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Das Projekt "RIVA" ist das Herzstück im AdSVIS-Forschungsprogramm. Im Zentrum von RIVA steht die Bewertung von Risiken des Klimawandels für das Bundesfernstraßennetz. Ein Risiko wird dabei als Funktion von Ursache und Wirkung verstanden. Das aus dem Klimawandel erwachsene Risiko für die Straßenverkehrsinfrastruktur wird durch ein hierarchisches Indikatorenmodell beschrieben und besteht aus vier Dimensionen: Klima, Vulnerabilität, Technische Wirkung und Kritikalität. Die entwickelte Methodik ermöglicht eine netzweite Risikoanalyse/-bewertung basierend auf regionalisierten Klimadaten und standardisierten Daten der Straßenverkehrsinfrastruktur. Komplexe Ursache-Wirkungs-Ketten (UWK) dienen der systematischen Erfassung typischer durch das Klima verursachter Schäden/Einschränkungen, aus welchen Schadensbildkategorien (SBK) abgeleitet werden. Die SBK ist die zentrale Bewertungseinheit der RIVA-Methodik und vereint typische durch ein bestimmtes Klimaereignis induzierte Schadensbilder eines Risikoelementes. Es wurden insgesamt 35 SBK (u.a. für Brücken, Tunnel, Fahrbahnen, Entwässerung, Verkehrsteilnehmer) bestimmt. Das für die beispielhafte Betrachtung entwickelte Pilotwerkzeug verwendet regionalisierte Klimaprojektionen für vier Betrachtungszeiträume. Die Bewertung erfolgt nach Streckenabschnitten. Damit lassen sich Risiken im Netz abschnittsgenau verorten, den wichtigsten Elementen der Straßeninfrastruktur zu- und nach ihrem grundsätzlichen Charakter einordnen. Die RIVA-Methodik ermöglicht eine Klassifizierung von Klimarisiken. Es lassen sich besonders gefährdete Streckenabschnitte im Netz identifizieren und erforderliche Maßnahmen priorisieren. RIVA leistet einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Diskussion von Anpassungsstrategien für die Straßenverkehrsinfrastruktur an den Klimawandel und ermöglicht eine effektive Entscheidungsfindung, um künftige Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf die Infrastruktur zu vermeiden oder zumindest zu verringern.
A reduction of around 48% of all road fatalities was achieved in Europe in the past years including a reduced number of fatalities with an older age. However, among all road fatalities, the proportion of elderly is steadily increasing. In an ageing society, the European (Horizon2020) project SENIORS aims to improve the safe mobility of older road users, who have different transportation habits compared to other age groups. To increase their level of safe mobility by determining appropriate requirements for vehicle safety systems, the characteristics of current road traffic collisions involving the elderly and the injuries that they sustain need to be understood in detail. Hereby, the paper focuses on their traffic participation as pedestrian, cyclist or passenger car occupant. Following a literature review, several national and international crash databases and hospital statistics have been analysed to determine the body regions most frequently and severely injured, specific injuries sustained and types of crashes involved, always comparing older road users (65 years and more) with mid-aged road users (25-64 years). The most important crash scenarios were highlighted. The data sources included European statistics from CARE, data on national level from Germany, Sweden, Italy, United Kingdom and Spain as well as in-depth crash information from GIDAS (Germany), RAIDS (UK), CIREN and NASS-CDS (US). In addition, familiar hospital data from Germany (TraumaRegister DGU-®), Italy (Italian Register of Acute Traumas) and UK hospital statistics (TARN) were included in the study to gain further insight into specific injury patterns. Comprehensive data analyses were performed showing injury patterns of older road users in crashes. When comparing with mid-aged road users, all databases showed that the thorax body region is of particularly high importance for the older car occupant with injury severities of AIS 2 or AIS 3+, whereas the body regions lower extremities, head and thorax need to be considered for the older pedestrians and cyclists. Besides these comparisons, the most frequent and severe top 5 injuries were highlighted per road user group. Further, the most important crash configurations were identified and injury risk functions are provided per age group and road user group. Although several databases have been analysed, the picture on the road safety situation of older road users in Europe was not complete, as only Western European data was available. The linkage between crash data and hospital data could only be made on a general level as their inclusion criteria were quite different.
While cyclists and pedestrians are known to be at significant risk for severe injuries when exposed to road traffic accidents (RTAs) involving trucks, little is known about RTA injury risk for truck drivers. The objective of this study is to analyze the injury severity in truck drivers following RTAs. Between 1999 and 2008 the Hannover Medical School Accident Research Unit prospectively documented 43,000 RTAs involving 582 trucks. Injury severity including the abbreviated injury scale (AIS) and the maximum abbreviated injury scale (MAIS) were analyzed. Technical parameters (e.g. delta-v, direction of impact), the location of accident, and its dependency on the road type were also taken into consideration. The results show that the safety of truck drivers is assured by their vehicles, the consequence being that the risk of becoming injured is likely to be low. However, the legs especially are at high risk for severe injuries during RTAs. This probability increases in the instance of a collision with another truck. Nevertheless, in RTAs involving trucks and regular passenger vehicles, the other party is in higher risk of injury.
Test and assessment procedures for passive pedestrian protection based on developments by the European Enhanced Vehicle-safety Committee (EEVC) have been introduced in world-wide regulations and consumer test programmes, with considerable harmonization between these programmes. Nevertheless, latest accident investigations reveal a stagnation of pedestrian fatality numbers on European roads running the risk of not meeting the European Union- goal of halving the number of road fatalities by the year 2020. The branch of external road user safety within the EC-funded research project SENIORS under the HORIZON 2020 framework programme focuses on investigating the benefit of modifications to pedestrian test and assessment procedures and their impactors for vulnerable road users with focus on the elderly. Injury patterns of pedestrians and cyclists derived from the German In-Depth Accident Study (GIDAS) show a trend of AIS 2+ and AIS 3+ injuries getting more relevant for the thorax region in crashes with newer cars (Wisch et al., 2017), while maintaining the relevance for head and lower extremities. Several crash databases from Europe such as GIDAS and the Swedish Traffic Accident Data Acquisition (STRADA) also show that head, thorax and lower extremities are the key affected body regions not only for the average population but in particular for the elderly. Therefore, the SENIORS project is focusing on an improvement of currently available impactors and procedures in terms of biofidelity and injury assessment ability towards a better protection of the affected body regions, incorporating previous results from FP 6 project APROSYS and subsequent studies carried out by BASt. The paper describes the overall methodology to develop revised FE impactor models. Matched human body model and impactor simulations against generic test rigs provide transfer functions that will be used for the derivation of impactor criteria from human injury risk functions for the affected body regions. In a later step, the refined impactors will be validated by simulations against actual vehicle front-ends. Prototyping and adaptation of test and assessment procedures as well as an impact assessment will conclude the work of the project at the final stage. The work will contribute to an improved protection of vulnerable road users focusing on the elderly. The use of advanced human body models to develop applicable assessment criteria for the revised impactors is intended to cope with the paucity of actual biomechanical data focusing on elderly pedestrians. In order to achieve optimized results in the future, the improved test methods need to be implemented within an integrated approach, combining active with passive safety measures. In order to address the developments in road accidents and injury patterns of vulnerable road users, established test and assessment procedures need to be continuously verified and, where needed, to be revised. The demographic change as well as changes in the vehicle fleet, leading to a variation of accident scenarios, injury frequencies and injury patterns of vulnerable road users are addressed by the work provided by the SENIORS project, introducing updated impactors for pedestrian test and assessment procedures.
In most of developed countries, the progress made in passive safety during the last three decades allowed to drastically reduce the number of killed and severely injured especially for occupants of passenger cars. This reduction is mainly observed for frontal impacts for which the AIS3+ injuries has been reduced about 52% for drivers and 38% for front passengers. The stiffening of the cars' structure coupled with the generalization of airbags and the improvement of the seatbelt restraint (load limiter, pretension, etc.) allowed to protect vital body regions such as head, neck and thorax. However, the abdomen did not take advantage with so much success of this progress. The objective of this study is to draw up an inventory on the abdominal injuries of the belted car occupants involved in frontal impact, to present adapted counter-measures and to assess their potential effectiveness. In the first part the stakes corresponding to the abdominal injuries will be defined according to types of impact, seat location, occupants' age and type of injured organs. Then, we shall focus on the abdominal injury risk curves for adults involved in frontal impact and on the comparisons of the average risks according to the seat location. In the second part we will list counter-measures and we shall calculate their effectiveness. The method of case control will be used in order to estimate odds ratio, comparing two samples, given by occupants having or not having the studied safety system. For this study, two type of data sources are used: national road injured accident census and retrospective in-depth accident data collection. Abdominal injuries are mainly observed in frontal impact (52%). Fatal or severe abdominal occupant- injuries are observed at least in 27% of cases, ranking this body region as the most injured just after the thorax (51%). In spite of a twice lower occupation rate in the back seats compared to the front seats, the number of persons sustaining abdominal injuries at the rear place is higher than in the front place. In recent cars, the risk of having a serious or fatal abdominal injury in a frontal impact is 1.6% for the driver, 3.6% for the front passenger and 6.3% for the rear occupants. The most frequently hurt organs are the small intestine (17%), the spleen (16%) and the liver (13%). The most common countermeasures have a good efficiency in the reduction of the abdominal injuries for the adults: the stiffness of the structure of the seats allows decreasing the abdominal injury risk from 54% (driver) to 60% (front occupant), the seatbelt pretensioners decrease also this risk from 90% (driver) to 83% (front passenger).
Die Kommunikation zwischen Fahrzeugen und Infrastrukturkomponenten steht vor der Einführung in Europa. Dieser Beitrag stellt zunächst die grundlegende Technologie zum Austausch von Nachrichten und ein Pilotprojekt vor, innerhalb dessen eine sichere Fahrzeug-zu-Infrastruktur Kommunikation konzipiert und praktisch erprobt wird. Darauf aufbauend werden Sicherheitsfragestellungen von Infrastrukturkomponenten beleuchtet und ein Einblick in das Schlüsselmanagement sowohl für Fahrzeuge als auch Infrastrukturkomponenten gegeben.
To elucidate the risk of pedestrians, bicycle and motorbike users, data of two accident research units from 1999 to 2014 were analysed in regard to demographic data, collision details, preclinical and clinical data using SPSS. 14.295 injured vulnerable road users were included. 92 out of 3610 pedestrians ("P", 2.5%), 90 out of 8307 bicyclists ("B", 1.1%) and 115 out of 4094 motorcycle users ("M", 2.8%) were diagnosed with spinal fractures. Thoracic fractures were most frequent ahead of lumbar and cervical fractures. Car collisions were most frequent mechanism (68, 62 and 36%). MAIS was 3.8, 2.8 and 3.2 for P, B and A with ISS 32, 16 and 23. AIS-head was 2.2, 1.3 and 1.5). Vulnerable road users are at significant risk for spine fractures. These are often associated with severe additional injuries, e.g. the head and a very high overall trauma severity (polytrauma).
Die Produktion von Heißasphalt im Asphaltmischwerk hat einen großen Anteil an den in Ökobilanzen erfassten Umweltindikatoren, z.B. der CO2-Emissionen. Ein Großteil des bei der Asphaltproduktion erforderlichen Energieverbrauchs wird zur Trocknung und Erwärmung der Gesteinskörnungen aufgebracht. Vermehrt wird daher international bitumenhaltiges Mischgut bei Umgebungstemperaturen hergestellt und eingebaut. Als Bindemittel kommen dabei Bitumenemulsion oder Schaumbitumen zur Anwendung. Das Baustoffverhalten des Kaltmischgutes unterscheidet sich in verschiedenen Aspekten vom mechanischen Verhalten von Heißasphalt. Dies betrifft alle Phasen der fertiggestellten Schicht " Mischgutherstellung, Lagerung und Transport, Einbau, Verdichtung sowie Kurz- und Langzeitverhalten. Um das bautechnische Potenzial der bitumengebundenen Kaltbauweisen für die Anwendung in Deutschland abzuschätzen wurden internationale Anwendungen und Erfahrungen mit der Bauweise zusammengestellt und vergleichend bewertet. Dabei können anhand der eingesetzten Bindemittelgehalte vier bitumenhaltige, kalt verarbeitete Mischgutarten unterschieden werden: Kaltasphalt, Grave Emulsion, Bitumen-Stabilisiertes Mischgut und Bitumen-Zement-Stabilisiertes Mischgut. Insbesondere bei den letzten drei Mischgutsorten unterscheidet sich das mechanische Baustoffverhalten stark von jenem von Heißasphalt. Daher sind vom bisherigen Standard abweichende Dimensionierungs- und Bauverfahren erforderlich. Um die Kaltbauweisen in Deutschland zu erproben, sind weitere Forschungsaktivitäten hinsichtlich des mechanischen Verhaltens der Kaltbaustoffe erforderlich. Die praktische Umsetzung international erprobter Bauweisen kann parallel in Untersuchungsstrecken erfolgen, welche durch Lebenszyklus-Studien begleitet werden sollten, um ökologische und ökonomische Vorteile der Bauweisen belegen zu können.
Since its creation in 2011 the Pre-Crash-Matrix (PCM) offers the possibility to observe the pre-crash phase until five seconds before crash for a wide range of accidents. Currently the PCM contains more than 8.000 reconstructed accidents out of the GIDAS (German In-Depth Accident Study) database and is enlarged continuously by more than 1.000 cases per year. Hence, a detailed investigation of active safety systems in real accident situations has been made feasible. The PCM contains all relevant data in database format to simulate the pre-crash phase until the first collision of the accident for a maximum of two participants. This includes the definition of the participants and their characteristics, the dynamic behavior of the participants as time-dependent course for five seconds before crash as well as the geometry of the traffic infrastructure. The digital sketch of the accident and information from GIDAS as well as from supplementary databases represent the main input for the simulation of the pre-crash phase of an accident with the VUFO simulation model VAST (Vufo Accident Simulation Tool). This simulation in turn embodies the foundation of the PCM. The PCM underlies continual improvements and enhancements in consultation with its users. In addition to collisions of cars with other cars, pedestrians, bicycles and motorcycles the PCM now also covers car to object and car to truck collisions. The paper illustrates car to truck collisions as a showcase and explains perspectives for further developments. In 2016 a more detailed definition of the contour of the vehicle was added. Furthermore, the geometrical surroundings of the accident site will be provided in a new structure with a higher level of detail. Thus, a precise classification of road marks and objects is possible to further improve the support of developing and evaluating ADAS. This paper gives an overview about the latest developments of the PCM with its innovations and provides an outlook to upcoming enhancements. Besides potential areas of application for the development of ADAS are shown.
The objectives of this paper are the analysis of the accident risk of drivers brain pathologies (Mild Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimer- disease, and Parkinson- disease), and the investigation of the impact of driver distraction on the accident risk of patients with brain pathologies, through a driving simulator experiment. The three groups of patients are compared to a healthy group of similar demographics, with no brain pathology. In particular, 125 drivers of more than 55 years old (34 "controls"" and 91 "patients") went through a large driving simulator experimental process, in which incidents were scheduled to occur. They drove in rural and urban areas, in low and high traffic volumes and in three distraction conditions (undistracted driving, conversation with a passenger and conversation through a mobile phone). The statistical analyses indicated several interesting findings; brain pathologies affect significantly accident risk and distraction affects more the groups of patients than the control one.