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In most of developed countries, the progress made in passive safety during the last three decades allowed to drastically reduce the number of killed and severely injured especially for occupants of passenger cars. This reduction is mainly observed for frontal impacts for which the AIS3+ injuries has been reduced about 52% for drivers and 38% for front passengers. The stiffening of the cars' structure coupled with the generalization of airbags and the improvement of the seatbelt restraint (load limiter, pretension, etc.) allowed to protect vital body regions such as head, neck and thorax. However, the abdomen did not take advantage with so much success of this progress. The objective of this study is to draw up an inventory on the abdominal injuries of the belted car occupants involved in frontal impact, to present adapted counter-measures and to assess their potential effectiveness. In the first part the stakes corresponding to the abdominal injuries will be defined according to types of impact, seat location, occupants' age and type of injured organs. Then, we shall focus on the abdominal injury risk curves for adults involved in frontal impact and on the comparisons of the average risks according to the seat location. In the second part we will list counter-measures and we shall calculate their effectiveness. The method of case control will be used in order to estimate odds ratio, comparing two samples, given by occupants having or not having the studied safety system. For this study, two type of data sources are used: national road injured accident census and retrospective in-depth accident data collection. Abdominal injuries are mainly observed in frontal impact (52%). Fatal or severe abdominal occupant- injuries are observed at least in 27% of cases, ranking this body region as the most injured just after the thorax (51%). In spite of a twice lower occupation rate in the back seats compared to the front seats, the number of persons sustaining abdominal injuries at the rear place is higher than in the front place. In recent cars, the risk of having a serious or fatal abdominal injury in a frontal impact is 1.6% for the driver, 3.6% for the front passenger and 6.3% for the rear occupants. The most frequently hurt organs are the small intestine (17%), the spleen (16%) and the liver (13%). The most common countermeasures have a good efficiency in the reduction of the abdominal injuries for the adults: the stiffness of the structure of the seats allows decreasing the abdominal injury risk from 54% (driver) to 60% (front occupant), the seatbelt pretensioners decrease also this risk from 90% (driver) to 83% (front passenger).
Driver distraction
(2017)
This report for the Institute of Advanced Motorists (IAM) summarises recent research and knowledge from scientific studies about distracted driving. The report defines what it means to be "distracted" when driving, discusses the impact of distraction on driver behaviour and safety, and what can be done to reduce distracted driving. The focus of distraction discussed here relates to how drivers engage with technology when driving. The report begins with a background to driver distraction, followed by discussion about what is actually meant by driver distraction. It is then considered why humans cannot successfully do two things at the same time, particularly within the context of driving. The subsequent section summarises the scientific research findings to date with regard to driver distraction and technology, and how this affects different types of road user. Recommendations for how driver distraction can be mitigated in the real world and a summary conclude the report. Responses to common questions raised by drivers are presented in Appendix A.
This work describes the results of the experimental activity, illustrating the driving behavior observed in different conditions, relating them to the different methods of ADAS intervention and comparing the driver behavior without ADAS. In the present study, driver behavior was studied in road accidents involving elderly pedestrians, with different ADAS HMIs, as a base to develop a driver model in near missing pedestrian accidents. A literature research was conducted with the aim of finding out the main influencing factors, including environment, boundary conditions, configuration of impact, pedestrian and driver information, when pedestrian fatalities occur and an analysis of frequent road accidents was conducted to get more detailed information about the driver- behavior. In order to obtain more detailed information about pedestrian accidents, real road accidents were reconstructed with multibody simulations on PC-Crash and, by the comparison between literature findings and reconstructions, a generic accident scenario was defined. The generic accident scenario was implemented on the full scale dynamic driving simulator in use at the Laboratory for Safety and Traffic Accident Analysis (LaSIS, University of Florence, Italy) in order to analyse the driving behaviors of volunteers, also considering the influence of ADAS devices. Forty-five young volunteers were enrolled for this study, resulting in forty valid tests on different testing scenarios. Two different scenarios consisted in driving with or without ADAS in the vehicle. Different kinds of ADAS, acoustic and optical, with different time of intervention were tested in order to study the different reactions of the driver. The tests showed some interesting differences between driver's behavior when approaching the critical situation. Drivers with ADAS reacted earlier, but more slowly, depending also on the type of alarm, and often with double reaction when braking. In fact, the results of the activity showed that with ADAS intervention the time to collision (TTC) increases, but the reaction time and braking modality change: a) there is a sort of "latency" time between the accelerator pedal release and the brake pressure; b) the brake pressure is initially less intense. So the driver only partially takes advance from the TTC increase. These differences were valued not only qualitatively, but quantitatively as well. This work revealed to be useful to improve the knowledge of drivers" behavior, in order to realize a driver model that can be implemented to help attaining and assessing higher levels of automation through new technology.
From an automotive safety occupant protection standpoint, effective occupant restraint requires a system capable of providing non-injurious occupant ride down of anticipated crash forces. This is not only the case for frontal collisions, where occupant restraint is provided primarily by seatbelts and airbags, but is also critical for other crash modes such as side impacts, rear impacts, rollovers, as well as multiple impact events. In the rear impact crash mode, occupant restraint is provided primarily by the seatbacks and to some extent the seatbelts. Foundationally, therefore, what becomes fundamental to the seatback's role in rear occupant protection is its ability to contain the occupant within the seat, preventing occupant ramping, as well as preventing the seat's, and/or its occupant's, dangerous intrusion into the rear occupant's survival space where contact with rear compartment components and/ or rear seated occupants can present a significant injury risk. An analysis is presented of a series of rear impact sled testing conducted by the authors that evaluates the timing, position and extent of the front seatback's reward displacement toward and into the rear occupant compartment as well as consideration of the front seat occupant' ramping potential and its injury potential relative to the rear compartment. Additionally, three other series of testing are presented which assess various seat designs occupant retention capabilities. Lastly, a matched-pair comparison test series is presented which evaluates occupant motion in rear impact with and without use of a typical vehicle body mounted 3-point seatbelt. Discussion of restraint system performance observed in all the testing is included along with ATD biofidelity and thigh-gap considerations. The data collected and presented includes accelerometer instrumentation and high speed video analysis.
Twenty-eight percent of traffic accidents in Japan are rear-end collisions, and of these, 13% are multiple collisions (three or more vehicles and/or roadside objects). A post-crash braking system enables the driver to stop the vehicle in a short distance after a rear-end collision to prevent secondary collisions. In this study, the effectiveness of a post-crash braking system was examined using a drive recorder database. In 64% of rear-end collisions, the driver's braking was interrupted after the collision. The stopping distance was estimated with time data from the drive recorder. We predict that the brake assist would be effective in preventing secondary collisions in 21% of cases.
Whiplash injuries are characterized by the high variability of its symptoms and by the subjectivity of its diagnosis, which sometimes leads to frauds perpetrated by victims of rear-end impacts. It is estimated that whiplash injuries cost annually about 10.000 million Euros in Europe. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the dynamics of the accident in which the victim was involved in the probability of development of whiplash associated injuries. In the presented methodology, first an accident reconstruction is performed where the dynamics of the accident is determined. This is carried out using the software PC-Crash, police and insurance companies' data. Then biomechanical injuries criteria related with whiplash injuries are evaluated. For the evaluation of the probability of having whiplash injuries, the Neck Injury Criterion (NIC) of the victim and the mean acceleration of the vehicle were evaluated. Then, with medical reports, the results of the accident reconstruction are correlated with the reported injuries. Some examples are presented. The results obtained indicate that the study of the dynamics of the road accidents in which the victims were involved could be used as an auxiliary of the prognosis of whiplash injuries and is important for a precise diagnosis of this type of injuries.
This study investigates the protection offered by passive head-restraints with different stiffness and energy dissipation properties. For this purpose, computational multi-body models of a generic car seat and a biofidelic 50thpercentile male human for rear impact are used to study different seat designs and passive head-restraints. The validated seat-occupant model is also used in the design of two different car-seat models which are shown to effectively mitigate whiplash by utilising a crash-energy distribution technique. Five different passive head-restraints with varying stiffness (low-medium-high) and energy dissipation percentages (low-high) are successively attached to four different car-seat models. The simulation results indicate that the protection offered by head restraints is strongly dependent on the seat design. It has also been shown that the stiffness of the passive head-restraint has much more influence on whiplash-risk in comparison to its energy dissipation capacity.
Millions of kilometers are driven and recorded by car manufacturers and researchers every year to gather information about realistic traffic situations. The focus of these studies is often the recording of critical situations to create test scenarios for the development of new systems before introducing them into the market. This paper shows a novel Analysis and Investigation Method for All Traffic Scenarios (AIMATS) based on real traffic scenes. It also shows how to get detailed information about speeds, trajectories and behavior of all participants without driving thousands of kilometers at the example of conflict situations with animals. Basis of the AIMATS is the identification of the most relevant locations as "Points of Interest" (POI), the recording of the critical situations and their "base lines" at these POI. This paper presents a new method to identify critical scenarios involving both vehicles and animals as well as preliminary results of a study done in Saxony using this new method.
Test and assessment procedures for passive pedestrian protection based on developments by the European Enhanced Vehicle-safety Committee (EEVC) have been introduced in world-wide regulations and consumer test programmes, with considerable harmonization between these programmes. Nevertheless, latest accident investigations reveal a stagnation of pedestrian fatality numbers on European roads running the risk of not meeting the European Union- goal of halving the number of road fatalities by the year 2020. The branch of external road user safety within the EC-funded research project SENIORS under the HORIZON 2020 framework programme focuses on investigating the benefit of modifications to pedestrian test and assessment procedures and their impactors for vulnerable road users with focus on the elderly. Injury patterns of pedestrians and cyclists derived from the German In-Depth Accident Study (GIDAS) show a trend of AIS 2+ and AIS 3+ injuries getting more relevant for the thorax region in crashes with newer cars (Wisch et al., 2017), while maintaining the relevance for head and lower extremities. Several crash databases from Europe such as GIDAS and the Swedish Traffic Accident Data Acquisition (STRADA) also show that head, thorax and lower extremities are the key affected body regions not only for the average population but in particular for the elderly. Therefore, the SENIORS project is focusing on an improvement of currently available impactors and procedures in terms of biofidelity and injury assessment ability towards a better protection of the affected body regions, incorporating previous results from FP 6 project APROSYS and subsequent studies carried out by BASt. The paper describes the overall methodology to develop revised FE impactor models. Matched human body model and impactor simulations against generic test rigs provide transfer functions that will be used for the derivation of impactor criteria from human injury risk functions for the affected body regions. In a later step, the refined impactors will be validated by simulations against actual vehicle front-ends. Prototyping and adaptation of test and assessment procedures as well as an impact assessment will conclude the work of the project at the final stage. The work will contribute to an improved protection of vulnerable road users focusing on the elderly. The use of advanced human body models to develop applicable assessment criteria for the revised impactors is intended to cope with the paucity of actual biomechanical data focusing on elderly pedestrians. In order to achieve optimized results in the future, the improved test methods need to be implemented within an integrated approach, combining active with passive safety measures. In order to address the developments in road accidents and injury patterns of vulnerable road users, established test and assessment procedures need to be continuously verified and, where needed, to be revised. The demographic change as well as changes in the vehicle fleet, leading to a variation of accident scenarios, injury frequencies and injury patterns of vulnerable road users are addressed by the work provided by the SENIORS project, introducing updated impactors for pedestrian test and assessment procedures.
Supported by field accident data and monitoring results of European Regulation (EC) No. 78/2009, recent plans of the European Commission regarding a way forward to improve passive safety of vulnerable road users include, amongst other things, an extension of the head test area. The inclusion of passive cyclist safety is also being considered by Euro NCAP. Although passenger car to cyclist collisions are often severe and have a significant share within the accident statistics, cyclists are neither considered sufficiently in the legislative nor in the consumer ratings tests. Therefore, a test procedure to assess the protection potential of vehicle fronts in a collision with cyclists has been developed within a current research project. For this purpose, the existing pedestrian head impact test procedures were modified in order to include boundary conditions relevant for cyclists as the second big group of vulnerable road users. Based on an in-depth analysis of passenger car to cyclist accidents in Germany the three most representative accident constellations have been initially defined. The development of the test procedure itself was based on corresponding simulations with representative vehicle and bicycle models. In addition to different cyclist heights, reaching from a 6-year-old child to a 95%-male, also four pedal positions were considered. By reconstruction of a real accident the defined simulation parameters could be validated in advance. The conducted accident kinematics analysis shows for a large portion of the constellations an increased head impact area, which can reach beyond the roof leading edge, as well as high average values for head impact velocity and angle. Based on the simulation data obtained for the different vehicle models, cyclist-specific test parameters for impactor tests have been derived, which have been further examined in the course of head and leg impact tests. In order to study the cyclist accident kinematics under real test conditions, different full scale tests with a Polar-II dummy positioned on a bicycle have been conducted. Overall, the tests showed a good correlation with the simulations and support the defined boundary test conditions. Typical accident scenarios and simulations reveal higher head impact locations, angles and velocities. An extended head impact area with modified test parameters will contribute to an improved protection of vulnerable road users including cyclists. However, due to significantly differing impact kinematics and postures between the lower extremities of pedestrians and cyclists, these injuries cannot be addressed by the means of current test tools such as the flexible pedestrian legform impactor FlexPLI. Based on the findings obtained within the project as well as the existing pedestrian protection requirements a cyclist protection test procedure for use in legislation and consumer test programmes has been developed, whose requirements have been transferred into a corresponding test specification. This specification provides common head test boundary conditions for pedestrians and cyclists, whereby the existing requirements are modified and two parallel test procedures are avoided.
The current maintenance management for bridges is mainly based on visual inspection and aims at the repair of identified damages. In the project cluster "Smart Bridge" an adaptive system for holistic evaluation in real time is developed. The following pilot studies show significant aspects of the Smart Bridge. Within the research project "Digital Test Area Autobahn" a new constructed prestressed concrete bridge is implemented with instrumented expansion joints and bearings, a "RTMS©" and a sensor network. By using analytical bridge models and evaluation methods the condition and reliability of the bridge as well as the remaining service life is determined. In the pilot study "duraBASt" sensors for the detection of durability and structural safety as well as data analyzing and evaluation procedures are investigated. The aim of this study is the partial implementation of the aspects: data collection, data processing and model development for condition assessment of the bridge.
The case study "Digital Test Area Autobahn" is presented. A new built (September 2016) pre-stressed concrete bridge is equipped with different monitoring systems for the detection of traffic load, climatic influence and the reaction of the bridge. Possibilities for the implementation of a VoI (Value of Information) analyses are presented.
With the introduction of the German Highway Capacity Manual (HBS) in January 2002 (FGSV, 2002), all methods for the evaluation of the performance of highway facilities were, for the first time in Germany, simultaneously updated and consolidated in a single work following the ideas of the American Highway Capacity Manual (HCM). This paper gives an overview of the new 2015 edition of the German HBS and describes the changes as for example the addition of chapters for freeway, rural roads, and major urban street facilities, comprising segments and intersections.
Die Länderarbeitsgemeinschaften Bodenschutz (LABO), Abfall (LAGA) und Wasser (LAWA) haben im September 2005 das Bundesumweltministerium gebeten, bundeseinheitliche, rechtsverbindliche Anforderungen an die Verwertung von mineralischen Abfällen in technischen Bauwerken und in bodenähnlichen Anwendungen zu regeln. Die Umweltministerien der Länder haben in ihren Stellungnahmen zum 2. Arbeitsentwurf der Mantelverordnung Forderungen gestellt, bei deren Umsetzung der Einsatz von mineralischen Ersatzbaustoffen im Verkehrswegebau stark eingeschränkt und unwirtschaftlich würde. Der Wille zur Schonung natürlicher Ressourcen ist nicht erkennbar. Anforderungen an Straßenbauwerke, an den Umweltschutz und an die Kreislaufwirtschaft konkurrieren in vielen Bereichen miteinander. Im Gesetzgebungsverfahren sind bisher trotz Gesprächen zwischen den Ressorts auf Arbeitsebene in grundlegenden Aspekten keine Einigung oder von Allen tragbare Kompromisse erzielt worden. Der Verkehrswegebau ist Hauptabnehmer der Ersatzbaustoffe, geht mit großen Mengen des Primärbaustoffs "Boden" um, ist aber auch "Abfallerzeuger". In der Mantelverordnung werden Regelungen getroffen, die stark in die Belange des Straßenbaus eingreifen. Aus diesem Grund ist die Beteiligung der Straßenbauverwaltung erforderlich, um die bautechnische und bauvertragliche Kompetenz sicher zu stellen, das Potenzial für Boden- und Grundwasserschutz auszuschöpfen und natürliche Ressourcen zu schonen. Die wichtigsten Aspekte zum umweltgerechten Einsatz von Boden und Ersatzbaustoffen aus der Sicht des Straßenbaus werden vorgestellt.
Research to inform policy is often challenged with how to genuinely use and implement research findings in decision-making and policy-planning. To begin with, the dialogue between researchers and decision-makers is essential to ensure profound understanding and legitimate interpretations of the results. Furthermore, the step to drawing practical conclusions and processing them into actions can only succeed if research findings are diffused to decision-making levels with influence on the matter, and mechanisms to knowledge transfer in the presence of a stable, favourable policy environment exist. Research investments into the topic of electromobility in Europe are substantial, and subtopics aiming to inform national policy-makers address a complex set of aspects from environmental and societal to technological and economic. This paper has a two-fold objective, the first of which is to present the results of scenarios to explore electromobility deployment in Finland, Germany and the European Union. The second is to discuss the challenges and solutions to bridge the gap from research findings towards decision-making and policy-planning, using the authors' electromobility scenario work as an example. The electromobility scenarios were built using the VECTOR21 model (Mock, 2010), and the rationale was to simulate vehicle sales and markets under different policy settings and calculate the most economical solution to fulfill regulation on COâ‚‚ emissions as set by the European Commission (2009). The model allows calculating the market diffusion of alternative powertrain technologies to the European market until 2030, taking into account different taxation schemes, incentives and other country-specific characteristics. The authors also present the cost-benefit-analysis of the modelling results to assess the different scenarios and to show variation between regions regarding profitability of alternative technological or political support and interventions. To proceed from research findings towards decision-making and policy-planning, the authors made observations relating to transfer of research knowledge and interpretation of their electromobility scenario results in national policy contexts. An evaluation of how the function of research to inform policy in this case succeeded is provided. In addition, the influence of expert opinions on the political decision-making process will be discussed through experiences from an expert questionnaire conducted to survey the importance of costs, time requirement, acceptance and other criteria of promotion measures of electromobility.
Im Erd- und Straßenbau ist es in den letzten Jahren bei bindemittelbehandelten sulfathaltigen Böden wiederholt zu teilweise erheblichen Schäden durch Quellhebungen gekommen, die auf eine Mineralreaktion im Boden zurückzuführen sind. Werden Böden mit natürlichem Sulfatgehalt zu bautechnischen Zwecken mit calciumbasierten Bindemitteln behandelt, so kann das Bindemittel unter bestimmten Randbedingungen mit den im Gips enthaltenen Sulfationen zum Mineral Ettringit reagieren. Infolge der mit dieser Mineralneubildung verbundenen Volumenvergrößerung kann es zu erheblichen Hebungsschäden kommen. Die für die Reaktion des Sulfattreibens im Boden maßgebenden Einflussfaktoren sind zwar grundsätzlich bekannt, quantitative Prüfmethoden und standardisierte Strategien zur Gefahrenabwehr lagen bis dato allerdings noch nicht vor. Das Ziel des Forschungsvorhabens, über das in diesem Beitrag berichtet wird, war die Entwicklung eines praxistauglichen Prüfverfahrens als Grundlage für eine hieraus abzuleitende Prüfvorschrift. Hierfür wurden an Proben aus verschiedenen Boden-Bindemittelgemischen mit definierten Sulfatgehalten Quellhebungsversuche geplant, durchgeführt und ausgewertet. Im Ergebnis wurde ein annähernd linearer Zusammenhangzwischen dem Sulfatgehalt im Boden und den eingetretenen Quellhebungen festgestellt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen ferner, dass eine Behandlung sulfathaltiger Böden mit Weißfeinkalk mit größeren Quellhebungen verbunden ist als eine Behandlung mit Zement.
The performance of asphalt by low temperatures is largely determined by the viscosity of the binder respectively the mortar of the asphalt. The traditional test methods for binder (e.g. ball-draw viscosimeter) are limited to temperatures above the service range of temperature for an asphalt construction. The Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) is limited to temperatures above 30-°C whereas the Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) is limited to temperatures below -10-°C and not applicable to mortar. Especially the gap in the temperature of these test methods is very important to characterize the viscosity behavior of binder and mortar over the whole range of the service temperatures, which represent the typical environmental conditions of over the seasons, for an asphalt construction. Tension retardation experiments seem to be very useful to bridge the gap. They address the low temperature behavior of binder and mortar. With this test method the flow characteristics of binder (pen grade and any modification) and any kind of mortar in the service temperature range, in particular at low temperatures of -25-°C can be determined with a high precision, and assessed, via the physically interpretable material characteristics quantity of tension viscosity. Furthermore the present findings indicate the potential of extrapolation the results of the Tension retardation for a prediction of the rutting resistance of asphalt mixtures. As part of several research Projects, BASt (Federal Highway Research Institute) investigated the effects of different modifications of the binder to low temperature behavior of the binder by the tension retardation test. This paper is intended to provide a more detailed description of the test method Tension Retardation, selected results and related findings.
Die Europäischen Normen für Erdarbeiten werden im CEN/TC 396 "Earthworks" erarbeitet. Das Sekretariat des CEN/TC 396 wird vom französischen Normungsinstitut AFNOR gehalten. Die Normungsarbeit wird im DIN-Ausschuss NA 005-05-22 AA "Erdarbeiten (SpA zu CEN/TC 396), Gemeinschaftsausschuss mit FGSV GA 5.01" gespiegelt. Vertreter des Spiegelausschusses arbeiten in den verschiedenen Arbeitsgruppen (Working Groups (WG)) des CEN/TC 396 mit. In den Jahren 2009 und 2010 wurden die Gremien konstituiert und mit der Normungsarbeit begonnen, zunächst überwiegend durch die Zusammenstellung der vorhandenen Regelungen in den Mitgliedsstaaten (siehe auch Beitrag Vogel/Leister/Heyer zur Erd- und Grundbautagung 2013). Im November 2014 wurden vom CEN/TC 396 die Arbeitsaufträge ("work items") offiziell gestartet.
Die Länderarbeitsgemeinschaften Bodenschutz (LABO), Abfall (LAGA) und Wasser (LAWA) haben im September 2005 das Bundesumweltministerium gebeten, bundeseinheitliche, rechtsverbindliche Anforderungen an die Verwertung von mineralischen Abfällen in technischen Bauwerken und in bodenähnlichen Anwendungen zu regeln. Die Umweltministerien der Länder haben in ihren Stellungnahmen zum 2. Arbeitsentwurf der Mantelverordnung Forderungen gestellt, bei deren Umsetzung der Einsatz von mineralischen Ersatzbaustoffen im Verkehrswegebau stark eingeschränkt und unwirtschaftlich würde. Der Wille zur Schonung natürlicher Ressourcen ist nicht erkennbar. Anforderungen an Straßenbauwerke, an den Umweltschutz und an die Kreislaufwirtschaft konkurrieren in vielen Bereichen miteinander. Im Gesetzgebungsverfahren sind bisher trotz Gesprächen zwischen den Ressorts auf Arbeitsebene in grundlegenden Aspekten keine Einigung oder von Allen tragbare Kompromisse erzielt worden. Der Verkehrswegebau ist Hauptabnehmer der Ersatzbaustoffe, geht mit großen Mengen des Primärbaustoffs "Boden" um, ist aber auch "Abfallerzeuger". In der Mantelverordnung werden Regelungen getroffen, die stark in die Belange des Straßenbaus eingreifen. Aus diesem Grund ist die Beteiligung der Straßenbauverwaltung erforderlich, um die bautechnische und bauvertragliche Kompetenz sicher zu stellen, das Potenzial für Boden- und Grundwasserschutz auszuschöpfen und natürliche Ressourcen zu schonen. Die wichtigsten Aspekte zum umweltgerechten Einsatz von Boden und Ersatzbaustoffen aus der Sicht des Straßenbaus werden vorgestellt.