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Erscheinungsjahr
Dokumenttyp
- Konferenzveröffentlichung (409) (entfernen)
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- Englisch (409) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- Conference (278)
- Konferenz (276)
- Unfall (157)
- Accident (156)
- Germany (155)
- Deutschland (153)
- Injury (110)
- Verletzung (110)
- Unfallrekonstruktion (80)
- Safety (74)
- Sicherheit (73)
- Analyse (math) (67)
- Analysis (math) (66)
- Schweregrad (Unfall, Verletzung) (66)
- Severity (accid, injury) (64)
- Statistics (62)
- Statistik (61)
- Fußgänger (59)
- Pedestrian (59)
- Tödlicher Unfall (55)
- Fatality (54)
- Simulation (54)
- Bewertung (53)
- Reconstruction (accid) (53)
- Evaluation (assessment) (52)
- Fahrzeug (51)
- injury) (51)
- Datenbank (50)
- Vehicle (50)
- Verletzung) (49)
- Schweregrad (Unfall (48)
- Severity (accid (47)
- Anfahrversuch (46)
- Datenerfassung (46)
- Data acquisition (45)
- Car (44)
- Accident prevention (42)
- Collision (42)
- Unfallverhütung (42)
- On the spot accident investigation (41)
- Untersuchung am Unfallort (40)
- Zusammenstoß (40)
- Cause (38)
- Europa (38)
- Europe (38)
- Ursache (38)
- Impact test (veh) (37)
- Active safety system (36)
- Frontalzusammenstoß (36)
- Radfahrer (36)
- Test method (36)
- Data bank (35)
- Prüfverfahren (35)
- Aktives Sicherheitssystem (34)
- Cyclist (34)
- Head on collision (34)
- Passives Sicherheitssystem (33)
- Driver (30)
- Fahrer (30)
- Passive safety system (30)
- Fahrerassistenzsystem (28)
- Accident reconstruction (27)
- Geschwindigkeit (27)
- Leistungsfähigkeit (allg) (27)
- Insasse (26)
- Motorcyclist (26)
- Motorradfahrer (26)
- Speed (26)
- Anthropometric dummy (24)
- Driver assistance system (24)
- Efficiency (24)
- Dummy (22)
- Test (22)
- Vehicle occupant (22)
- Versuch (22)
- Method (21)
- PKW (21)
- Pkw (21)
- Risiko (21)
- Child (20)
- Kind (20)
- Verfahren (20)
- Brustkorb (19)
- Risk (19)
- Seitlicher Zusammenstoß (19)
- Sicherheitsgurt (18)
- Side impact (18)
- Biomechanics (17)
- Biomechanik (17)
- Thorax (17)
- Alte Leute (16)
- Behaviour (16)
- Benutzung (16)
- Forschungsarbeit (16)
- Head (16)
- Improvement (16)
- Interview (16)
- Kopf (16)
- Motorrad (16)
- Risikobewertung (16)
- Use (16)
- Verbesserung (16)
- Verhalten (16)
- Lorry (15)
- Motorcycle (15)
- Old people (15)
- Research project (15)
- Risk assessment (15)
- Safety belt (15)
- Berechnung (14)
- Leg (human) (14)
- Measurement (14)
- Rechenmodell (14)
- Accident rate (13)
- Calculation (13)
- Database (13)
- Deformation (13)
- Mathematical model (13)
- Messung (13)
- Prognose (13)
- Airbag (12)
- Auffahrunfall (12)
- Development (12)
- Entwicklung (12)
- Fehler (12)
- Prevention (12)
- Rear end collision (12)
- Unfallhäufigkeit (12)
- Verformung (12)
- Überschlagen (12)
- EU (11)
- Error (11)
- Fahrzeugsitz (11)
- Human factor (11)
- Menschlicher Faktor (11)
- Schutzhelm (11)
- Standardisierung (11)
- Antikollisionssystem (10)
- Bein (menschl) (10)
- Bemessung (10)
- Crash helmet (10)
- Design (overall design) (10)
- Digital model (10)
- Forecast (10)
- International (10)
- Lkw (10)
- Numerisches Modell (10)
- Overturning (veh) (10)
- Politik (10)
- Seat (veh) (10)
- Verminderung (10)
- Bremsung (9)
- Collision avoidance system (9)
- Cost benefit analysis (9)
- Decrease (9)
- Front (9)
- Japan (9)
- Knotenpunkt (9)
- Kompatibilität (9)
- Krankenhaus (9)
- Policy (9)
- Sensor (9)
- Wirbelsäule (9)
- Wirtschaftlichkeitsrechnung (9)
- Age (8)
- Air bag (restraint system) (8)
- Alter (8)
- Belastung (8)
- Braking (8)
- Bridge (8)
- Brücke (8)
- Compatibility (8)
- Erste Hilfe (8)
- Fracture (bone) (8)
- Hospital (8)
- Interior (veh) (8)
- Knee (human) (8)
- Knochenbruch (8)
- Load (8)
- Modification (8)
- Standardization (8)
- USA (8)
- Vehicle regulations (8)
- Verhütung (8)
- Verkehrsteilnehmer (8)
- Austria (7)
- Dauerhaftigkeit (7)
- Detection (7)
- Durability (7)
- Fahranfänger (7)
- Fahrstabilität (7)
- Fahrzeuginnenraum (7)
- Gesetzgebung (7)
- Halswirbel (7)
- Human body (7)
- Impact test (7)
- Legislation (7)
- Menschlicher Körper (7)
- Oberflächentextur (7)
- Recently qualified driver (7)
- Road user (7)
- Surface texture (7)
- Technische Vorschriften (Kraftfahrzeug) (7)
- Tunnel (7)
- Vehicle handling (7)
- Vereinigtes Königreich (7)
- Veränderung (7)
- Österreich (7)
- Ausrüstung (6)
- Automatisch (6)
- Cervical vertebrae (6)
- China (6)
- Correlation (math, stat) (6)
- Driver information (6)
- Drunkenness (6)
- Equipment (6)
- First aid (6)
- Impact sled (6)
- Impact study (6)
- India (6)
- Indien (6)
- Junction (6)
- Knie (menschl) (6)
- Norm (tech) (6)
- Ort (Position) (6)
- Portugal (6)
- Probability (6)
- Schweden (6)
- Sichtbarkeit (6)
- Software (6)
- Specification (standard) (6)
- Spinal column (6)
- Steifigkeit (6)
- Stiffness (6)
- Technologie (6)
- Technology (6)
- Transport infrastructure (6)
- Trunkenheit (6)
- Unterhaltung (6)
- Sichtbarkeit (6)
- Vorn (6)
- Wahrscheinlichkeit (6)
- Weather (6)
- Analyse (Math) (5)
- Angle (5)
- Aufprallschlitten (5)
- Autobahn (5)
- Automatic (5)
- Automatische Notbremsung (5)
- Autonomes Fahren (5)
- Autonomous driving (5)
- Bicycle (5)
- Body (car) (5)
- Classification (5)
- Condition survey (5)
- Damage (5)
- Deformierbare Barriere (Anpralltest) (5)
- Detektion (5)
- Driver training (5)
- Eins (5)
- Electronic stability program (5)
- Fahrausbildung (5)
- Fahrrad (5)
- Finite element method (5)
- Frau (5)
- Karosserie (5)
- Korrelation (math, stat) (5)
- Location (5)
- Lärm (5)
- Maintenance (5)
- Noise (5)
- One (5)
- Post crash (5)
- Sachschaden (5)
- Specifications (5)
- Straßenentwurf (5)
- United Kingdom (5)
- Verkehrsinfrastruktur (5)
- Winkel (5)
- Wirksamkeitsuntersuchung (5)
- Witterung (5)
- Zustandsbewertung (5)
- Abbiegen (4)
- Abdomen (4)
- Adolescent (4)
- Autonomous emergency braking (4)
- Betonstraße (Oberbau) (4)
- Bremse (4)
- Coefficient of friction (4)
- Collision test (veh) (4)
- Contact (tyre road) (4)
- Crashtest (4)
- Deformable barrier (impact test) (4)
- Delivery vehicle (4)
- Distraction (4)
- Driving (veh) (4)
- Dynamics (4)
- Dynamik (4)
- Echtzeit (4)
- Eigenschaft (4)
- Einstellung (psychol) (4)
- Electric vehicle (4)
- Elektrofahrzeug (4)
- Elektronisches Stabilitätsprogramm (4)
- Enforcement (law) (4)
- Estimation (4)
- Fahrdatenschreiber (4)
- Fahrerinformation (4)
- Fahrzeugführung (4)
- France (4)
- Frankreich (4)
- Gesetzesdurchführung (4)
- Gewicht (4)
- Highway design (4)
- Jugendlicher (4)
- Kamera (4)
- Klassifizierung (4)
- Kontrolle (4)
- Kraftfahrzeug (4)
- LKW (4)
- Lebenszyklus (4)
- Methode der finiten Elemente (4)
- Motorway (4)
- Occupant (veh) (4)
- Official approval (4)
- Planning (4)
- Planung (4)
- Properties (4)
- Real time (4)
- Regression analysis (4)
- Regressionsanalyse (4)
- Rehabilitation (4)
- Reibungsbeiwert (4)
- Reproducibility (4)
- Reproduzierbarkeit (4)
- Richtlinien (4)
- Rigid pavement (4)
- Road network (4)
- Schallpegel (4)
- Schutzeinrichtung (4)
- Seite (4)
- Sound level (4)
- Straßennetz (4)
- Surfacing (4)
- Sweden (4)
- Unfallfolgemaßnahme (4)
- Unterleib (4)
- Weight (4)
- Woman (4)
- Ablenkung (psychol) (3)
- Accuracy (3)
- Attitude (psychol) (3)
- Bau (3)
- Bauwerksmonitoring (3)
- Befreiung (Bergung) (3)
- Bein (3)
- Beton (3)
- Blickfeld (3)
- Brake (3)
- Brücken Management System (3)
- Bus (3)
- Camera (3)
- Concrete (3)
- Construction (3)
- Crash test (3)
- Czech Republic (3)
- Data base (3)
- Decision process (3)
- Decke (Straße) (3)
- Digitale Bildverarbeitung (3)
- Effectiveness (3)
- Emergency (3)
- Entdeckung (3)
- Entscheidungsprozess (3)
- Environment (3)
- Ergonomics (3)
- Erziehung (3)
- Event data recorder (road vehicle) (3)
- Extrication (3)
- Fahrbahnüberquerung (3)
- Fahrgeschicklichkeit (3)
- Field of vision (3)
- Fire (3)
- Frequency (3)
- Gefahrenabwehr (3)
- Griffigkeit (3)
- Hinten (3)
- Information (3)
- Information documentation (3)
- Intelligent transport system (3)
- Intersection (3)
- Kleidung (3)
- Kontakt Reifen Straße (3)
- Korea (Süd) (Demokratische Republik) (3)
- Landstraße (3)
- Lieferfahrzeug (3)
- Man (3)
- Mann (3)
- Medizinische Untersuchung (3)
- Mobility (3)
- Mobilität (3)
- Notfall (3)
- Overlapping (3)
- Passenger (3)
- Prototyp (3)
- Prototype (3)
- Quality (3)
- Quality assurance (3)
- Qualität (3)
- Qualitätssicherung (3)
- Rear (3)
- Rehabilitation (road user) (3)
- Reifen (3)
- Republic of Korea (3)
- Run off the road (accid) (3)
- Rural road (3)
- Safety fence (3)
- Security (3)
- Severity (acid (3)
- Skidding resistance (3)
- Spain (3)
- Spanien (3)
- Structural health monitoring (3)
- Surveillance (3)
- Theorie (3)
- Theory (3)
- Traffic (3)
- Tschechische Republik (3)
- Tyre (3)
- Umwelt (3)
- United kingdom (3)
- Unterfahrschutz (3)
- Verkehr (3)
- Verschiebung (3)
- Versuchspuppe (3)
- Vorne (3)
- Wet road (3)
- Abkommen von der Fahrbahn (Unfall) (2)
- Absorption (2)
- Adult (2)
- Advanced driver assistance system (2)
- Anti locking device (2)
- Antiblockiereinrichtung (2)
- Arzneimittel (2)
- Australia (2)
- Australien (2)
- Autonomes Fahrzeug (2)
- Autonomous vehicle (2)
- Battery (2)
- Baumusterzulassung (2)
- Bearing capacity (2)
- Behinderter (2)
- Beinahe Unfall (2)
- Bicyclist (2)
- Blutkreislauf (2)
- Bremsweg (2)
- Bridge management system (2)
- Bruch (mech) (2)
- Circulation (blood) (2)
- Clothing (2)
- Coach (2)
- Communication (2)
- Comprehension (2)
- Compression (2)
- Continuous (2)
- Cost (2)
- Crash Test (2)
- Crash victim (2)
- Cross roads (2)
- Crossing the road (2)
- Cycle track (2)
- Cycling (2)
- Data processing (2)
- Data transmission (telecom) (2)
- Datenbasis (2)
- Datenverarbeitung (2)
- Datenübertragung (telekom) (2)
- Depth (2)
- Deterioration (2)
- Deutschalnd (2)
- Digital image processing (2)
- Disablement (2)
- Dreidimensional (2)
- Edge (2)
- Education (2)
- Eindringung (2)
- Eingabedaten (2)
- Electric bicycle (2)
- Electronic driving aid (2)
- Elektrofahrrad (2)
- Empfindlichkeit (2)
- Energie (2)
- Energy (2)
- Ergonomie (2)
- Erwachsener (2)
- Eu (2)
- Fahrbahnmarkierung (2)
- Fahrsimulator (2)
- Fahrzeugteil (Sicherheit) (2)
- Fernverkehrsstraße (2)
- Festigkeit (2)
- Feuer (2)
- Foot (not a measure) (2)
- Form (2)
- Frequenz (2)
- Fuß (2)
- Führerschein (2)
- Führerscheinentzug (2)
- Geländefahrzeug (2)
- Genauigkeit (2)
- Government (national) (2)
- Grenzwert (2)
- Harmonisation (2)
- Hazard (2)
- Head restraint (2)
- Headlamp (2)
- Highway (2)
- In situ (2)
- Input data (2)
- Jahreszeit (2)
- Knie (2)
- Kommunikation (2)
- Kontakt Reifen-Straße (2)
- Kontinuierlich (2)
- Kopfstütze (2)
- Kosten (2)
- Kreuzung (2)
- Langfristig (2)
- Learning (2)
- Lenken (Fahrzeug) (2)
- Life cycle (2)
- Limit (2)
- Long term (2)
- Main road (2)
- Medical aspects (2)
- Medical examination (2)
- Medication (2)
- Medizinische Gesichtspunkte (2)
- Messgerät (2)
- Methode der finite Elemente (2)
- Mobile phone (2)
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- Movement (2)
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- Pavement (2)
- Pavement Management System (2)
- Pavement management system (2)
- Penetration (2)
- Perception (2)
- Posture (2)
- Public transport (2)
- Radfahren (2)
- Radweg (2)
- Reaction (human) (2)
- Reaktionsverhalten (2)
- Recording (2)
- Regierung (staat) (2)
- Reisebus (2)
- Restraint system (2)
- Road traffic (2)
- Scheinwerfer (2)
- Schutz (2)
- Season (2)
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- Sensitivity (2)
- Service life (2)
- Shock (2)
- Side (2)
- Simulator (driving) (2)
- Skill (road user) (2)
- Sociology (2)
- Soziologie (2)
- Sport utility vehicle (2)
- Stadt (2)
- Statistical analysis (2)
- Statistische Analyse (2)
- Steering (process) (2)
- Stochastic process (2)
- Stochastischer Prozess (2)
- Straße (2)
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- Telefon (2)
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- Telephone (2)
- Three dimensional (2)
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- Time (2)
- Traffic count (2)
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- Turn (2)
- Turning (2)
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- Urban area (2)
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- Verkehrserhebung (2)
- Verständnis (2)
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- Water (2)
- Windschutzscheibe (2)
- Zeit (2)
- Zeitreihe (stat) (2)
- Zusammendrückung (2)
- Zusammenstoss (2)
- Öffentlicher Verkehr (2)
- Überlappung (2)
- (menschl) (1)
- Abgefahrener Reifen (1)
- Ability (road user) (1)
- Abkommen von der Fahrbahn (1)
- Ablenkung (1)
- Abnutzung (1)
- Abstandsregeltempomat (1)
- Acceleration (1)
- Acceptability (1)
- Accident black spot (1)
- Accident proneness (1)
- Accident severity (1)
- Achslast (1)
- Active safety (1)
- Active safety system; Automatic; Brake; Car; Collision avoidance system; Conference; Driver assistance system; Germany; Impact test (veh); Rear end collision; Severity (accid (1)
- Activity report (1)
- Adaptation (psychol) (1)
- Adaptive cruise controll (1)
- Administration (1)
- Advanced vehicle control systems (1)
- Aged people (1)
- Aggression (psycho) (1)
- Aggression (psychol) (1)
- Air quality management (1)
- Air traffic control (1)
- Airbag (restraint system) (1)
- Aktive Sicherheit (1)
- Alcolock (1)
- Analyse (1)
- Analyses (math) (1)
- Anpassung (psychol) (1)
- Anthropmetric dummy (1)
- Anthropometrie (1)
- Anthropometry (1)
- Antikollisisonssystem (1)
- Apparatus (measurement) (1)
- Apparatus (measuring) (1)
- Arbeitsgruppe (1)
- Arm (human) (1)
- Arm (menschl) (1)
- Articulated vehicle (1)
- Asphaltstraße (Oberbau) (1)
- Asset management (1)
- Asset management system (1)
- Atives Sicherheitssystem (1)
- Attention (1)
- Audit (1)
- Auffharunfall (1)
- Aufmerksamkeit (1)
- Aufzeichnung (1)
- Aufzeichung (1)
- Ausdehnung (mater) (1)
- Autonomous emerhency braking (1)
- Autotür (1)
- Axle load (1)
- Back (human) (1)
- Batterie (1)
- Bauweise (1)
- Bein [menschl] (1)
- Belohnung (Anreiz) (1)
- Bepflanzung (1)
- Berechnung d Straßenoberbaus (1)
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- Capacity (road, footway) (1)
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- Carbon dioxide (1)
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- Cervical vertebrae; Conference; Evaluation (assessment); Injury; Spinal column; Test (1)
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- Chest (1)
- Clay (1)
- Climate change (1)
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- Cognitive impairment (1)
- Collisison avoidance system (1)
- Colthing (1)
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- Conference; Germany; Injury; Medical examination; Spinal column; X ray (1)
- Confiscation (driving licence) (1)
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- Contact (tyre (1)
- Control (1)
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- Data basis (1)
- Data collection (1)
- Datenübertragung (Telekom) (1)
- Dauer (1)
- Day (24 hour period) (1)
- Daylight (1)
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- Deformable barrier (Impact test) (1)
- Deformable barrier system (impact test) (1)
- Deformierte Barriere (Anpralltest) (1)
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- Demand (econ) (1)
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- Deutschland ; Konferenz (1)
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- Eichung (1)
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- Emergency medical aid (1)
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- Entgleisung (Zug) (1)
- Entwässerung (1)
- Environment protection (1)
- Erdarbeiten (1)
- Erfahrung (menschl) (1)
- Ermüdung (mater) (1)
- European New Car Assessment Programme (1)
- Event data recorder (Road vehicle) (1)
- Expansion (1)
- Experience (human) (1)
- Experimental road (1)
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- Expertensystem (1)
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To assess occupant safety in a crash test, criteria associating the measurements made with a crash test dummy to injury risk are necessary. To enable better protection of elderly car occupants the objective of this study was to develop improved thoracic injury criteria for the THOR average male dummy. The development of these criteria is usually based on matched dummy and Post Mortem Human Surrogate (PMHS) tests by relating the obtained PMHS injuries to dummy measurements. This approach is limited, since only a few tests in relevant loading conditions are available and any new test series requires high efforts to be performed due to their complexity and costs. To overcome these limitations and to extend the dataset for the development of THOR dummy chest injury risk functions a simulation-based approach was applied within the EC funded project SENIORS (Safety Enhanced Innovations For older Road Users - www.seniors-project.eu). Within this study frontal impact sled simulations with an FE model representing a THOR average male dummy and matched simulations with a human body model (HBM) representing an elderly car occupant were carried out. The HBM used for this study was the THUMS TUC with modified rib cage, which was developed in SENIORS. The modifications included material and geometry changes aiming to represent an elderly car occupant. The rib fracture risk was predicted with a deterministic approach whereby a rib was considered broken when the strain exceeded an age-dependent threshold. Furthermore, a probabilistic method was applied to predict the probability of sustaining a certain number of fractured ribs by comparing local strain values to the distribution of cortical rib ultimate strain. By relating the output from the HBM simulations to a multi-point dummy injury criterion, injury risk curves were calculated by statistical methods. The wide range of loading conditions resulted in the desired range of injuries and THOR ATD output. The number of fractured ribs predicted by the HBM based on the deterministic prediction method was between 0 and 15. Furthermore, the probabilistic risk for the number of rib fractures equal or greater than two, three or four was calculated for each load case. The THOR rib deflection criterion Rmax was between 18 and 56 mm, while the PC Score was in the range of 2.5 to 7.2. Based on these outputs new risk curves for the predicted deterministic (AIS2+/3+) and probabilistic injury risk were calculated. The new curves show reasonable shapes and significance that provide trust in their application. The new risk curves are compared to risk curves obtained by traditional methods. The results were found similar to previous injury risk functions based on physical tests, which gives a high level of confidence in the chosen approach. The simulation-based approach of matched ATD model vs. HBM simulation was successfully applied. Rmax curves show a slightly better quality than the injury criterion PC Score.
The Netherlands is on the way to change its existing skid resistance measuring method for its highway network from the Dutch RAW 72, a longitudinal force method, to the Sideway Force method. This method is described in the Technical Specification 15901-8 (SKM device) as well as 15901-6 (SCRIM device) and is in use in 9 European countries. The CEN TC 227 WG5 on Surface Characteristics is currently working on combining of these two technical Specifications into a European standard for Sideway-Force (SWF) measurement devices. The idea of this change in the Netherlands was perceived in 2013 and since then a lot of meetings have been held with the different Dutch decision makers as well as with countries which currently operate SWF devices. There was an intensive exchange of knowledge about these devices and their corresponding quality assurance systems, because the Netherlands wanted to incorporate and rely on an existing system of a neighbor country without losing their present level of quality. The Netherlands has therefore decided to incorporate the German SKM approach. The network monitoring with the new system will start in 2017. To ensure the quality of skid resistance measurements and further cooperation in this field, it has been decided to initiate an alliance between BASt and the Dutch road owner Rijkswaterstaat (RWS). This alliance will facilitate an exchange of research activities, calibration of the Dutch systems according to the existing German Standard as well as control measurements with a BASt-device on the Dutch network during the network monitoring. During 2016 also comparative measurements will be performed on a network level with the current Dutch device and with an SKM device to determine a conversion between the two and to be able to define new threshold values.
As investigations by BASt have shown, a bond between concrete surfaces and bases may be a disadvantage when water penetrates via joints and from the sides if the bond becomes partially detached at an early stage. Free water may penetrate into the area between the concrete surface and the base and build up in areas where the bond is still intact. The high pressure caused by lorry wheels rolling over the pavement causes hydrodynamic pumping. This creates very high flow speeds with considerable corrosion power. This results in the base course surface being eroded in the areas where heavy vehicles drive over the road and may even lead to water and fine particles from the base courses being expelled through the longitudinal joints between the pavement slab and the lower hard shoulder or first overtaking lane. The erosion of the base leads unavoidably to the bearing conditions deteriorating and increased loading of the concrete surface. Cracks may occur and, later stepping-off and tilting of the plates components. This significantly deteriorates the evenness and consequently the service value of the road. This finally leads to a reduction in the service life of the concrete surface. To avoid such damage water which has penetrated must be able to lose pressure and to then seep away. A possible solution is: A nonwoven fabric substance between concrete suface and bound base course. This construction method has proved himselve on numerous test road sections and were rightly included in the new Codes of Practice for the Standardisation of the Upper Structure of Traffic-Bearing Surfaces (Richtlinien für die Standardisierung des Oberbaues von Verkehrsflächen- RStO).
Federal highway A 26 in Germany : reinforced dams in soft soils - control method according DIN 1054
(2004)
In 2001 the construction of the Federal Highway A 26 in Lower Saxony (north of Germany) was started. In this area the underground is without any substantial bearing capacity as it consists of soft layers ( clay, peat) with a thickness of up to 12 m. Because it was not possible to exchange the soil neither completely nor partially pre-loading procedure (consolidation method) was chosen for this construction. Short- and long-term stability are ensured by the use of high-tensile fabrics for reinforcement at the dam basis. The vertical and horizontal deformations and the stress changes in the soil, caused by the pre-load procedure, has to be controlled by special geotechnical measurements. Additionally, in the higher parts of the dam the strain behaviour of the high-tensile fabrics is measured. These measurements form the basis for the application of the control method according DIN 1054. In this article, the special circumstances of this project are described. Further on the geotechnical measurements, the winning and evaluation of the necessary parameters of the subsoil, and the consequences of these data for the ongoing of the project are laid down. Intermediate results of the geotechnical measurements are described.
Automated driving will provide many kinds of benefits - some direct and some indirect. The benefits originate at the individual level, from changes in the behaviour of drivers and travellers with regard to driving and mobility, ending up with benefits at the social level via changes in the whole transport system and society, where many of the current planning and operations paradigms are likely to be transformed by automated driving. There may also be disbenefits, particularly at a social level, for example in intensity of travel which could result in additional congestion and increased use of natural resources. There may also be unintended consequences. For example, we do not know the impacts on public transport: driverless vehicles could provide a means to a lower cost service provision, but the availability of automated cars could lead to more car travel at the expense of collective transport.
In line with the new definition introduced by the European Commission (EC), the number of seriously injured road casualties in Germany for 2014 is assessed in this study. The number of MAIS3+ casualties is estimated by two different methodological approaches. The first approach is based on data from the German Inâ€Depth Accident Study (GIDAS), which is closely related to the German Road Traffic Accident Statistics. The second approach is based on data from the German TraumaRegister DGU-® (TRâ€DGU), which includes many more hospitals but not all MAIS3+ injuries.
Cycling and designing for cyclist in Germany: an overview of road safety, research and guidelines
(2016)
Cycling is considered a social, eco-friendly, pollution-free, low noise and healthy activity and mode of transportation. There are currently around 67 million bicycles in Germany. This number is expected to increase in the near future with greater use of electromotive assisted bicycles. Regarding the expected increase, there should be additional attention given to road traffic accidents involving cyclists. In 2014, 396 cyclists were killed in road accidents in Germany, which is 12 % of all road fatalities. Also in 2014, Germany reported over 78,000 injuries to cyclists. The majority of the fatalities (about 58 %) and 83 % of the serious injuries to cyclists occurred in urban areas. This paper will examine three aspects concerning cyclists. First, the paper will show the main current developments, for example the National Cycling Plan 2020, the effects of the road safety programme and provide an analysis of the German national accident statistics. Second, the paper will give an overview of the regulations, guidelines for road traffic and designing of cycling facilities. Lastly, this study will detail the current and completed research in Germany addressing cyclist. For example, the paper will discuss the topic "Accidents between Turning-off Trucks and Cyclists" Accidents between right turning trucks and straight riding cyclists often show massive consequences. Accident severity is much higher than in other accidents. The situation is critical especially due to the fact that, in spite of the six mirrors that are mandatory for ensuring a minimum field of sight for the truck drivers, cyclists in some situations cannot be seen or are not seen by the driver. Either the cyclist is overlooked or is in a blind spot area that results from the turning manoeuvre of the truck. At present driver assistance systems are discussed that can support the driver in the turning situation by giving a warning when cyclists are riding parallel to the truck just before or in the turning manoeuvre. The paper will describe the requirements for turning assist systems for trucks. The outcome of the study is an overview of the accident situation between right turning trucks and straight driving cyclists in Germany as well as a corresponding test procedure for driver assistance systems. Below are several other projects which will be investigated, too: Accident Risk and Acceptance of Traffic-Rules by Cyclists ; Safety Improvement in Terms of Using Bicycle Paths in the Opposite Direction ; Cycling in Mixed-Traffic ; Observation of Pedal Electric Cycles Riders to Identify Safety Concerns. These three aspects will provide the current situation on the topic of cyclist safety in Germany.
Fire incidents are among the most relevant for people in a tunnel. Therefore, it is important to be sufficiently prepared for such events. A large scale fire test is to be used to help evaluate the initial burning duration and the time it takes for the fire to spread to other vehicles in the tunnel, and in particular how long it takes for a truck carrying wooden pallets to catch fire, taking into consideration the extremely high temperatures. The goal, therefore, is to determine the time it takes for a fire to spread to other vehicles in the tunnel. In the large scale fire test, an accident in a tunnel with one-way traffic is simulated between a truck loaded with approximately 3.7 t of wooden Europol pallets and a passenger car. Directly behind each of the vehicles involved in the accident there is another car which stops at a distance of 1.0 m. Approximately 300 litres of burning diesel are discharged from the truck's fuel tank, which is simulated by using approximately 400 litres of isopropanol. A 10 m-² burning pool forms underneath the truck. Other objectives of the large scale fire test are the validation of the CFD models and the evaluation of the progression of the thermal release ratios estimated for the simulation. The thermal release ratios generated in the test are determined and evaluated using various models.
Risk-based approach for the protection of land transport infrastructure against extreme rainfall
(2016)
The aim of the research project "Risk based approach for the protection of transport infrastructure against extreme rainfall RAINEX" is the development of a practical methodology for the identification and assessment of both vulnerable as well as critical transport infrastructures towards extreme rainfall events consequences. The developed methodology is based on expert knowledge and includes qualitative and semi-quantitative analyses regarding the assessment of the vulnerability and criticality of relevant transport infrastructures. The process chain from the spatial rainfall to the concentrated runoff in the river channel was shown to assess the local hazard resulting in the local risk. The main result of the project is a practice-oriented and applicable methodology and a comprehensive and well-developed security handbook.
The performance of asphalt by low temperatures is largely determined by the viscosity of the binder respectively the mortar of the asphalt. The traditional test methods for binder (e.g. ball-draw viscosimeter) are limited to temperatures above the service range of temperature for an asphalt construction. The Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) is limited to temperatures above 30-°C whereas the Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) is limited to temperatures below -10-°C and not applicable to mortar. Especially the gap in the temperature of these test methods is very important to characterize the viscosity behavior of binder and mortar over the whole range of the service temperatures, which represent the typical environmental conditions of over the seasons, for an asphalt construction. Tension retardation experiments seem to be very useful to bridge the gap. They address the low temperature behavior of binder and mortar. With this test method the flow characteristics of binder (pen grade and any modification) and any kind of mortar in the service temperature range, in particular at low temperatures of -25-°C can be determined with a high precision, and assessed, via the physically interpretable material characteristics quantity of tension viscosity. Furthermore the present findings indicate the potential of extrapolation the results of the Tension retardation for a prediction of the rutting resistance of asphalt mixtures. As part of several research Projects, BASt (Federal Highway Research Institute) investigated the effects of different modifications of the binder to low temperature behavior of the binder by the tension retardation test. This paper is intended to provide a more detailed description of the test method Tension Retardation, selected results and related findings.
Research to inform policy is often challenged with how to genuinely use and implement research findings in decision-making and policy-planning. To begin with, the dialogue between researchers and decision-makers is essential to ensure profound understanding and legitimate interpretations of the results. Furthermore, the step to drawing practical conclusions and processing them into actions can only succeed if research findings are diffused to decision-making levels with influence on the matter, and mechanisms to knowledge transfer in the presence of a stable, favourable policy environment exist. Research investments into the topic of electromobility in Europe are substantial, and subtopics aiming to inform national policy-makers address a complex set of aspects from environmental and societal to technological and economic. This paper has a two-fold objective, the first of which is to present the results of scenarios to explore electromobility deployment in Finland, Germany and the European Union. The second is to discuss the challenges and solutions to bridge the gap from research findings towards decision-making and policy-planning, using the authors' electromobility scenario work as an example. The electromobility scenarios were built using the VECTOR21 model (Mock, 2010), and the rationale was to simulate vehicle sales and markets under different policy settings and calculate the most economical solution to fulfill regulation on COâ‚‚ emissions as set by the European Commission (2009). The model allows calculating the market diffusion of alternative powertrain technologies to the European market until 2030, taking into account different taxation schemes, incentives and other country-specific characteristics. The authors also present the cost-benefit-analysis of the modelling results to assess the different scenarios and to show variation between regions regarding profitability of alternative technological or political support and interventions. To proceed from research findings towards decision-making and policy-planning, the authors made observations relating to transfer of research knowledge and interpretation of their electromobility scenario results in national policy contexts. An evaluation of how the function of research to inform policy in this case succeeded is provided. In addition, the influence of expert opinions on the political decision-making process will be discussed through experiences from an expert questionnaire conducted to survey the importance of costs, time requirement, acceptance and other criteria of promotion measures of electromobility.
With the introduction of the German Highway Capacity Manual (HBS) in January 2002 (FGSV, 2002), all methods for the evaluation of the performance of highway facilities were, for the first time in Germany, simultaneously updated and consolidated in a single work following the ideas of the American Highway Capacity Manual (HCM). This paper gives an overview of the new 2015 edition of the German HBS and describes the changes as for example the addition of chapters for freeway, rural roads, and major urban street facilities, comprising segments and intersections.
The current maintenance management for bridges is mainly based on visual inspection and aims at the repair of identified damages. In the project cluster "Smart Bridge" an adaptive system for holistic evaluation in real time is developed. The following pilot studies show significant aspects of the Smart Bridge. Within the research project "Digital Test Area Autobahn" a new constructed prestressed concrete bridge is implemented with instrumented expansion joints and bearings, a "RTMS©" and a sensor network. By using analytical bridge models and evaluation methods the condition and reliability of the bridge as well as the remaining service life is determined. In the pilot study "duraBASt" sensors for the detection of durability and structural safety as well as data analyzing and evaluation procedures are investigated. The aim of this study is the partial implementation of the aspects: data collection, data processing and model development for condition assessment of the bridge.
Road condition acquisition and assessment are the key to guarantee their permanent availability. In order to maintain a country's whole road network, millions of high-resolution images have to be analyzed annually. Currently, this requires cost and time excessive manual labor. We aim to automate this process to a high degree by applying deep neural networks. Such networks need a lot of data to be trained successfully, which are not publicly available at the moment. In this paper, we present the GAPs dataset, which is the first freely available pavement distress dataset of a size, large enough to train high-performing deep neural networks. It provides high quality images, recorded by a standardized process fulfilling German federal regulations, and detailed distress annotations. For the first time, this enables a fair comparison of research in this field. Furthermore, we present a first evaluation of the state of the art in pavement distress detection and an analysis of the effectiveness of state of the art regularization techniques on this dataset.
Except for corrective steering functions automatic steering is up to now only allowed at speeds up to 10 km/h according to UN Regulation No. 79. Progress in automotive engineering with regard to driver assistance systems and automation of driving tasks is that far that it would be technically feasible to realise automatically commanded steering functions also at higher vehicle speeds. Besides improvements in terms of comfort these automated systems are expected to contribute to road traffic safety as well. However, this safety potential will only be exhausted if automated steering systems are properly designed. Especially possible new risks due to automated steering have to be addressed and reduced to a minimum. For these reasons work is currently ongoing on UNECE level with the aim to amend the regulation dealing with provisions concerning the approval of steering equipment. It is the aim to revise requirements for automatically commanded steering functions (ACSF) so that they can be approved also for higher speeds if certain performance requirements are fulfilled. The paper at hand describes the derivation of reasonable system specifications from an analysis of relevant driving situations with an automated steering system. Needs are explained with regard to covering normal driving, sudden unexpected critical events, transition to manual driving, driver availability and manoeuvres to reach a state of minimal risk. These issues form the basis for the development of test procedures for automated steering to be implemented in international regulations. This holds for system functionalities like automatic lane keeping or automatic lane change as well as for addressing transition situations in which the system has to hand over steering to the driver or addressing emergency situations in which the system has to react instead of the driver.
One main objective of the EU-Project SENIORS is to provide improved methods to assess thoracic injury risk to elderly occupants. In contribution to this task paired simulations with a THOR dummy model and human body model will be used to develop improved thoracic injury risk functions. The simulation results can provide data for injury criteria development in chest loading conditions that are underrepresented in PMHS test data sets that currently proposed risk functions are based on. To support this approach a new simplified generic but representative sled test fixture and CAE model for testing and simulation were developed. The parameter definition and evaluation of this sled test fixture and model is presented in this paper. The justification and definition of requirements for this test set-up was based on experience from earlier studies. Simple test fixtures like the gold standard sled fixture are easy to build and also to model in CAE, but provide too severe belt-only loading. On the other hand a vehicle buck including production components like airbag and seat is more representative, but difficult to model and to be replicated at a different laboratory. Furthermore some components might not be available for physical tests at later stage. The basis of the SENIORS generic sled test set-up is the gold standard fixture with a cable seat back and foot rest. No knee restraint was used. The seat pan design was modified including a seat ramp. The three-point belt system had a generic adjustable load limiter. A pre-inflated driver airbag assembly was developed for the test fixture. Results of THOR test and simulations in different configurations will be presented. The configurations include different deceleration pulses. Further parameter variations are related to the restraint system including belt geometry and load limiter levels. Additionally different settings of the generic airbag were evaluated. The test set-up was evaluated and optimized in tests with the THOR-M dummy in different test configurations. Belt restraint parameters like D-ring position and load limiter setting were modified to provide moderate chest loading to the occupant. This resulted in dummy readings more representative of the loading in a contemporary vehicle than most available PMHS sled tests reported in the literature. However, to achieve a loading configuration that exposes the occupant to even less severe loading comparable to modern vehicle restraints it might be necessary to further modify the test set-up. The new generic sled test set-up and a corresponding CAE model were developed and applied in tests and simulations with THOR. Within the SENIORS project with this test set-up also volunteer and PMHS as well as HBM simulations are performed, which will be reported in other publications. The test environment can contribute in future studies to the assessment of existing and new frontal impact dummies as well as dummy improvements and related instrumentation. The test set-up and model could also serve as a new standard test environment for PMHS and volunteer tests as well as HBM simulations.
The case study "Digital Test Area Autobahn" is presented. A new built (September 2016) pre-stressed concrete bridge is equipped with different monitoring systems for the detection of traffic load, climatic influence and the reaction of the bridge. Possibilities for the implementation of a VoI (Value of Information) analyses are presented.
In future, additional and more detailed data are needed about the current conditions of bridges for preventive maintenance management. Monitoring procedures are not merely able to provide key performance indicators for a specific point in time, but also over a period. These KPIs must be selected in such a way as to permit substantiated statements about the present and future condition of bridges. For this reason, greater efforts must be made to define the significant KPIs for the various types of bridges, and show how these figures can be reliably determined. Both the COST Action TU1402, and TU1406 offer important approaches which, properly combined, can deliver substantial added value to the calculation and description of the condition of bridges in the interest of proactive maintenance management.
The levels of continuous vehicle automation have become common knowledge. They facilitate overall understanding of the issue. Yet, continuous vehicle automation described therein does not cover "automated driving" as a whole: Functions intervening temporarily in accident-prone situations can obviously not be classified by means of continuous levels. Continuous automation describes the shift in workload from purely human driven vehicles to full automation. Duties of the driver are assigned to the machine as automation levels rise. Emergency braking, e.g., is obviously discontinuous and intensive automation. It cannot be classified under this regime. The resulting absence of visibility of these important functions cannot satisfy " especially in the light of effect they take on traffic safety. Therefore, in order to reach a full picture of vehicle automation, a comprehensive approach is proposed that can map out different characteristics as "Principle of Operation" at top level. On this basis informing and warning functions as well as functions intervening only temporarily in near-accident situations can be described. To reach a complete picture, levels for the discontinuous, temporarily intervening functions are proposed " meant to be the counterpart of the continuous levels already in place. This results in a detailed and independent classification for accident-prone situations. This finally provides for the visibility these important functions deserve.
PROSPECT (Proactive Safety for Pedestrians and Cyclists) is a collaborative research project involving most of the relevant partners from the automotive industry (including important active safety vehicle manufacturers and tier-1 suppliers) as well as academia and independent test labs, funded by the European Commission in the Horizon 2020 research program. PROSPECT's primary goal is the development of novel active safety functions, to be finally demonstrated to the public in three prototype vehicles. A sound benefit assessment of the prototype vehicle's functionality requires a broad testing methodology which goes beyond what has currently been used. Since PROSPECT functions are developed to prevent accidents in intersections, a key aspect of the test methodology is the reproduction of natural driving styles on the test track with driving robots. For this task, data from a real driving study with subjects in a suburb of Munich, Germany was used. Further data from Barcelona will be available soon. The data suggests that intersection crossing can be broken down into five phases, two phases with straight deceleration / acceleration, one phase with constant radius and speed turning, and two phases where the bend is imitated or ended. In these latter phases, drivers mostly combine lateral and longitudinal accelerations and drive what is called a clothoid, a curve with curvature proportional to distance travelled, in order to change lateral acceleration smoothly rather than abrupt. The data suggests that the main parameter of the clothoid, the ratio distance travelled to curvature, is mostly constant during the intersections. This parameter together with decelerations and speeds allows the generation of synthetic robot program files for a reproduction of natural driving styles using robots, allowing a much greater reproducibility than what is possible with human test drivers. First tests show that in principle it is possible to use the driving robots for vehicle control in that manner; a challenge currently is the control performance of the robot system in terms of speed control, but it is anticipated that this problem will be solved soon. Further elements of the PROSPECT test methodology are a standard intersection marking to be implemented on the test track which allows the efficient testing of all PROSPECT test cases, standard mobile and light obstruction elements for quick reproduction of obstructions of view, and a concept for tests in realistic surroundings. First tests using the PROSPECT test methodology will be conducted over the summer 2017, and final tests of the prototype vehicles developed within PROSPECT will be conducted in early 2018
The UN Regulation No. 79 is going to be amended to allow automatically commanded steering functions (ACSF) at speeds above 10 km/h. Hence, requirements concerning the approval of automatically performed steering manoeuvres have to be set in order to allow safe use of automatic steering on public roads as well as improve overall road safety for the driver and the surroundings. By order of the German Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure (BMVI), BASt developed and verified physical test procedures for automatic steering to be implemented in UN Regulation No. 79. The usability of currently available test tools was examined. The paper at hand describes these test procedures and presents results from verification tests. The designated tests are divided in three sections: functionality tests, verifications for the transition of control and emergency tests. System functionality tests are auto matic lane keeping, automatic lane change and an automatic abort of an initiated lane change due to traffic. Those tests check if the vehicle remains in its lane (under normal operating conditions), is able to perform safe automatic lane change manoeuvres and if it considers other road users during its manoeuvres. Transition tests examine the vehicle's behaviour when the driver fails to monitor the system and in situations when the system has to hand over the steering control back to the driver. For instance these tests provoke driver-in-the-loop requests by approaching system boundary limitations, like missing lane markings, surpassing maximum lateral acceleration in a bend or even a major system failure. Even further the driver and his inputs are monitored and if the system detects that he is overriding system actions or contrary want to quit the driving task and unfastens the seat belt, it has to shut down and put the human back into manually control and the responsibility of driving. The last series of test consists of two emergency situations in which the system has to react to a time critical event: A hard decelerating vehicle and a stationary vehicle in front both with no lane change possibility for the ACSF vehicle. Some of the tests, especially the emergency manoeuvres, require special target vehicles and propulsion systems. Since no fully automatic steering vehicles are available, a current Mercedes E-Class with Mercedes' "drive pilot" system was used. It was shown that the vehicle is automatically able to brake to a full stop towards a static Euro NCAP target from partial-automatic driving at 90 km/h, that it could brake towards a rapidly decelerating lead vehicle when travelling at 70 km/h, that it was able during partially automatic driving to remain in its lane in normal operation conditions and to perform a automatic (driver initiated) lane change while surveilling the driver- activities.
Europe has benefited from a decreasing number of road traffic fatalities. However, the proportion of older road users increases steadily. In an ageing society, the SENIORS project aims to improve the safe mobility of older road users by determining appropriate requirements towards passive vehicle safety systems. Therefore, the characteristics of road traffic crashes involving the elderly people need to be understood. This paper focuses on car occupants and pedestrians or cyclists in crashes with modern passenger cars. Ten crash databases and four hospital statistics from Europe have been analysed to answer the questions on which body regions are most frequently and severely injured in the elderly, and specific injuries sustained by always comparing older (65 years and above) with midâ€aged road users (25â€64 years). It was found that the body region thorax is of particularly high importance for the older car occupant with injury severities of AIS2 or AIS3+, where as the lower extremities, head and the thorax need to be considered for older pedestrians and cyclists. Further, injury risk functions were provided. The hospital data analysis showed less difference between the age groups. The linkage between crash and hospital data could only be made on a general level as their inclusion criteria were quite different.
Accidents between right turning trucks and straight driving cyclists often show massive consequences. Accident severity in terms of seriously or fatally injured cyclists that are involved is much higher than in accidents of other traffic participants in other situations. It seems clear that adding additional mirrors will very likely not improve the situation. At ESV 2015, a methodology to derive test procedures and first test cases as well as requirements for a driver assist system to address blind spot accidents has been presented. However, it was unclear if and how testing of these cases is feasible, to what extent characteristics of different truck concepts (e.g. articulated vehicles, rigid vehicles) influence the test conduction and outcome, and what tolerances should be selected for the different variables. This work is important for the acceptance of a draft regulation in the UN working group on general safety. In the meantime, three test series using a single tractor vehicle, a tractor-semitrailer combination and a rigid vehicle have been conducted. The test tools (e.g. surrogate devices) have been refined. A fully crashable, commercially available bicycle dummy has been tested. If used correct, this dummy does follow a straight line quite precisely and it does not cause any damage to the truck under test in case of accidental impact. The dummy specifications are freely available. During testing, the different vehicle categories resulted in different trajectories being driven. Articulated vehicle combinations did first execute a turn into the opposite direction, and on the other hand, single tractor vehicles did behave comparable to passenger cars. A possible solution to take these behaviors into account is to require the vehicles to drive through a corridor that is narrow for a precise straight-driving phase and extends during the turn. Other investigated parameters are the dummy and vehicle speed tolerances. The results from this research make it possible to draft a regulation for a driver assistance system that helps to avoid blind spot accidents: test cases have been refined, their feasibility has been checked, and corridors for the vehicles and for important parameters (e.g. test speeds) have been set. The test procedure is applicable to all types of heavy goods vehicles. In combination with the accidentology (ESV 2015 paper), the work provides the basis for a regulation for such an assistance system.
Advancing active safety towards the protection of vulnerable road users: the PROSPECT project
(2017)
Accidents involving Vulnerable Road Users (VRU) are still a very significant issue for road safety. According to the World Health Organisation, pedestrian and cyclist deaths account for more than 25% of all road traffic deaths worldwide. Autonomous Emergency Braking Systems have the potential to improve safety for these VRU groups. The PROSPECT project (Proactive Safety for Pedestrians and Cyclists) aims to significantly improve the effectiveness of active VRU safety systems compared to those currently on the market by expanding the scope of scenarios addressed by the systems and improving the overall system performance. The project pursues an integrated approach: Newest available accident data combined with naturalistic observations and HMI guidelines represent key inputs for the system specifications, which form the basis for the system development. For system development, two main aspects are considered: advanced sensor processing with situation analysis, and intervention strategies including braking and steering. All these concepts are implemented in several vehicle prototypes. Special emphasis is put on balancing system performance in critical scenarios and avoiding undesired system activations. For system validation, testing in realistic scenarios will be done. Results will allow the performance assessment of the developed concepts and a cost-benefit analysis. The findings within the PROSPECT project will contribute to the generation of state -of-the-art knowledge, technical innovations, assessment methodologies and tools for advancing Advanced Driver Assistance Systems towards the protection of VRUs. The introduction of a new generation safety system in the market will enhance VRU road safety in 2020-2025, contributing to the "Vision Zero" objective of no fatalities or serious injuries in road traffic set out in the Transport White Paper. Furthermore, the test methodologies and tools developed within the project shall be considered for the New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP) future roadmaps, supporting the European Commission goal of halving the road toll in the 2011-2020 timeframe.
The presence and performance of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) has increased over last years. Systems available on the market address also conflicts with vulnerable road users (VRUs) such as pedestrians and cyclists. Within the European project PROSPECT (Horizon2020, funded by the EC) improved VRU ADAS systems are developed and tested. However, before determining systems" properties and starting testing, an up-to-date analysis of VRU crashes was needed in order to derive the most important Use Cases (detailed crash descriptions) the systems should address. Besides the identified Accident Scenarios (basic crash descriptions), this paper describes in short the method of deriving the Use Cases for car-to-cyclist crashes. Method Crashes involving one passenger car and one cyclist were investigated in several European crash databases looking for all injury severity levels (slight, severe and fatal). These data sources included European statistics from CARE, data on national level from Germany, Sweden and Hungary as well as detailed accident information from these three countries using GIDAS, the Volvo Cars Cyclist Accident database and Hungarian in-depth accident data, respectively. The most frequent accident scenarios were studied and Use Cases were derived considering the key aspects of these crash situations (e.g., view orientation of the cyclist and the car driver- manoeuvre intention) and thus, form an appropriate basis for the development of Test Scenarios. Results Latest information on car-to-cyclist crashes in Europe was compiled including details on the related crash configurations, driving directions, outcome in terms of injury severity, accident location, other environmental aspects and driver responsibilities. The majority of car-to-cyclist crashes occurred during daylight and in clear weather conditions. Car-to-cyclist crashes in which the vehicle was traveling straight and the cyclist is moving in line with the traffic were found to result in the greatest number of fatalities. Considering also slightly and seriously injured cyclists led to a different order of crash patterns according to the three considered European countries. Finally the paper introduced the Use Cases derived from the crash data analysis. A total of 29 Use Cases were derived considering the group of seriously or fatally injured cyclists and 35 Use Cases were derived considering the group of slightly, seriously or fatally injured cyclists. The highest ranked Use Case describes the collision between a car turning to the nearside and a cyclist riding on a bicycle lane against the usual driving direction. A unified European dataset on car-to-cyclist crash scenarios is not available as the data available in CARE is limited, hence national datasets had to be used for the study and further work will be required to extrapolate the results to a European level. Due to the large number of Use Cases, the paper shows only highest ranked ones.