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- Surfacing (36)
- injury) (36)
- Driving (veh) (35)
- Education (35)
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- Verletzung) (34)
- Erziehung (33)
- Kind (33)
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- Information (29)
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- Administration (26)
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- Driver assistance system (26)
- Environment (26)
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- Stadt (26)
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- Surveillance (26)
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- Trunkenheit (26)
- Urban area (26)
- Dummy (25)
- Fahrerassistenzsystem (25)
- Fahrtauglichkeit (25)
- Information documentation (25)
- Rigid pavement (25)
- Severity (accid (25)
- Straßenentwurf (25)
- Verformung (25)
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- Experience (human) (24)
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- Highway design (24)
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- Oberfläche (24)
- Road user (24)
- Standardization (24)
- Surface (24)
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- Verkehrsteilnehmer (24)
- Bemessung (23)
- Betonstraße (Oberbau) (23)
- Driver information (23)
- Einstellung (psychol) (23)
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- Fernverkehrsstraße (23)
- Repair (23)
- Vehicle mile (23)
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- Erste Hilfe (22)
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- Baustelle (20)
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- Construction site (20)
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- Night (20)
- Prognose (20)
- Qualitätssicherung (20)
- Technologie (20)
- Technology (20)
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- Environment protection (19)
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- Fahrstreifen (19)
- Führerschein (19)
- Joint (structural) (19)
- Klassifizierung (19)
- Model (not math) (19)
- Safety fence (19)
- Schutzeinrichtung (19)
- Schweregrad (Unfall, Verletzung) (19)
- Severity (accid, injury) (19)
- Traffic lane (19)
- Vehicle occupant (19)
- Zusammenstoß (19)
- Alte Leute (18)
- Data acquisition (18)
- Datenerfassung (18)
- Driving licence (18)
- Drugs (18)
- Emergency (18)
- Frontalzusammenstoß (18)
- Griffigkeit (18)
- Head on collision (18)
- Motorcyclist (18)
- Motorrad (18)
- Motorradfahrer (18)
- Notfall (18)
- Recently qualified driver (18)
- Soil (18)
- Strength (mater) (18)
- Apparatus (measuring) (17)
- Engineering structure (17)
- Grenzwert (17)
- In situ (17)
- International (17)
- Limit (17)
- Mathematical model (17)
- Old people (17)
- Rechenmodell (17)
- Verkehrsinfrastruktur (17)
- Weather (17)
- Baustoff (16)
- Deckschicht (16)
- Earthworks (16)
- Erdarbeiten (16)
- Material (constr) (16)
- Motorcycle (16)
- Psychological examination (16)
- Sicherheitsgurt (16)
- Skidding resistance (16)
- Stability (16)
- Asphaltstraße (Oberbau) (15)
- Communication (15)
- Compatibility (15)
- Cost benefit analysis (15)
- Kommunikation (15)
- Kompatibilität (15)
- Medical examination (15)
- Medizinische Untersuchung (15)
- Oberbau (15)
- Oberflächentextur (15)
- Pavement (15)
- Perception (15)
- Psychologische Untersuchung (15)
- Reflectivity (15)
- Reflexionsgrad (15)
- Reifen (15)
- Residential area (15)
- Shock (15)
- Surface texture (15)
- Transport infrastructure (15)
- Tyre (15)
- Wahrnehmung (15)
- Wearing course (15)
- Wirtschaftlichkeitsrechnung (15)
- Wohngebiet (15)
- Active safety system (14)
- Aktives Sicherheitssystem (14)
- Before and after study (14)
- Bridge surfacing (14)
- Brückenbelag (14)
- Flexible pavement (14)
- Head (14)
- Kopf (14)
- Pavement Management System (14)
- Risikobewertung (14)
- Risk assessment (14)
- Rural road (14)
- Safety belt (14)
- Schlag (14)
- Spannbeton (14)
- Standfestigkeit (14)
- Traffic flow (14)
- Traffic restraint (14)
- Verkehrsbeschränkung (14)
- Verkehrsfluss (14)
- Vorher Nachher Untersuchung (14)
- Zustandsbewertung (14)
- Capacity (road, footway) (13)
- Condition survey (13)
- Einbau (13)
- Error (13)
- Fahrbahn (13)
- Herstellung (13)
- Kapazität (Straße) (13)
- Knotenpunkt (13)
- Landstraße (13)
- Laying (13)
- Manufacture (13)
- Offender (13)
- Population (13)
- Public relations (13)
- Sichtbarkeit (13)
- Vegetation (13)
- Sichtbarkeit (13)
- Öffentlichkeitsarbeit (13)
- Arzneimittel (12)
- Automatisch (12)
- Beschilderung (12)
- Biomechanik (12)
- Brustkorb (12)
- Carriageway (12)
- Drainage (12)
- Entwässerung (12)
- Fahrernachschulung (12)
- Finanzierung (12)
- Kunststoff (12)
- Medication (12)
- Mobilität (12)
- Plastic material (12)
- Politik (12)
- Prestressed concrete (12)
- Rehabilitation (12)
- Reinforced concrete (12)
- School (12)
- Schule (12)
- Schutzhelm (12)
- Sensor (12)
- Stahlbeton (12)
- Steifigkeit (12)
- Stiffness (12)
- Straßenverkehr (12)
- Thorax (12)
- Versiegelung (12)
- Age (11)
- Air pollution (11)
- Alter (11)
- Automatic (11)
- Autonomes Fahren (11)
- Autonomous driving (11)
- Bevölkerung (11)
- Biomechanics (11)
- Brücken Management System (11)
- Bus (11)
- Comprehension (11)
- Cracking (11)
- Crash helmet (11)
- Fahrstabilität (11)
- Fehler (11)
- Fire (11)
- Gussasphalt (11)
- Güterverkehr (11)
- Junction (11)
- Laboratorium (11)
- Luftverunreinigung (11)
- Medizinische Gesichtspunkte (11)
- Official approval (11)
- Pollution (11)
- Retraining of drivers (11)
- Rissbildung (11)
- Severity (acid (11)
- Signalization (11)
- Technische Vorschriften (Kraftfahrzeug) (11)
- Unfallrekonstruktion (11)
- Vehicle handling (11)
- Verständnis (11)
- Winter maintenance (11)
- Winterdienst (11)
- Accident black spot (10)
- Bicycle (10)
- Braking (10)
- Bremsung (10)
- Bridge deck (10)
- Costs (10)
- Cross section (10)
- Durchlässigkeit (10)
- Fahrbahntafel (10)
- Fahrrad (10)
- Financing (10)
- Jahr (10)
- Langfristig (10)
- Long term (10)
- Mechanics (10)
- Mechanik (10)
- Medical aspects (10)
- Pavement management system (10)
- Permeability (10)
- Policy (10)
- Pollutant (10)
- Publicity (10)
- Querschnitt (10)
- Rechtsübertreter (10)
- Recidivist (10)
- Recycling (10)
- Reinforcement (in mater) (10)
- Rückfalltäter (10)
- Schadstoff (10)
- Seitlicher Zusammenstoß (10)
- Side impact (10)
- Telematics (10)
- Telematik (10)
- Umweltverschmutzung (10)
- Unfallschwerpunkt (10)
- Untersuchung am Unfallort (10)
- Vehicle regulations (10)
- Werbung (10)
- Abdichtung (Brücke) (9)
- Bitumen (9)
- Bridge management system (9)
- Cement (9)
- Congestion (traffic) (9)
- Decision process (9)
- Deflectograph (9)
- Durchbiegungsmesser (9)
- Einsatzfahrzeug (9)
- Electronic driving aid (9)
- Elektronische Fahrhilfe (9)
- Emergency vehicle (9)
- Emission control (9)
- Entscheidungsprozess (9)
- Evenness (9)
- Expert opinion (9)
- Fugenfüllung (9)
- Gutachten (9)
- Innenstadt (9)
- Laboratory (not an organization) (9)
- Level of service (9)
- Nachhaltige Entwicklung (9)
- On the spot accident investigation (9)
- Prüfstand (9)
- Psychologie (9)
- Psychology (9)
- Reaction (human) (9)
- Reaktionsverhalten (9)
- Reconstruction (accid) (9)
- Rehabilitation (road user) (9)
- Road traffic (9)
- Sealing coat (on top of the surfacing) (9)
- Shear (9)
- Test rig (9)
- Town centre (9)
- Traffic composition (9)
- Traffic survey (9)
- Tragschicht (9)
- Transport (9)
- Verkehrsstauung (9)
- Verkehrsuntersuchung (9)
- Verkehrszusammensetzung (9)
- Zement (9)
- Abdichtung (8)
- Abnutzung (8)
- Absorption (8)
- Adhesion (8)
- Aggregate (8)
- Arbeitsgruppe (8)
- Asphalt (8)
- Bepflanzung (8)
- Bindemittel (8)
- Binder (8)
- Chippings (8)
- Data processing (8)
- Datenverarbeitung (8)
- Deicing (8)
- Ebenheit (8)
- Emissionskontrolle (8)
- Enforcement (law) (8)
- Evaluation (8)
- Fahrzeuginnenraum (8)
- Fatigue (mater) (8)
- Feuer (8)
- Geschwindigkeitsbeschränkung (8)
- Gesetzesdurchführung (8)
- Interior (veh) (8)
- Joint sealing (8)
- Leg (human) (8)
- Leuchtdichte (8)
- Luminance (8)
- Sample (stat) (8)
- Seepage (8)
- Sickerung (8)
- Sociology (8)
- Soziologie (8)
- Splitt (8)
- State of the art report (8)
- Stichprobe (8)
- Sustainability (8)
- Tier (8)
- Tätigkeitsbericht (8)
- Verkehrsqualität (8)
- Vorschrifteneinhaltung (8)
- Warning (8)
- Waterproofing (8)
- Waterproofing course (bridge) (8)
- Wear (8)
- Working group (8)
- Year (8)
- Zusammensetzung (8)
- Zuschlagstoff (8)
- Activity report (7)
- Adhäsion (7)
- Alignment (7)
- Animal (7)
- Ankündigung (7)
- Attention (7)
- Auffahrunfall (7)
- Auftaumittel (7)
- Ausschreibung (7)
- Bein (menschl) (7)
- Bend (road) (7)
- Bewehrung (7)
- Blutalkoholgehalt (7)
- CEN (7)
- Compliance (specif) (7)
- Deflection (7)
- Detection (7)
- Durchbiegung (7)
- Ermüdung (mater) (7)
- Frau (7)
- Freizeit (7)
- Gebiet (7)
- Gesetzesübertretung (7)
- Human factor (7)
- Lichtsignal (7)
- Linienführung (7)
- Man (7)
- Mann (7)
- Menschlicher Faktor (7)
- Mix design (7)
- Mobility (7)
- Motorisierungsgrad (7)
- Movement (7)
- Nasse Straße (7)
- Offence (7)
- Personality (7)
- Persönlichkeit (7)
- Police (7)
- Polizei (7)
- Private transport (7)
- Radio (7)
- Rear end collision (7)
- Region (7)
- Risk taking (7)
- Rundfunk (7)
- Seite (7)
- Side (7)
- Speed limit (7)
- Stadtplanung (7)
- Straßenkurve (7)
- Tag (24 Stunden) (7)
- Telekommunikation (7)
- Town planning (7)
- Traffic signal (7)
- USA (7)
- Vehicle ownership (7)
- Verschiebung (7)
- Weathering (7)
- Wet road (7)
- Accompanied driving (6)
- Airbag (6)
- Anti locking device (6)
- Antiblockiereinrichtung (6)
- Asphaltoberbau (6)
- Aufmerksamkeit (6)
- Aufprallschlitten (6)
- Baumusterzulassung (6)
- Begleitetes Fahren (6)
- Black ice (6)
- Coefficient of friction (6)
- Contact (tyre road) (6)
- Correlation (math (6)
- Corrosion (6)
- Damm (6)
- Database (6)
- Day (24 hour period) (6)
- Dränasphalt (6)
- Embankment (6)
- Energie (6)
- Epoxidharz (6)
- Fahrzeugabstand (6)
- Fahrzeugsitz (6)
- Finite element method (6)
- France (6)
- Frankreich (6)
- Freeway (6)
- Full depth asphalt pavement (6)
- Führerscheinentzug (6)
- Gefahrenabwehr (6)
- Gefälle (6)
- Gewicht (6)
- Glatteis (6)
- Goods traffic (6)
- Gradient (6)
- Hard shoulder (6)
- Hospital (6)
- Impact sled (6)
- Impact test (6)
- Individueller Verkehr (6)
- Industrie (6)
- Industry (6)
- Knee (human) (6)
- Kontakt Reifen Straße (6)
- Korn (6)
- Korrelation (math (6)
- Korrosion (6)
- Krankenhaus (6)
- Kunstharz (6)
- Layer (6)
- Leitpfosten (6)
- Lenken (Fahrzeug) (6)
- Marker post (6)
- Metal bridge (6)
- Network (traffic) (6)
- Non destructive testing (6)
- Particle (6)
- Polyurethan (6)
- Provisorisch (6)
- Public transport (6)
- Radar (6)
- Recreation (6)
- Recycling (mater) (6)
- Reflectorized material (6)
- Reflexstoffe (6)
- Reibungsbeiwert (6)
- Roadbase (6)
- Rural area (6)
- Scheren (6)
- Schicht (6)
- Seat (veh) (6)
- Security (6)
- Seitenstreifen (befestigt) (6)
- Stand der Technik (Bericht) (6)
- Steering (process) (6)
- Synthetic resin (6)
- Telecommunication (6)
- Temporary (6)
- Tender (6)
- Traffic engineering (6)
- Trend (stat) (6)
- Tunnel lining (6)
- Tunnelauskleidung (6)
- Verkehrsnetz (6)
- Weight (6)
- Wirkungsanalyse (6)
- Woman (6)
- Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (6)
- stat) (6)
- Öffentlicher Verkehr (6)
- Überholen (6)
- Abbiegen (5)
- Abstumpfen (5)
- Ageing (5)
- Alcohol (5)
- Alkohol (5)
- Alterung (mater) (5)
- Anschlussstelle (5)
- Antikollisionssystem (5)
- Auftrag (5)
- Betriebshof (5)
- Bicyclist (5)
- Blood alcohol content (5)
- By product (5)
- Chart (5)
- Cleaning (5)
- Collision avoidance system (5)
- Colour (5)
- Cycle track (5)
- Deformierbare Barriere (Anpralltest) (5)
- Depot (transp) (5)
- Design (5)
- Detektion (5)
- Energy (5)
- Epoxy resin (5)
- Ergonomics (5)
- Farbe (5)
- Fatigue (human) (5)
- Fels (5)
- Force (5)
- Fracht (5)
- Freight (5)
- Geschwindigkeitsminderung (bauliche Elemente) (5)
- Goods transport (5)
- Grooving (5)
- Ground water (5)
- Grundwasser (5)
- Headlamp (5)
- Industrierückstand (5)
- Interchange (5)
- Jahreszeit (5)
- Kraft (5)
- Lebensdauer (5)
- Lichtstärke (5)
- Light intensity (5)
- Longitudinal (5)
- Ländliches Gebiet (5)
- Metallbrücke (5)
- Methode der finiten Elemente (5)
- Müdigkeit (5)
- Nature protection (5)
- Naturschutz (5)
- Nummer (5)
- Numerisches Modell (5)
- Optimum (5)
- Overtaking (5)
- Parken (5)
- Parking (5)
- Pavement design (5)
- Personal (5)
- Personnel (5)
- Platte (5)
- Polyurethane (5)
- Porous asphalt (5)
- Radweg (5)
- Reinigung (5)
- Reproducibility (5)
- Reproduzierbarkeit (5)
- Rillenherstellung (5)
- Rock (5)
- Scheinwerfer (5)
- Season (5)
- Slab (5)
- Speed control (struct elem) (5)
- Spikesreifen (5)
- Spreading (5)
- Stickstoff (5)
- Straßenseitenfläche (5)
- Stress (psychol) (5)
- Studded tyre (5)
- Temperature measurement (5)
- Temperaturmessung (5)
- Transport mode (5)
- Ultraschall (5)
- Ultrasonic (5)
- Untergrund (5)
- Vehicle spacing (5)
- Verarbeitbarkeit (5)
- Verkehrsmittel (5)
- Verteilung (mater) (5)
- Wechselverkehrszeichen (5)
- Workability (5)
- Zahl (5)
- Abutment (4)
- Achslast (4)
- Admixture (4)
- Aggression (psychol) (4)
- Aggressiveness (psychol) (4)
- Alcolock (4)
- Arbeitsbedingungen (4)
- Asphaltmastix (4)
- Ausdehnung (mater) (4)
- Ausländer (4)
- Automatische Notbremsung (4)
- Average (4)
- Axle load (4)
- Bauwerksmonitoring (4)
- Behinderter (4)
- Beinahe Unfall (4)
- Berechnung d Straßenoberbaus (4)
- Bestrafung (4)
- Bodenmechanik (4)
- Braking distance (4)
- Bremsweg (4)
- Chemical analysis (4)
- Chemische Analyse (4)
- Circular test track (4)
- Coefficient (4)
- Compaction (4)
- Confiscation (driving licence) (4)
- Continuous (4)
- Contract (4)
- Control (4)
- Correlation (math, stat) (4)
- Cross roads (4)
- Delivery (4)
- Dicke (4)
- Digital model (4)
- Dimension (4)
- Direction (traffic) (4)
- Disabled person (4)
- EU directive (4)
- Echtzeit (4)
- Economics (4)
- Einfahrt (4)
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The European Enhanced Vehicle-safety Committee (EEVC) Working Group 13 for Side Impact Protection has been developing an Interior Headform Test Procedure to complement the full-scale Side Impact Test Procedure for Europe and for the proposed IHRA test procedures. In real world accidents interior head contacts with severe head injuries still occur, which are not always observed in standard side impact tests with dummies. Thus a means is needed to encourage further progress in head protection. At the 2003 ESV-Conference EEVC Working Group 13 reported the results on Interior Headform Testing. Further research has been performed since and the test procedure has been improved. This paper gives an overview of its latest status. The paper presents new aspects which are included in the latest test procedure and the research work leading to these enhancements. One topic of improvement is the definition of the Free Motion Headform (FMH) impactor alignment procedure to provide guidelines to minimize excessive headform chin contact and to minimize potential variability. Research activities have also been carried out on the definition of reasonable approach head angles to avoid unrealistic test conditions. Further considerations have been given to the evaluation of head airbags, their potential benefits and a means of ensuring protection for occupants regardless of seating position and sitting height. The paper presents the research activities that have been made since the last ESV Conference in 2003 and the final proposal of the EEVC Headform Test Procedure.
The European Enhanced Vehicle-safety Committee wants to promote the use of more biofidelic child dummies and biomechanical based tolerance limits in regulatory and consumer testing. This study has investigated the feasibility and potential impact of Q-dummies and new injury criteria for child restraint system assessment in frontal impact. European accident statistics have been reviewed for all ECE-R44 CRS groups. For frontal impact, injury measures are recommended for the head, neck, chest and abdomen. Priority of body segment protection depends on the ECE-R44 group. The Q-dummy family is able to reflect these injuries, because of its biofidelity performance and measurement capabilities for these body segments. Currently, the Q0, Q1, Q1.5, Q3 and Q6 are available representing children of 0, 1, 1.5, 3 and 6 years old. These Q-dummies cover almost all dummy weight groups as defined in ECE-R44. Q10, representing a 10 year-old child, is under development. New child dummy injury criteria are under discussion in EEVC WG12. Therefore, the ECE-R44 criteria are assessed by comparing the existing P-dummies and new Q-dummies in ECE-R44 frontal impact sled tests. In total 300 tests covering 30 CRSs of almost all existing child seat categories are performed by 11 European organizations. From this benchmark study, it is concluded that the performance of the Q-dummy family is good with respect to repeatability of the measurement signals and the durability of the dummies. Applying ECE-R44 criteria, the first impression is that results for P- and Q-dummy are similar. For child seat evaluation the potential merits of the Q-dummy family lie in the extra measurement possibilities of these dummies and in the more biofidelic response.
Topics of this report are: Securing mobility and making mobility sustainable - Strategies for road safety: Safe behavior, Safe vehicles, Safe infrastructure, Telematics, International vehicle-engineering measures " Accident statistics " Accident research " Passive vehicle safety " Active vehicle safety " Driver assistance systems " Environmental protection through vehicle engineering.
In the EC FP6 Integrated Project Advanced Protection Systems, APROSYS, the first WorldSID small female prototype was developed and evaluated by BASt, FTSS, INRETS, TRL and UPM-INSIA during 2006 and 2007. Results were presented at the ESV 2007 conference (Been et al., 2007). With the prototype dummy scoring a biofidelity rating higher than 6.7 out of 10 according to ISO/TR9790, the results were very promising. Also opportunities for further development were identified by the evaluation group. A revised prototype, Revision1, was subsequently developed in the 2007-2008 period to address comments from the evaluation group. The Revision1 dummy includes changes in the half arms and the suit (anthropometry and arm biomechanics), the thorax and abdomen ribs and sternum (rib durability), the abdomen/lumbar area and the lower legs (mass distribution). Also a two-dimensional chest deflection measurement system was developed to measure deflection in both lateral and anterior-posterior direction to improve oblique thorax loading sensitivity. Two Revision1 prototype dummies have now been evaluated by FTSS, TRL, UPM-INSIA and BASt. The updated prototype dummies were subjected to an extensive matrix of biomechanical tests, such as full body pendulum tests and lateral sled impact tests as specified by Wayne State University, Heidelberg University and Medical College of Wisconsin. The results indicated a significant improvement of dummy biofidelity. The overall dummy biofidelity in the ISO rating system has significantly improved from 6.7 to 7.6 on a scale between 0-10. The small female WorldSID has now obtained the same biofidelity rating as the WorldSID mid size male dummy. Also repeatability improved with respect to the prototype. In conclusion the recommended updates were all executed and all successfully contributed in achieving improved performance of the dummy.
Powered Two Wheelers (PTWs) accidents constitute one of the road safety problems in Europe. PTWs fatalities represent 22% at EU level in 2006, having increased during last years, representing an opposite trend compared to other road users" figures. In order to reduce these figures it is necessary to investigate the accident causation mechanisms from different points of view (e.g.: human factor, vehicle characteristics, influence of the environment, type of accident). SAFERIDER project ("Advanced telematics for enhancing the SAFEty and comfort of motorcycle RIDERs", under the European Commission "7th Framework Program") has investigated PTW accident mechanisms through literature review and statistical analyses of National and In-depth accident databases; detecting and describing all the possible PTW's accident configurations where the implementation of ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems) and IVIS (In-Vehicle Information Systems) could contribute to avoid an accident or mitigate its severity. DIANA, the Spanish in-depth database developed by CIDAUT, has been analyzed for that purpose. DIANA comprises of accident investigation teams, in close cooperation with police forces, medical services, forensic surgeons, garages and scrap yards. An important innovation is the fact that before injured people arrive to hospitals, photographs and explanations about the possible accident injury mechanisms are sent to the respective hospitals (via 3G GPRS technology). By this, additional information to medical staff can be provided in order to predict in advance possible internal injuries and select the best medical treatment. This methodology is presented in this paper. On the other hand, the main results (corresponding to road, rider and PTW characteristics; pre and post-accident manoeuvres; road layout; rider behaviour; impact points; accident causations;...) from the analyses of the PTW accidents used for SAFERIDER are shown. Only accident types relevant to ADAS and IVIS devices have been considered.
A legform impactor with biofidelic characteristics (FlexPLI) which is being developed by the Japanese Automobile Research Institute (JARI) is being considered as a test tool for legislation within a proposed Global Technical Regulation on pedestrian protection (UNECE, 2006) and therefore being evaluated by the Technical Evaluation Group (TEG) of GRSP. In previous built levels it already showed good test results on real cars as well as under idealised test conditions but also revealed further need for improvement. A research study at the Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt) deals with the question on how leg injury risks of modern car fronts can be revealed, reflected and assessed by the FlexPLI and how the impactor can be used and implemented as a legislative instrument for the type approval of cars according to current and future legislations on pedestrian protection. The latest impactor built level (GTα ) is being evaluated by a general review and assessment of the certification procedure, the knee joint biofidelity and the currently proposed injury criteria. Furthermore, the usability, robustness and durability as a test tool for legislation is examined and an assessment of leg injuries is made by a series of tests with the FlexPLI on real cars with modern car front shapes as well as under idealised test conditions. Finally, a comparison is made between the FlexPLI and the current european legislation tool, the legform impactor according to EEVC WG 17.
The use of proper child restraint systems (CRS) is mandatory for children travelling in cars in most countries of the world. The analysis of the quantity of restrained children shows that more than 90% of the children in Germany are restrained. Looking at the quality of the protection, a large discrepancy between restrained and well protected children can be seen. Two out of three children in Germany are not properly restrained. In addition, considerable difference exists with respect to the technical performance of CRS. For that reason investigations and optimisations on two different topics are necessary: The technical improvement of CRS and the ease of use of CRS. Consideration of the knowledge gained by the comparison of different CRS in crash tests would lead to some improvements of the CRS. But improvement of child safety is not only a technical issue. People should use CRS in the correct way. Misuse and incorrect handling could lead to less safety than correct usage of a poor CRS. For that reason new technical issues are necessary to improve the child safety AND the ease of use. Only the combination of both parts can significantly increase child safety. For the assessment of the safety level of common CRS, frontal and lateral sled tests simulating different severity levels were conducted comparing pairs of CRS which were felt to be good and CRS which were felt to be poor. The safety of some CRS is currently at a high level. All well known products were not damaged in the performed tests. The performance of non-branded CRS was mostly worse than that of the well known products. Although the branded child restraint systems already show a high safety level it is still possible to further improve their technical performance as demonstrated with a baby shell and a harness type CRS.
As set out in the Terms of Reference, the objective of European Enhanced Vehicle-safety Committee (EEVC) Working Group (WG) 15 Car Crash Compatibility and Frontal Impact is to develop a test procedure(s) with associated performance criteria for car frontal impact compatibility. This work should lead to improved car to car frontal compatibility and self protection without decreasing the safety in other impact configuration such as impacts with car sides, trucks, and pedestrians. Since 2003, EEVC WG 15 served as a steering group for the car-to-car activities in the "Improvement of Vehicle Crash Compatibility through the development of Crash Test Procedures" (VC-COMPAT) project that was finalised at the end of 2006 and partly funded by the European Commission. This paper presents the research work carried out in the VC-COMPAT project and the results of its assessment by EEVC WG 15. Other additional work presented by the UK and French governments and industry " in particular the European industry - was taken into consideration. It also identifies current issues with candidate testing approaches. The candidate test approaches are: - an offset barrier test with the progressive deformable barrier (PDB) face in combination with a full width rigid barrier test - a full width wall test with a deformable aluminium honeycomb face and a high resolution load cell wall supplemented by the forces measured in the offset deformable barrier (ODB) test with the current EEVC barrier. These candidate test approaches must assess the structural interaction and give information of frontal force levels and compartment strength for passenger vehicles. Further, this paper presents the planned route map of EEVC WG 15 for the evaluation of the proposed test procedures and assessment criteria.
At the 2005 ESV conference, the International Harmonisation of Research Activities (IHRA) side impact working group proposed a 4 part draft test procedure, to form the basis of harmonisation of regulation world-wide and to help advances in car occupant protection. This paper presents the work performed by a European Commission 6th framework project, called APROSYS, an further development and evaluation of the proposed procedure from a European perspective. The 4 parts of the proposed procedure are: - A Mobile Deformable Barrier test; - An oblique Pole side impact test; - Interior headform tests; - Side Out of Position (OOP) tests. Full scale test and modelling work to develop the Advanced European Mobile Deformable Barrier (AE-MDB) further is described, resulting in a recommendation to revise the barrier face to include a bumper beam element. An evaluation of oblique and perpendicular pole tests was made from tests and numerical simulations using ES-2 and WorldSID 50th percentile dummies. It was concluded that an oblique pole test is feasible but that a perpendicular test would be preferable for Europe. The interior headform test protocol was evaluated to assess its repeatability and reproducibility and to solve issues such as the head impact angle and limitation zones. Recommendations for updates to the test protocol are made. Out-of-position (OOP) tests applicable for the European situation were performed, which included additional tests with Child Restraint Systems (CRS) which use is mandatory in Europe. It was concluded that the proposed IHRA OOP tests do cover the worst case situations, but the current test protocol is not ready for regulatory use.