidents involved minivan and sedan was analyzed. The 18 sample cases of passenger car to pedestrian collisions were selected from the database of In-depth Investigation of Vehicle Accident in Changsha of China (IVAC),of which the 12 pedestrian accidents involved in a minivan impact for each case, and the 6 accidents in a sedan impact for each. The selected cases were reconstructed by using mathematical models of pedestrians and accident vehicles in a multi-body dynamic code MADYMO environment. The logistic regression models of the risks for pedestrian AIS 3+ injuries and fatalities were developed in terms of vehicle impact speed by analyzing the minivan-pedestrian and sedan-pedestrian accidents. The difference of pedestrian kinematics was identified by comparing the results from reconstructed pedestrian accidents between the minivans and sedans collisions. The result shows that there is a significant correlation among the impact speed and the severity of pedestrian injuries. The minivan poses greater risk to pedestrian than sedan at the same impact speed. The kinematics of pedestrian was greatly influenced by vehicle front shape.
A study on knowledge and practices of first aid and CPR among police officers in Colombo and Gampaha
(2017)
Around 85% of deaths in developing countries have been found to be due to road traffic accidents (RTAs), which cost the countries around 1-2% of their gross national product (GNP). In Sri Lanka there were 2,436 deaths reported from 36,045 RTAs in 2014. This study aimed at assessing first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) knowledge among police officers and identifying its relationship to their first aid and CPR practices. A study was done on 493 police officers from Colombo and Gampaha who were selected using convenience sampling through a self-administered questionnaire. The results showed that the police officers had unsatisfactory knowledge and practices of CPR and interventions for bleeding and fractures. These should therefore be focused in their further training.
Unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen sind im Zuge der quantitativen Sicherheitsbewertung von Straßentunneln Risikoanalysen durchzuführen. Neben objekt-, verkehrs- oder ereignisspezifischen Parametern gibt es auch etliche Eingangsparameter, die fest im Risikomodell hinterlegt sind und deren Variation für gewöhnlich nicht vorgesehen ist. Dies trifft auch für Parameter des menschlichen Verhaltens zu. Im Zuge von Versuchsreihen zum Flucht- und Reaktionsverhalten der Verkehrsteilnehmer im Ereignisfall in Straßentunneln wurden verschiedene Verhaltensparameter ermittelt und analysiert, die den konventionellen Modell-Basisparametern erstmals im Österreichischen Tunnelrisikomodell (TuRisMo) gegenübergestellt werden. Als Ergebnis kann auf Basis der aktuell gewonnenen Verhaltensparameter eine Senkung des Gesamtrisikos aufgezeigt werden, dessen Einordnung im folgenden Beitrag diskutiert wird.
Ein auf Nachhaltigkeit angelegtes Großprojekt wie das der Zustandserfassung und -bewertung (ZEB) bedarf eines Qualitätssicherungssystems. Hierfür wurde auf Initiative des Bundesministeriums für Verkehr, Bau- und Wohnungswesen (BMVBW) eine Untersuchung ausgelöst, über die die Grundlagen und Voraussetzungen für ein umfassendes QS-System erarbeitet werden sollen. In einer Pilotierungsphase soll im Jahr 2002 die Machbarkeit nachgewiesen werden.
Absturzsicherung auf Brücken
(2008)
Der Beitrag behandelt den aktuellen Stand der Normung und Ausführung von Absturzsicherungen auf Brücken. Zu den Absturzsicherungen gehören sowohl die Fahrzeug-Rückhaltesysteme als auch Geländer, die den Absturz von Personen verhindern sollen. Die verschiedenen Fahrzeug-Rückhaltesysteme sind: Stahlschutzplanken, Betonschutzwände, transportable Schutzwände und Anpralldämpfer. Die zugehörigen Regelungen finden sich in den Richtlinien für passive Schutzeinrichtungen an Straßen (RPS), die derzeit an die Europäische Norm EN 1317 Rückhaltesysteme an Straßen angepasst werden. Die nationalen Regelwerke müssen auf die in der Europäischen Norm vorgegebenen Leistungsklassen, die die bisherigen Beschreibungen der Schutzsysteme ersetzen, Bezug nehmen. Die dabei zu berücksichtigenden Leistungsmerkmale sind: Aufhaltevermögen, seitliche Auslenkung und Insaßenbelastung. Damit der Anwender Systeme zielgerichtet auswählen kann, sind für alle Schutzsysteme Anprallversuche erforderlich, mit denen das System in eine Aufhalteklasse eingestuft wird. In einer Tabelle werden die Aufhalteklassen (N1, N2; H1,H2,H3; H4a und H4b) mit den bei den Anprallprüfungen einzuhaltenden Versuchsparametern aufgelistet. Normales Aufhaltevermögen gewährleisten die Klassen N1 und N2, höheres Aufhaltevermögen die Klassen H1 bis H3 und sehr hohes Aufhaltevermögen die Klassen H4a und H4b. Am Fahrbahnrand von Brücken wird bei Autobahnen und autobahnähnlichen Straßen im Normalfall die Aufhaltestufe H2 gefordert; bei besonderer Gefährdung Dritter unter der Brücke jedoch H4b. Bei den übrigen Straßen reichen, abhängig vom Schwerverkehrsanteil, die Aufhaltestufen H1 beziehungsweise H2. Da Leistungsanforderungen an die Systeme der Schutzeinrichtungen auf Brücken gefordert werden, sind vom Hersteller Nachweise der auf das Bauwerk einwirkenden Kräfte beim Fahrzeuganprall zu führen.
Motorcycle riders are one of the most vulnerable road users. Annually, on estimate 6000 people are killed in motorcycle accidents in the former 15 EU countries. The objective of this research was to investigate and analyze the main aspects and causes of this vulnerability and the accidents in general. For this aim around 70 accidents in The Netherlands were investigated in the framework of an international research program (MAIDS). Also a control group of motorcycles with riders was investigated so that exposure could be taken into account. An important result is that human failure is in 82% of the cases the main cause of the accident, in 52% this is due the other vehicle driver. Perception and decision failures are the most common failures. The most injuries are caused by the environment but they are typically only less severe (AIS1). Injuries caused by the car (front and side) are typically severe injuries (AIS4+). Previous convictions of the MC rider seem to be related to the chance to get involved in an accident. It was shown that the Dutch and the total MAIDS accident sample are comparable.
Nigeria ranks one of the highest countries in the world with the largest accident, especially when measured by whiplash associated disorders, whereas, traffic safety education rate, data and information been widely known as preventive indicators have been grossly neglected. In Nigeria, traffic safety enlightenment, awareness, political understanding and appreciation of the problem's magnitude are lacking. This study, therefore, seeks to understand and document the fact that accident causation factors in Nigeria relate more to the problem of development, poverty, knowledge and education as evidenced in most other developing countries. Among the primary accident causation factors on Nigerian roads are: - lack of a transportation system or multi-model integration - sub-standard and obsolete vehicles and road furniture - poor road maintenance, investment and engineering management - paucity of road users' and drivers' knowledge, skill, enlightenment and education of the road Use This paper submits that Nigeria being a developing nation requires purely primitive strategies being cost effective (health wise) than curative measures. It is in this light that an enduring, comprehensive and sustainable traffic safety educational programmes information base and data inventory, analysis and implementations form the focus of this study. This effort will provide basic guidelines framework and implementation procedure for a successful prevention of whiplash associated disorder resulting from road traffic crashes in Nigeria and other parts of the world.
It is well known that motorcycle riding is fascinating but quite more dangerous than for example car driving. In 2006, 5,091 persons were killed as victims of crashes occurring on public roads in Germany. 52% (2,683) were car occupants, 16% (793) motorcycle riders, 14% (711) pedestrians, 10% (486) bicycle riders, 5% (235) commercial vehicle occupants, 2% (107) riders of smaller powered two-wheelers, called "Mofa, Moped and Mokick". This shows that motorcycle riders recently are the second largest group of killed traffic participants in Germany. Latest information coming from the Federal Statistics predict for the year 2007 the figure of 4,958 killed road victims in total. This would be again a successful reduction (-133 killed persons or "2.6% compared to the year 2006). But the news coming from the Federal Statistics during the year 2007 and at the begin of 2008 did not always tell the same positive story. It is questioned whether the positive trend of substantially reduced figures of killed road user year by year will longer continue for Germany. That means it could be impossible to reach the ambitious target, set by the European Commission, to cut in half the figure of killed road users until the year 2010 " compared to the figure for the year 2001. It was reported that the group of 45 to 49 years old traffic participants (all traffic modes) is conspicuous with an increase of 30% up to 297 killed road users in total from January to August 2007. This increase can be ascribed in particular by an increase of killed motorcycle riders within this age group. Due to mild weather conditions in Germany in 2007 the season for motorcycle riding began relatively early and this may be a main reason for the increase of the figure of killed motorcycle riders by 16% from January to August 2007. With this background the accident occurrence of motorcycles became more and more essential. As part of the actual discussion about historical trends, recent emphases, causes and relevant structures of the events of motorcycle crashes it is evident, to have latest and carefully updated figures coming from both the Federal Statistics and In-depth studies. The paper will give a contribution to this using the German Federal Statistics and in-depth studies, for example GIDAS. Additional data coming from the DEKRA Motorcycle Accident Database as well as from literature are considered, too. The paper will help to describe the current situation of the accident involvement of motorcycles in Germany.
It is very important for Automotive OEMs to get feedback on their product performance on real roads for continuous improvement. Every OEM has a way of collecting this feedback for various performance parameters. Systematic accident research is a way to generate the information related to safety performance of the vehicle. In India, while there is a large amount of data related to the accidents, it is found this data is aimed at understanding the gross statistics and not directly useful for technology development. This paper explains learnings from a pilot study carried out in collaboration with an Emergency Medical Services provider on one of the expressways (motorways). This pilot study has resulted in development of working model that could now be scaled up at for wider application. The paper also presents some of the important observations based on the data collected.
Accident research 2.0: New methods for representative evaluation of integral safety in traffic
(2013)
BMW has developed a procedure for rating Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) benefits that integrates two distinct tools. The tool "S.A.F.E.R." is designed to analyze the pre-crash phase. The aim of S.A.F.E.R. is to simulate all relevant processes in sufficient detail to obtain reproducible estimates of key indicators (effectiveness, false positives, etc.). The relevant processes include not only traffic and vehicle dynamics, but also environmental and most importantly human factors. Representative distributions of factors and parameters are obtained by taking the stochastic variation of all relevant parameters into account in the simulations. The second tool, known as "ICOS", has been designed to provide a high-resolution, high-fidelity description of crash phase dynamics. If one converts the outputs of stochastic simulation into inputs for crash dynamics, the result is a comprehensive description of exactly how a safety system can reduce injuries. Applications currently focus on high-fidelity simulation of individual crashes in order to enhance our understanding and optimization of connected safety systems. An integrated simulation process thus allows an exact prediction of the effectiveness in individual cases in terms of injury severity. The development and rating of integral safety need to reflect the true efficiency in the field. The integrated approach described here could provide a valid and reproducible basis for rating connected systems of active and passive safety. In particular, "virtual experiments" using a traffic-based approach and incorporating models of all relevant processes constitute an essential element of the approach.
The accident research project in Dresden was founded in July 1999. To date over 6.000 crash investigations have been undertaken. About 10.000 vehicles have been documented and over 13.000 participants have been debriefed. But there is much more than this scientific success. Because of the interdisciplinary character between the medical and technical focus, the project affords an important contribution for the education of the involved students. Over 200 students of different fields of study have got experiences not only for the occupational career. This lecture describes the additional effects of the accident research project regarding the education of the students, the capacity for teamwork and learning about dealing with accident casualties.
Accident simulation and reconstruction for enhancing pedestrian safety: issues and challenges
(2015)
The enhancement of pedestrian safety represents a major challenge in traffic accidents. This study allows a better understanding of the issues in pedestrian protection. It highlights the potential of in-depth studies in identifying relevant crash parameters interfering in the pedestrian safety. A computational simulation tool was developed to reconstruct pedestrian real-world crashes. A sample of 100 in-depth accident cases was reconstructed from two sources: 40 crashes provided by IFSTTAR-LMA and 60 crashes from CASR. To exemplify the methodology, two accident cases from each database were illustrated. A description of the sample of crashes was presented including the travel and impact speed of the vehicle, the driver reaction, the pedestrian walking speed, the scene configuration with the eventual obstacles, etc. This detailed description is pointing to the major factors affecting the limits of pedestrian safety systems.
Portugal has the highest rate of road fatalities in Europe (2002 and for Eur-15 - CARE database). For this highest rate, the accidents involving pedestrians and motorcycle occupants have a higher contribution than the European average. In the last years, especially accidents involving motorcycles have been investigated and currently two different projects are being carried out, one related with motorcycles accidents and the other with pedestrian accidents. In these projects, countermeasures among others to reduce the fatalities between these two types of road users are being studied. These accidents are investigated with the commercial accident reconstruction software PCCRASH but also new methodologies based on multibody dynamics are in development in order to more accurately study these two types of accidents. In this paper, the methodologies in use for accident reconstruction and new methodologies in development are presented. Speeding his found to be one of the major causes of road fatalities for pedestrians and motorcycle occupants. In the case of motorcycle accidents, these involve mainly young drivers. Aspects as social behavior are also important to understand the causes of some of these accidents. Some examples of accidents occurring in Portugal, involving especially motorcycles and pedestrians are presented and discussed.
The development of tyre- and truck-manufacturers leads to the direction to introduce wide base single tyres (size 495/45R22,5) instead of twin tyres on the driving axle of trucks, tractors and busses. To study the driving behaviour and safety of various trucks and units with different tyre combinations and loading conditions was the aim of the study. A computer-aided simulation was used for this investigation. Drive tests with a 40 t unit with prototype single tyres on the drive axle were carried out to verify the simulation. Alterations in driving behaviour and driving safety are mainly dependent on the tyre cornering stiffness. The prototype wide single tyres had a higher lateral stiffness which leads to a higher degree of under-steering (safer driving behaviour). The altered spring base on the drive axle had no influence on the side- tilt stability of vehicle combinations but the solo truck profited from the higher rear axle roll stiffness (less danger for roll-over accidents). As far as the driving safety is concerned nothing speaks against wide base tyres on the drive axle. The simulation of a tyre defect in a bend (assuming 40% of the max. transferable side force for the flat tyre) showed no increased danger using wide single tyres. Later driving tests showed however the need of tyre run flat possibilities to avoid jack-knifing of road trains. Also tyre pressure monitoring systems and electronic stability programs for the trucks are advised.
Since 2005 the German In-Depth Accident Study (GIDAS) also records aspects of active vehicle safety. This is done because vehicles are fitted with an increasing number of active safety devices which have undoubtedly an influence on the number, severity and course of accidents. Accident researchers expect that collecting active safety data will facilitate to assess and quantify the impact of these and future devices. It is the aim of this paper to outline benefits and limitations associated with the recording of active safety aspects within indepth studies. An overview about possible areas where active safety data can be useful will be given. For that purpose single safety or comfort systems will be selected to estimate the effects of an accident database which includes variables associated with these systems. Questions with regard to the limitations of collecting active safety data will be addressed. Possible items are for example the usability of the data recorded, the real accident cause, the small number of relevant accidents, the time span needed to gather a sufficient dataset, the small share of vehicles equipped with a certain system or different functionalities of systems that are supposed to fall in the same category. As a result user needs for a reasonable data collection of active safety elements will be elaborated.