Sonstige
Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
Dokumenttyp
Sprache
- Englisch (337) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- Conference (253)
- Konferenz (252)
- Accident (137)
- Unfall (137)
- Germany (134)
- Deutschland (131)
- Injury (101)
- Verletzung (100)
- Unfallrekonstruktion (73)
- Analyse (math) (61)
- Analysis (math) (60)
- Statistics (59)
- Schweregrad (Unfall, Verletzung) (58)
- Statistik (58)
- Severity (accid, injury) (56)
- Tödlicher Unfall (54)
- Fatality (53)
- Simulation (48)
- Fußgänger (47)
- Pedestrian (47)
- Reconstruction (accid) (47)
- Safety (47)
- Sicherheit (46)
- injury) (45)
- Schweregrad (Unfall (43)
- Verletzung) (43)
- Bewertung (42)
- Car (42)
- Datenbank (42)
- Data acquisition (41)
- Datenerfassung (41)
- Evaluation (assessment) (41)
- Severity (accid (39)
- Anfahrversuch (37)
- On the spot accident investigation (37)
- Untersuchung am Unfallort (37)
- Cause (36)
- Collision (36)
- Fahrzeug (36)
- Ursache (36)
- Vehicle (36)
- Zusammenstoß (36)
- Unfallverhütung (31)
- Accident prevention (30)
- Radfahrer (30)
- Cyclist (29)
- Data bank (29)
- Frontalzusammenstoß (29)
- Europa (28)
- Europe (28)
- Head on collision (28)
- Motorcyclist (27)
- Motorradfahrer (27)
- Accident reconstruction (26)
- Driver (26)
- Fahrer (26)
- Geschwindigkeit (26)
- Impact test (veh) (26)
- Fahrerassistenzsystem (25)
- Speed (25)
- Insasse (23)
- Leistungsfähigkeit (allg) (23)
- Prüfverfahren (23)
- Test method (23)
- Active safety system (22)
- Driver assistance system (22)
- Test (22)
- PKW (21)
- Aktives Sicherheitssystem (20)
- Efficiency (20)
- Method (20)
- Passives Sicherheitssystem (20)
- Vehicle occupant (20)
- Risiko (19)
- Versuch (19)
- Passive safety system (18)
- Pkw (18)
- Verfahren (18)
- Interview (17)
- Benutzung (16)
- Child (16)
- Head (16)
- Kind (16)
- Kopf (16)
- Risk (16)
- Sicherheitsgurt (16)
- Use (16)
- Anthropometric dummy (15)
- Biomechanics (15)
- Biomechanik (15)
- Motorrad (15)
- Risikobewertung (15)
- Seitlicher Zusammenstoß (15)
- Motorcycle (14)
- Risk assessment (14)
- Safety belt (14)
- Side impact (14)
- Accident rate (13)
- Dummy (13)
- Leg (human) (13)
- Alte Leute (12)
- Auffahrunfall (12)
- Brustkorb (12)
- Fahrzeugsitz (12)
- Improvement (12)
- Rear end collision (12)
- Rechenmodell (12)
- Unfallhäufigkeit (12)
- Verbesserung (12)
- Überschlagen (12)
- Behaviour (11)
- Database (11)
- Development (11)
- Entwicklung (11)
- Mathematical model (11)
- Measurement (11)
- Old people (11)
- Schutzhelm (11)
- Seat (veh) (11)
- Verhalten (11)
- Airbag (10)
- Berechnung (10)
- Crash helmet (10)
- Deformation (10)
- Fehler (10)
- Human factor (10)
- Krankenhaus (10)
- Menschlicher Faktor (10)
- Messung (10)
- Overturning (veh) (10)
- Thorax (10)
- Age (9)
- Alter (9)
- Bein (menschl) (9)
- Bremsung (9)
- Calculation (9)
- Error (9)
- Fahranfänger (9)
- Front (9)
- Hospital (9)
- Impact test (9)
- Japan (9)
- Prognose (9)
- Recently qualified driver (9)
- USA (9)
- Verformung (9)
- Wirbelsäule (9)
- Air bag (restraint system) (8)
- Braking (8)
- Digital model (8)
- Erste Hilfe (8)
- Lorry (8)
- Numerisches Modell (8)
- Prevention (8)
- Antikollisionssystem (7)
- Austria (7)
- Cervical vertebrae (7)
- Fracture (bone) (7)
- Halswirbel (7)
- Impact study (7)
- Interior (veh) (7)
- Knee (human) (7)
- Knochenbruch (7)
- Modification (7)
- Spinal column (7)
- Standardisierung (7)
- Vereinigtes Königreich (7)
- Veränderung (7)
- Österreich (7)
- Adolescent (6)
- China (6)
- Collision avoidance system (6)
- Compatibility (6)
- Cost benefit analysis (6)
- Driver training (6)
- EU (6)
- Fahrausbildung (6)
- Fahrzeuginnenraum (6)
- First aid (6)
- Forecast (6)
- India (6)
- Indien (6)
- Jugendlicher (6)
- Knie (menschl) (6)
- Knotenpunkt (6)
- Kompatibilität (6)
- Ort (Position) (6)
- Portugal (6)
- Research report (6)
- Software (6)
- Standardization (6)
- Transport infrastructure (6)
- Vehicle regulations (6)
- Verminderung (6)
- Vorn (6)
- Wirksamkeitsuntersuchung (6)
- Wirtschaftlichkeitsrechnung (6)
- Analyse (Math) (5)
- Angle (5)
- Autobahn (5)
- Correlation (math, stat) (5)
- Decrease (5)
- Deformable barrier (impact test) (5)
- Delivery vehicle (5)
- Eins (5)
- Electronic stability program (5)
- Fahrstabilität (5)
- Forschungsarbeit (5)
- Frau (5)
- Human body (5)
- Impact sled (5)
- International (5)
- Location (5)
- Menschlicher Körper (5)
- One (5)
- Policy (5)
- Politik (5)
- Post crash (5)
- Research project (5)
- Sensor (5)
- Technologie (5)
- Technology (5)
- Tunnel (5)
- Vehicle handling (5)
- Verhütung (5)
- Verkehrsinfrastruktur (5)
- Winkel (5)
- Abdomen (4)
- Aufprallschlitten (4)
- Automatisch (4)
- Belastung (4)
- Bemessung (4)
- Bremse (4)
- Classification (4)
- Coefficient of friction (4)
- Collision test (veh) (4)
- Damage (4)
- Deformierbare Barriere (Anpralltest) (4)
- Design (overall design) (4)
- Detection (4)
- Distraction (4)
- Driver information (4)
- Driving (veh) (4)
- Drunkenness (4)
- Dynamics (4)
- Dynamik (4)
- Einstellung (psychol) (4)
- Elektronisches Stabilitätsprogramm (4)
- Erziehung (4)
- Estimation (4)
- Fahrdatenschreiber (4)
- Fahrgeschicklichkeit (4)
- Fahrzeugführung (4)
- Finite element method (4)
- Fire (4)
- Forschungsbericht (4)
- France (4)
- Frankreich (4)
- Gesetzgebung (4)
- Highway design (4)
- Information (4)
- Junction (4)
- Klassifizierung (4)
- Korrelation (math, stat) (4)
- LKW (4)
- Legislation (4)
- Load (4)
- Medical aspects (4)
- Medizinische Gesichtspunkte (4)
- Motorway (4)
- Oberflächentextur (4)
- Occupant (veh) (4)
- Probability (4)
- Regression analysis (4)
- Regressionsanalyse (4)
- Reibungsbeiwert (4)
- Reproducibility (4)
- Reproduzierbarkeit (4)
- Sachschaden (4)
- Schutzeinrichtung (4)
- Schweden (4)
- Seite (4)
- Severity (acid (4)
- Sichtbarkeit (4)
- Straßenentwurf (4)
- Surface texture (4)
- Technische Vorschriften (Kraftfahrzeug) (4)
- Trunkenheit (4)
- Unfallfolgemaßnahme (4)
- United Kingdom (4)
- Unterleib (4)
- Verkehrsteilnehmer (4)
- Sichtbarkeit (4)
- Wahrscheinlichkeit (4)
- Woman (4)
- Ablenkung (psychol) (3)
- Anti locking device (3)
- Attitude (psychol) (3)
- Ausrüstung (3)
- Automatic (3)
- Autonomes Fahren (3)
- Autonomous driving (3)
- Befreiung (Bergung) (3)
- Bein (3)
- Bicycle (3)
- Blickfeld (3)
- Brake (3)
- Bus (3)
- Camera (3)
- Coach (3)
- Crash test (3)
- Czech Republic (3)
- Decision process (3)
- Detektion (3)
- Digitale Bildverarbeitung (3)
- Durability (3)
- Education (3)
- Effectiveness (3)
- Electric vehicle (3)
- Elektrofahrzeug (3)
- Entscheidungsprozess (3)
- Equipment (3)
- Event data recorder (road vehicle) (3)
- Extrication (3)
- Fahrrad (3)
- Field of vision (3)
- Gefahrenabwehr (3)
- Griffigkeit (3)
- Information documentation (3)
- Kamera (3)
- Kleidung (3)
- Korea (Süd) (Demokratische Republik) (3)
- Lieferfahrzeug (3)
- Lkw (3)
- Main road (3)
- Man (3)
- Mann (3)
- Medizinische Untersuchung (3)
- Methode der finiten Elemente (3)
- Norm (tech) (3)
- Overlapping (3)
- Passenger (3)
- Reisebus (3)
- Republic of Korea (3)
- Road network (3)
- Road user (3)
- Run off the road (accid) (3)
- Safety fence (3)
- Security (3)
- Skidding resistance (3)
- Skill (road user) (3)
- Spain (3)
- Spanien (3)
- Specification (standard) (3)
- Specifications (3)
- Steifigkeit (3)
- Stiffness (3)
- Straßennetz (3)
- Time (3)
- Tschechische Republik (3)
- United kingdom (3)
- Verschiebung (3)
- Versuchspuppe (3)
- Vorne (3)
- Windschutzscheibe (3)
- Zeit (3)
- Abbiegen (2)
- Abkommen von der Fahrbahn (Unfall) (2)
- Absorption (2)
- Accompanied driving (2)
- Accuracy (2)
- Adult (2)
- Advanced driver assistance system (2)
- Air pollution (2)
- Antiblockiereinrichtung (2)
- Apparatus (measuring) (2)
- Australia (2)
- Australien (2)
- Automatische Notbremsung (2)
- Autonomes Fahrzeug (2)
- Autonomous emergency braking (2)
- Autonomous vehicle (2)
- Begleitetes Fahren (2)
- Behinderter (2)
- Beinahe Unfall (2)
- Blutkreislauf (2)
- Boden (2)
- Body (car) (2)
- Brand (2)
- Bremsweg (2)
- Carbon dioxide (2)
- Circulation (blood) (2)
- Climate change (2)
- Clothing (2)
- Communication (2)
- Compliance (specif) (2)
- Contact (tyre road) (2)
- Cost (2)
- Crash Test (2)
- Crash victim (2)
- Crashtest (2)
- Crossing the road (2)
- Data base (2)
- Dauerhaftigkeit (2)
- Depth (2)
- Deutschalnd (2)
- Digital image processing (2)
- Disablement (2)
- Dreidimensional (2)
- Driving test (2)
- EU directive (2)
- EU-Richtlinie (2)
- Edge (2)
- Eindringung (2)
- Eingabedaten (2)
- Electric bicycle (2)
- Electronic driving aid (2)
- Elektrofahrrad (2)
- Emergency (2)
- Emission (2)
- Entdeckung (2)
- Ergonomics (2)
- Ergonomie (2)
- Erwachsener (2)
- Eu (2)
- Exhaust aftertreatment (2)
- Experience (human) (2)
- Expert system (2)
- Expertensystem (2)
- Fahrbahnüberquerung (2)
- Fahrerinformation (2)
- Fahrprüfung (2)
- Fahrsimulator (2)
- Fernverkehrsstraße (2)
- Feuer (2)
- Foot (not a measure) (2)
- Fuß (2)
- Führerschein (2)
- Geländefahrzeug (2)
- Gesetzesübertretung (2)
- Gewicht (2)
- Government (national) (2)
- Harmonisation (2)
- Hazard (2)
- Head restraint (2)
- Highway (2)
- Hinten (2)
- In service behavior (2)
- Incident detection (2)
- Input data (2)
- Intelligent transport system (2)
- Intersection (2)
- Jahreszeit (2)
- Karosserie (2)
- Klimawandel (2)
- Kommunikation (2)
- Kontakt Reifen Straße (2)
- Kontrolle (2)
- Kopfstütze (2)
- Kosten (2)
- Kunststoff (2)
- Landstraße (2)
- Langfristig (2)
- Learning (2)
- Long term (2)
- Luftverunreinigung (2)
- Medical examination (2)
- Messgerät (2)
- Methode der finite Elemente (2)
- Mobile phone (2)
- Mobiltelefon (2)
- Model (not math) (2)
- Modell (2)
- Motorisierungsgrad (2)
- Movement (2)
- Near miss (2)
- Netherlands (2)
- Niederlande (2)
- Notfall (2)
- Offence (2)
- Output (2)
- Penetration (2)
- Planning (2)
- Planung (2)
- Plastic material (2)
- Posture (2)
- Prototyp (2)
- Prototype (2)
- Public transport (2)
- Quality (2)
- Quality assurance (2)
- Qualität (2)
- Qualitätssicherung (2)
- Reaction (human) (2)
- Reaktionsverhalten (2)
- Rear (2)
- Recording (2)
- Regierung (staat) (2)
- Restraint system (2)
- Richtlinien (2)
- Risk taking (2)
- Road traffic (2)
- Rural road (2)
- Season (2)
- Shock (2)
- Side (2)
- Simulator (driving) (2)
- Soil (2)
- Sport utility vehicle (2)
- Straße (2)
- Straßenverkehr (2)
- Straßenverkehrsrecht (2)
- Störfallentdeckung (2)
- Surfacing (2)
- Surveillance (2)
- Sweden (2)
- Telefon (2)
- Telephone (2)
- Theorie (2)
- Theory (2)
- Three dimensional (2)
- Tiefe (2)
- Traffic (2)
- Traffic regulations (2)
- Traffic restraint (2)
- Trend (stat) (2)
- Turn (2)
- Unfallopfer (2)
- Vehicle ownership (2)
- Verkehr (2)
- Verkehrsbeschränkung (2)
- Weather (2)
- Weight (2)
- Wet road (2)
- Windscreen (veh) (2)
- Witterung (2)
- Zeitreihe (stat) (2)
- Öffentlicher Verkehr (2)
- Überlappung (2)
- (menschl) (1)
- Abfluss (1)
- Ability (road user) (1)
- Abkommen von der Fahrbahn (1)
- Ablenkung (1)
- Abstandsregeltempomat (1)
- Acceleration (1)
- Acceptability (1)
- Accident black spot (1)
- Accident proneness (1)
- Accident severity (1)
- Active safety (1)
- Active safety system; Automatic; Brake; Car; Collision avoidance system; Conference; Driver assistance system; Germany; Impact test (veh); Rear end collision; Severity (accid (1)
- Activity report (1)
- Adaptive cruise controll (1)
- Administration (1)
- Aged people (1)
- Aggression (psycho) (1)
- Aggression (psychol) (1)
- Air quality management (1)
- Air traffic control (1)
- Air transport (1)
- Airbag (restraint system) (1)
- Aktive Sicherheit (1)
- Alternative (1)
- Analyse (1)
- Analyses (math) (1)
- Anthropmetric dummy (1)
- Anthropometrie (1)
- Anthropometry (1)
- Antiblockiersystem (1)
- Arbeitsgruppe (1)
- Arm (human) (1)
- Arm (menschl) (1)
- Arzneimittel (1)
- Asphaltstraße (Oberbau) (1)
- Atives Sicherheitssystem (1)
- Attention (1)
- Audit (1)
- Auffharunfall (1)
- Aufmerksamkeit (1)
- Aufzeichnung (1)
- Aufzeichung (1)
- Autotür (1)
- Back (human) (1)
- Batterie (1)
- Battery (1)
- Bau (1)
- Baumusterzulassung (1)
- Baustoff (1)
- Bearing capacity (1)
- Bein [menschl] (1)
- Bepflanzung (1)
- Beschleunigung (1)
- Bevölkerung (1)
- Bewehrung (1)
- Bicyclist (1)
- Bone (1)
- Braking distance (1)
- Breaking (1)
- Bridge (1)
- Bridge management system (1)
- Bruch (mech) (1)
- Brücke (1)
- Brücken Management System (1)
- Budget (1)
- Cadaver (1)
- Calibration (1)
- Car door (1)
- Carriageway (1)
- Catalytic converter (1)
- Chassis (1)
- Chest (1)
- Clay (1)
- Cognitive impairment (1)
- Colthing (1)
- Comprehension (1)
- Compression (1)
- Computation (1)
- Concentration (chem) (1)
- Condition survey (1)
- Conference; Germany; Injury; Medical examination; Spinal column; X ray (1)
- Construction (1)
- Contact (tyre (1)
- Correlation (1)
- Critical path method (1)
- Cross roads (1)
- Cycle track (1)
- Cycling (1)
- Damping (1)
- Data processing (1)
- Data transmission (telecom) (1)
- Datenverarbeitung (1)
- Datenübertragung (Telekom) (1)
- Datenübertragung (telekom) (1)
- Dauer (1)
- Day (24 hour period) (1)
- Decke (Straße) (1)
- Decke [Straße] (1)
- Deformierte Barriere (Anpralltest) (1)
- Deicing (1)
- Demand (econ) (1)
- Demografie (1)
- Demography (1)
- Density (1)
- Deterioration (1)
- Diagnostik (1)
- Dichte (1)
- Diesel engine (1)
- Diffusion (1)
- Digital computer (1)
- Digitalrechner (1)
- Dispersion (stat) (1)
- Displacement (1)
- Distribution (gen) (1)
- Driving aid (electronic) (1)
- Driving aptitude (1)
- Driving licence (1)
- Driving license (1)
- Droge (1)
- Drugs (1)
- Dtetection (1)
- Durchsichtigkeit (1)
- Dynamic penetration test (1)
- Dämpfung (1)
- Earthworks (1)
- Echtzeit (1)
- Eichung (1)
- Eigenschaft (1)
- Ejection (1)
- Elastizitätsmodul (1)
- Electronics (1)
- Elektronik (1)
- Elektronisches Stabilitätsprogram (1)
- Emergency medical aid (1)
- Empfindlichkeit (1)
- Energie (1)
- Energy (1)
- Enforcement (law) (1)
- Enteisung (1)
- Entgleisung (Zug) (1)
- Environment (1)
- Environment protection (1)
- Erdarbeiten (1)
- Erfahrung (menschl) (1)
- Evaluation (Assessment) (1)
- Event data recorder (Road vehicle) (1)
- Expressway (1)
- Face (human) (1)
- Facility (1)
- Fahrassistenzsystem (1)
- Fahrbahn (1)
- Fahrererfahrung (1)
- Fahrerinformationen (1)
- Fahrleistung (1)
- Fahrstreifen (1)
- Fahrtauglichkeit (1)
- Fahrwerk (1)
- Fahrzeugdach (1)
- Fahrzeugflotte (1)
- Fahrzeugrückhaltesystem (1)
- Fahrzeugteil (Sicherheit) (1)
- Fatigue (human) (1)
- Fear (1)
- Fein (mater) (1)
- Feinstaub (1)
- Fence (1)
- Fernverkehrsstrasse (1)
- Financing (1)
- Finanzierung (1)
- Fine (mater) (1)
- Finland (1)
- Finnland (1)
- Fleet of vehicles (1)
- Flexible pavement (1)
- Flooding (1)
- Flugsicherung (1)
- Form (1)
- Frequency (1)
- Friction (1)
- Fuel consumption (1)
- Fuel tank (1)
- Fugenfüllung (1)
- Furcht (1)
- Fußgängerbereich (1)
- Führerschein Punktesystem (1)
- Gas (1)
- Genauigkeit (1)
- Geografisches Information System (1)
- Geographical information system (1)
- Geomembran (1)
- Geomembrane (1)
- Geometry (shape) (1)
- Geradeausverkehr (1)
- Geschwindigkeitsbeschränkung (1)
- Gesetzesdurchführung (1)
- Gesicht (1)
- Gesundheit (1)
- Greenhouse effect (1)
- Ground water (1)
- Grundwasser (1)
- Haftung (jur) (1)
- Harmonisierung (1)
- Head (human) (1)
- Health (1)
- Heavy metal (1)
- Height (1)
- Herausschleudern (1)
- Hip (human) (1)
- Homogeneity (1)
- Homogenität (1)
- Hospitsl (1)
- Häufigkeit (1)
- Höhe (1)
- Hüfte (1)
- Hüfte (menschl) (1)
- Illness (1)
- Image analysis (1)
- Image generation (1)
- Image processing (1)
- Impact (collision) (1)
- In situ (1)
- Incident management (1)
- Inertia reel safety belt (1)
- Infotainment System (1)
- Infotainment system (1)
- Installation (1)
- Intelligentes Transportsystem (1)
- Intelligentes Verkehrssystem (1)
- Interactive model (1)
- Interaktives Modell (1)
- Interface (1)
- Inventar (1)
- Inventory (1)
- Ireland (1)
- Irland (1)
- Italien (1)
- Italy (1)
- Itinerary (1)
- Kleintransporter (1)
- Knie (1)
- Knochen (1)
- Kognitive Beeinträchtigung (1)
- Kohlendioxid (1)
- Kontakt Reifen-Straße (1)
- Konzentration (1)
- Kopf (menschl) (1)
- Korea (Süd) (1)
- Korn (1)
- Kornverteilung (1)
- Korrelation [math (1)
- Korrelation(Math (1)
- Kraftfahrzeug (1)
- Kraftstofftank (1)
- Krankheit (1)
- Kreisverkehrsplatz (1)
- Kreuzung (1)
- Körperhaltung (1)
- Körperstellung (1)
- Lap strap (1)
- Lateral (1)
- Lateral collision (1)
- Layer (1)
- Lebenszyklus (1)
- Leichnam (1)
- Leistungsfähigkeit (Allg.) (1)
- Length (1)
- Lernen (1)
- Level of service (1)
- Liability (1)
- Links (1)
- Luftreinhaltung (1)
- Lufttransport (1)
- Länge (1)
- Lärm (1)
- Malaysia (1)
- Market (1)
- Markt (1)
- Massenunfall (1)
- Material (constr) (1)
- Materialveraenderung (allg) (1)
- Mathematical Model (1)
- Matrix (1)
- Mean (math) (1)
- Medication (1)
- Merging (1)
- Text (1)
- Mesurement (1)
- Mittelwert (1)
- Mobility (1)
- Mobilität (1)
- Modulus of elasticity (1)
- Montage (1)
- Moped (1)
- Motor (1)
- Multiple collision (1)
- Müdigkeit (1)
- Nachfrage (1)
- Nachricht (1)
- Nasse Strasse (1)
- Nasse Straße (1)
- Network (traffic) (1)
- Netzplantechnik (1)
- Neural network (1)
- Neuronales Netz (1)
- Nigeria (1)
- Nitric acid (1)
- Noise (1)
- Non destructive testing (1)
- Nordamerika (1)
- North America (1)
- Norway (1)
- Norwegen (1)
- Nummer (1)
- Nutzwertanalyse (1)
- Oberfläche (1)
- Official approval (1)
- Offset impact test (1)
- On the left (1)
- On the right (1)
- On the spot investigation (1)
- Organisation (1)
- Organization (association) (1)
- Overturning (1)
- Oxygen (1)
- PVC (1)
- Padding (safety) (1)
- Particle (1)
- Particle size distribution (1)
- Particulate matter (1)
- Partnerschaft (1)
- Partnership (1)
- Peat (1)
- Pedestrian precinct (1)
- Pelvis (1)
- Perception (1)
- Personal (1)
- Personnel (1)
- Pfahl (1)
- Pfosten (1)
- Pile (1)
- Point demerit system (1)
- Pole (1)
- Police (1)
- Polizei (1)
- Pollutant (1)
- Polyvinylchloride (1)
- Population (1)
- Portable (1)
- Position (1)
- Pregnancy (1)
- Preloading (soil) (1)
- Properties (1)
- Protective helmet (1)
- Provisorisch (1)
- Prüefverfahren (1)
- Pssives Sicherheitssystem (1)
- Psychological aspects (1)
- Psychologische Gesichtspunkte (1)
- QAccident (1)
- Quality management system (1)
- Qualitätsmanagementsystem (1)
- Radfahren (1)
- Radweg (1)
- Rail bound transport (1)
- Rail traffic (1)
- Rain (1)
- Rammsondierung (1)
- Real-time (1)
- Rechts (1)
- Reconstruction [accid] (1)
- Reduction (decrease) (1)
- Regen (1)
- Regional planning (1)
- Regionalplanung (1)
- Rehabilitation (1)
- Rehabilitation (road user) (1)
- Reibung (1)
- Reifen (1)
- Reifenprofil (1)
- Reinforcement (in mater) (1)
- Reiseweg (1)
- Republic of Corea (1)
- Research projekt (1)
- Residential area (1)
- Resuscitation (1)
- Reversing (veh) (1)
- Rib (1)
- Richtlinie (1)
- Risikoverhalten (1)
- Road (1)
- Road transport (1)
- Robot (1)
- Roboter (1)
- Roll over (veh) (1)
- Roof (veh) (1)
- Rotation (1)
- Roundabout (1)
- Rsk (1)
- Run off (1)
- Rupture (1)
- Röntgenstrahlung (1)
- Rücken (1)
- Rücksichtslosigkeit (1)
- Rückwärtsfahren (1)
- Safety glass (1)
- Safety harness (1)
- Safety system (1)
- Saftey (1)
- Salpetersäure (1)
- Sample (stat) (1)
- Sauerstoff (1)
- Schadstoff (1)
- Schicht (1)
- Schienentransport (1)
- Schienenverkehr (1)
- Schlag (1)
- Schleudertrauma (1)
- Schnittstelle (1)
- Schutz (1)
- Schwangerschaft (1)
- Schweiz (1)
- Schweregrad (UNfall (1)
- Schwermetall (1)
- Schätzung (1)
- Sealing compound (1)
- Seat (1)
- Seat belt (1)
- Seat harness (1)
- Sensitivity (1)
- Service life (1)
- Settlement (1)
- Setzung (1)
- Severity (accid, injuy) (1)
- Sicherheitsglas (1)
- Sicherheitspolsterung (1)
- Significance (1)
- Signifikanz (1)
- Social factors (1)
- Soziale Faktoren (1)
- Speed limit (1)
- Speed) (1)
- Spinal calum (1)
- Spreading (1)
- Sri Lanka (1)
- Stadt (1)
- Stadtplanung (1)
- Stahl (1)
- Stand der Technik (Bericht) (1)
- Standard test run (1)
- Standardabweichung (1)
- Stat) (1)
- State of the art report (1)
- Statistik (math) (1)
- Steel (1)
- Stichprobe (1)
- Stochastic process (1)
- Stochastischer Prozess (1)
- Stopping distance (1)
- Straight ahead (traffic) (1)
- Strasse (1)
- Straßentransport (1)
- Stress (psychol) (1)
- Störfallmanagement (1)
- Subsoil (1)
- Surface (1)
- Switzerland (1)
- Systemanalyse (1)
- Systems analysis (1)
- Tag (24 Stunden) (1)
- Technische Vorschriften (1)
- Temporary (1)
- Tension (1)
- Test procedure (1)
- Thailand (1)
- Ton (Gestein) (1)
- Torf (1)
- Town planning (1)
- Toxicity (1)
- Toxizität (1)
- Traffic lane (1)
- Tragbar (1)
- Tragfähigkeit (1)
- Transparent (1)
- Transport mode (1)
- Transport operator (1)
- Transportunternehmen (1)
- Traveler (1)
- Treibhauseffekt (1)
- Two dimensional (1)
- Tyre (1)
- Tyre tread (1)
- Tätigkeitsbericht (1)
- Umwelt (1)
- Umweltschutz (1)
- Underride prevention (1)
- Unfallfolgephase (1)
- Unfallneigung (1)
- Unfallrate (1)
- Unfallrekonsruktion (1)
- Unfallschwerpunkt (1)
- Unfallverhütug (1)
- Ungeschützter Verkehrsteilnehmer (1)
- United Kindom (1)
- Unterfahrschutz (1)
- Untergrund (1)
- Untersuchung am Umfallort (1)
- Urban area (1)
- Usa (1)
- Value analysis (1)
- Variance analysis (1)
- Varianzanalyse (1)
- Vegetation (1)
- Vehicle mile (1)
- Vehicle restraint system (1)
- Vehicle safety device (1)
- Veletzung) (1)
- Vereinigtes Königreichl (1)
- Verfahen (1)
- Verfahren ; Verkehrsinfrastruktur (1)
- Verkehrsmittel (1)
- Verkehrsnetz (1)
- Verkehrsqualität (1)
- Verkehrsverflechtung (1)
- Vermeidung (1)
- Verständnis (1)
- Verteilung (allg) (1)
- Verteilung (mater) (1)
- Verwaltung (1)
- Virtual reality (1)
- Virtuelle Realität (1)
- Visualisation (1)
- Visualisierung (1)
- Vorbelastung (Boden) (1)
- Vulnerable road user (1)
- Wahrnehmung (1)
- Wasser (1)
- Water (1)
- Whiplash injury (1)
- Window (veh) (1)
- Wirkungsanalyse (1)
- Wohngebiet (1)
- Women (1)
- Working group (1)
- Zahl (1)
- Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (1)
- Zug (mech) (1)
- Zusammendrückung (1)
- Zusammenstoss (1)
- Zustandsbewertung (1)
- Zweidimensional (1)
- accident (1)
- aktives Sicherheitssystem (1)
- analyses (math) (1)
- ar (1)
- efficiency (1)
- fatality (1)
- finite element method (1)
- head (1)
- road) (1)
- simulation (1)
- stat] (1)
- tödlicher Unfall (1)
- Überdeckung (1)
- Überschwemmung (1)
Within the overall system of novice driver preparation, the practical driving test plays an especially important role for the objective of improved driving safety: On the one hand, the test contents, assessment criteria and test results provide important orientation for the organisation of driving school training and the individual learning processes of the novice drivers (control function); on the other hand, the practical test serves to ensure that only novice drivers with adequate driving competence are entitled to participate in motorised road traffic (selection function). The aim of the present project is to elaborate a scientifically founded model for a future, optimised practical driving test, together with a contextual and methodical (implementation) concept for its continuous maintenance, quality assurance and further development. In addition, the institutional structures of the test system, test methods and test procedures - including the necessary demand, assessment, documentation and evaluation standards - are to be described in a "System Manual on Driver Licensing (Practical Test)". As a first step, selected psychology-based driving competence models and the contents of training and test documents are to be analysed. The results of this analysis will then serve as the starting point for a discussion of possibilities to model and measure driving competence, and for the outlining of a driving competence model for the theoretical determination of appropriate test content. Subsequently, demand standards for an optimised practical driving test can be derived by applying action theory principles to the demands of motor vehicle handling, and thereby defined as minimum personal standards for driving test candidates. This elaboration is to take into account not only latest knowledge from the fields of traffic and test psychology, but also relevant stipulations in licensing regulations, international trends in the further development of test standards, and novice-specific accident causes and competence deficits. A further outcome of the project - alongside theoretical-methodical foundations for optimisation of the practical driving test and for the draft of a system manual - is to be a "Catalogue of driving tasks (Category B)", in which the demand standards for the practical driving test are described in the form of situation-related driving tasks and situation-independent observation categories, as a means to specify the criteria for event-oriented performance assessment and overall competence evaluation. At the same time, criteria for the examiner's test decision are to be defined. This optimisation work will contribute, finally, to further development of the adaptive control strategy for the practical driving test. To enable implementation of the further developed demand, assessment and documentation standards of an optimised practical driving test, a contextual and methodical concept for an electronic test report is to be presented, together with an ergonomically founded design proposal for both hardware and software. The computer-assisted documentation of test performance is intended to support the driving test examiner in planning of the course of a driving test and assessment of the candidate's driving behaviour. Furthermore, optimisation of the performance feedback to candidates and improved possibilities for scientific evaluation of the optimised practical driving test are expected. With regard to test evaluation, a fundamental model is to be described, which - alongside monitoring of the psychometric quality criteria within the framework of an instrumental evaluation - incorporates an evaluation of test results, product audits and the responses to candidate and driving instructor surveys. Finally, the possible influence of driver assistance and accident avoidance systems on the realisation of a driving test and on the assessment of test performance is to be discussed.
High demands on exhaust emissions of passenger cars and light commercial vehicles require complex technologies. The three-way catalytic converter is an essential part of state of the art emission control systems. If a catalytic converter is damaged or its effectiveness deteriorates, it can be replaced by a replacement converter. Replacement catalytic converters from the aftermarket are approved on the basis of Regulation No 103 of the UNECE - United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. According to this regulation the replacement catalytic converter shall be designed, constructed and capable of being mounted so as to enable the vehicle to comply with the provisions taken as a basis for its type approval. Furthermore the pollution emissions must be effectively limited throughout the entire normal service life of the vehicle under normal operating conditions. In the context of the research project, the durability of replacement catalytic converters was examined. A VW Golf with emission standard Euro 4, 1.4 l petrol engine (55 kW) was selected as a test vehicle. At the start of the examinations, the vehicle showed a mileage of 75,000 km. The selected vehicle was regularly serviced in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications. No emission-relevant faults were recorded by the OBD system. The initial control measurement of the vehicle in as-delivered condition with the originally installed catalytic converter showed that the corresponding emissions of the regulated pollutants were considerably below the Euro 4 emission limits to be applied. Subsequently, an original replacement catalytic converter, which was purchased from an authorised dealer, and 4 catalytic converters purchased in the independent aftermarket, were examined. The replacement catalytic converters were conditioned according to the specifications of ECE Regulation No 103 and then measured in new condition. The catalytic converters were then aged on a burner test rig. Here a total mileage of 80,000 km was simulated. After 10,000 km and 40,000 km, the ageing was interrupted and the exhaust gas emissions of the test vehicle with the aged catalytic converters were measured. The examination was ended as soon as a limit value had been exceeded. The results of the project indicate that with the replacement systems for the after-treatment of exhaust gases available in the independent aftermarket, considerable quality differences can occur. At the end of the ageing over a distance of 80,000 km only the original replacement catalytic converter and one replacement catalytic converter from the independent aftermarket complied with the Euro 4 emission limits. With one replacement catalytic converter, the Euro 4 emission limits were already exceeded in new condition. With another replacement catalytic converter, the examination was aborted after 10,000 km ageing and with a further catalytic converter after 40,000 km ageing due to the Euro 4 emission limits being exceeded. The ECE Regulation No 103 provides for a test of durability of such systems over 80,000 km, but also alternatively enables the use of fixed deterioration factors. In practice, the durability of the replacement systems for the after-treatment of exhaust gases is guaranteed by their manufacturers. However, replacement catalytic converters are rarely inspected as part of the approval. In-use compliance provisions for replacement systems for the after-treatment of exhaust gases are not mentioned in the corresponding specifications. The results of this study indicate that the requirements in the ECE Regulation No 103 are not adequate to ensure the durability of replacement catalytic converters.
This paper deals with the determination of test criteria for the durability assessment of polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-based geosynthetic barriers (GBR-P) products in tunnel sealing systems. In the project different products for road tunnel application are investigated by systematic long time storage in hot water using a new test procedure based on SIA V 280 standard (test no. 13) and EN 14415. The objective of this research project is to derive suitable exposure conditions and criteria for a practical testing procedure with regard to service lifetimes of up to 100 years. For that test temperature and time as well as the best suitable test medium have been investigated in a structured way. To verify the results of the new test procedure the material properties of GBR-P samples removed from older road tunnels are investigated. Based on the presented results of the still on-going research program some preliminary conclusions regarding the updating of the German regulations for road tunnel sealing systems (ZTV-ING part 5 section 5 and TL/TP KDB) are given.
Injury severity of e.g. pedestrians or bikers after crashes with cars that are reversing is almost unknown. However, crash victims of these injuries can frequently be seen in emergency departments and account for a large amount of patients every year. The objective of this study is to analyze injury severity of patients that were crashed into by reversing cars. The Hannover Medical School local accident research unit prospectively documented 43,000 road traffic accidents including 234 crashes involving reversing cars. Injury severity including the abbreviated injury scale (AIS) and the maximum abbreviated injury scale (MAIS) was analyzed as well as the location of the accident. As a result 234 accidents were included into this study. Pedestrians were injured in 141 crashes followed by 70 accidents involving bikers. The mean age of all crash victims was 57 -± 23 years. Most injuries took place on straight stretches (n = 81) as well as parking areas (n = 59), entries (n = 36) or crossroads (n = 24). The AIS of the lower extremities was highest followed by the upper extremities. The AIS of the neck was lowest. The mean MAIS was 1.3 -± 0.6. The paper concludes that the lower extremities show the highest risk to become injured during accidents with reversing cars. However, the risk of severe injuries is likely low.
Detailed anthropometric data of pregnant women have been collected and used in the development of a computational model of the pregnant occupant model "Expecting". The model is complete with a finite element uterus and multi-body fetus, which is a novel feature in the models of this kind. The computational pregnant occupant model has been validated and used to simulate a range of impacts. The strains developed in the utero-placental interface are used as the main criteria for fetus safety. Stress distributions due to inertial loading of the fetus on the utero-placental interface play a role on the strain levels. Inclusion of fetus model is shown to significantly affect the strain levels in the utero-placental interface. This series of studies has led to the design of seatbelt features specifically for the pregnant women to enable them use the seatbelt correctly and comfortably.
The current Brussels EU Regulation No. 1235/2011, valid from May 30, 2012, has introduced an European Tyre Label with wet grip index G classes from A to G for passenger car tyres C1, light commercial vehicles tyres C2 and heavy truck- and bus tyres C3. Every wet grip class for each vehicle category has a defined band of numerical values for the wet grip index G. The legislated wet grip values G in this EU- Regulation are very low. The measured braking distances and corresponding impact speeds of the test vehicles are showing very critical results. Regulation No. 1235/2011 of the European Parliament and the Council for Type Approval of Vehicles (EU) should be changed in such a way, that for C1-tyres (normal passenger cars tyres) the minimum wet grip index G is 1.25. All C2-tyres (light commercial vehicles tyres) should at least meet a minimum wet grip index of G = 1.1. All C3-tyres (heavy trucks and buses tyres) should at least meet a minimum wet grip index of G = 0.95. Due to the missing lower limits for G in the wet grip class F for C1, C2 and C3 tyres according to Commission Regulation (EU) No. 1235/2011, officially valid from 30 May 2012, a tyre-to-road coefficient of adhesion in the extreme of 0 (zero) is legally permitted. This is an apparent flaw in above cited EU Regulation, which causes a potential danger to the road traffic safety for all motor vehicles in Europe with such tyres. The wet grip class F has to be removed urgently from said EURegulation, since a direct liability of the responsible EU-Commission can not be excluded.
This work aimed for getting the main features of accidents involving Light Goods Vehicles (LGV), using accident cases collected in the In-Depth Accidents Studies built up at IFSTTAR-LMA (France), in order to analyse thoroughly the proceedings of these accidents and identify the major factors for the different types of LGV. This work was based on the analysis of 88 accident cases involving LGV with a Maximum Authorised Mass inferior to 3.5 tonnes. In particular kinematics reconstruction of these accidents were performed to calculate the average impact speeds and to better understand the compatibility problems between LGV and antagonist vehicles. Specific features have been reviewed to pick up problems concerning safety, maintenance, loading, LGV design: general conditions of the accident, vehicle features, and passive safety. The main results of this study are presented in this paper.
While it is important to track trends in the number of road accidents in different countries using national statistics, there is a need for data with more detailed information, so called in-depth accident data. For this reason, several accident data projects emerged worldwide in recent years. However, also different data standards were established and so comparative analysis of international in-depth data has been very hard to conduct, so far. This is why the project iGLAD (Initiative for the Global Harmonization of Accident Data) was established and created the prerequisites for building up a standardized dataset out of the common denominator of different in-depth accident databases from Europe, USA and Asia. In the first phase, the project received funding from ACEA to compile an initial database. To accomplish this, a suitable data scheme has been defined, a pilot study has been conducted as proof of concept and the recoding of the first common data base has been initiated. Also, to prepare the project for its self-supporting continuation in the next years, a business model has been developed. This paper reports the history and status of the project, the current challenges and the creation of a capable consortium to maintain the data. In mid-2014, the initial database containing 1550 cases from 10 different countries will be completed and a first detailed view on this data will be possible.
Introduction: The method of causation analysis applied under the German accident survey GIDAS, which is based on Accident Causation Analysis System (ACAS) focuses on an on-scene data collection of predominantly directly event-related causation factors which were crucial in the accident emergence as situational resulting events and influences. The paradigm underlying this method refers to the findings of the psychological traffic accident research that most causally relevant features of the system components human, infrastructure and vehicle technology are found directly in the situation shortly before the accident. This justifies the survey method which is conducted directly at the accident (on-scene), shortly after the accident occurrence (in-time) with the detection of human-related causes (in-depth). Human aspects of the situation analysis that interact and influence the risk situations shortly before the collision are reported as errors, lapses, mistakes and failures in ACAS in specific categories and subcategories. Thus methodically ACAS is designed primarily for the collection of accident features on the level of operational action, which certainly leads to valid findings and behavioral causes of accidents. The enhancement by means of Moderating Conditions concerns the pre-crash phase in different levels: strategical, tactical and operational.
Road accidents are typically analyzed to address influences of human, vehicle, and environmental (primarily infrastructure) factors. A new methodology, based on a "Venn diagram" analysis, gives a broader perspective on the probable factors, and combinations of factors, contributing both to the occurrence of a crash and to sustaining injuries in that crash. The methodology was applied to 214 accidents on the Mumbai-Pune expressway. Factors contributing to accidents and injuries were addressed. The major human factors influencing accidents on this roadway were speeding (30%) and falling asleep (29%), while injuries were primarily due to lack of seat belt use (46%). The leading infrastructure factor for injuries was impact with a roadside manmade structure (28%), and the main vehicle factor for injuries was passenger compartment intrusion (73%). This methodology can help identify effective vehicle and infrastructure-related solutions for preventing accidents and mitigating injuries in India.
The project UR:BAN "Cognitive assistance (KA)" aims at developing future assistance systems providing improved performance in complex city traffic. New state-of-the-art panoramic sensor technologies now allow comprehensive monitoring and evaluation of the vehicle environment. In order to improve protection of vulnerable road users such as pedestrians and cyclists, a particular objective of UR:BAN is the evaluation and prediction of their behaviour and actions. The objective of subproject "WER" is development support by providing quantitative estimates of traffic collisions at the very start and predict potential in terms of optimized accident avoidance and reduction of injury severity. For this purpose an integrated computer simulation toolkit is being devised based on real world accidents (GIDAS as well as video documented accidents), allowing the prediction of potential effectiveness and future benefit of assistance systems in this accident scenario. Subsequently, this toolkit may be used for optimizing the design of implemented assistance systems for improved effectiveness.
Ruptures and dissections of the thoracic and abdominal aortic vessel caused by traffic accidents are rare but potentially life-threatening injuries. They can occur by blunt trauma via seat belt or dashboard injury. The study aimed at evaluating the overall mortality, morbidity, neurological disorders, and differences in operative procedures of open repair and stenting. It shows that, with a change and improvement in diagnostic tools and surgical approach, mortality and morbidity of blunt aortic injuries were significantly reduced. Still an immediate life-threatening injury early diagnosis via multiple-slice and scans and surgical repair with minimally invasive stents showed excellent short-time results for selected patients.
This study aimed at prediction of long bone fractures and assessment of lower extremity injury mechanisms in real world passenger car to pedestrian collision. For this purpose, two pedestrian accident cases with detail recorded lower limb injuries were reconstructed via combining MBS (Multi-body system) and FE (Finite element) methods. The code of PC Crash was used to determine the boundary conditions before collision, and then MBS models were used to reproduce the pedestrian kinematics and injuries during crash. Furthermore, a validated lower limb FE model was chosen to conduct reconstruction of injuries and prediction of long bone fracture via physical parameters of von Mises stress and bending moment. The injury outcomes from simulations were compared with hospital recorded injury data and the same long bone fracture patterns and positions can be observed. Moreover, the calculated long bone fracture tolerance corresponded to the outcome from cadaver tests. The result shows that FE model is capable to reproduce the dynamic injury process and is an effective tool to predict the risk of long bone fractures.
India is one of the leading countries reporting highest road accidents & related injuries. TMARG (Tata Motors Accident Research Group) has been recording crashes in association with M/s. Lokamanya Medical Foundation since 2011 with M/s, Amandeep Hospitals since Aug 2013. This study has highlighted some accident types not discussed extensively in literature. Trucks to Truck impacts " Cabin interaction with overhanging loadbody structures and Offset underside impacts for passenger vehicles are seen in significant numbers. The paper discusses these in more detail including severity.
This study aimed at comparing head Wrap Around Distance (WAD) of Vulnerable Road User (VRU) obtained from the German in-depth Accident Database (GIDAS), the China in-depth Accident Database (CIDAS) and the Japanese in-depth Accident Database (ITARDA micro). Cumulative distribution of WAD of pedestrian and cyclist were obtained for each database (AIS2+) showing that WAD of cyclists were larger than the ones of pedestrians. Comparing three regions, the 50%tile WAD of GIDAS was larger than that of both Asian accident databases. Using linear regression that might predict WAD of pedestrians and cyclists from Impact speed and VRU height, WADs were calculated to be 206cm/219cm (Pedestrian/Cyclist) for GIDAS, 170cm/192cm for CIDAS and 211cm/235cm for ITARDA. In addition, this study may be helpful for reconsideration of WAD measurement alignment between accident reconstruction and test procedures.
The declining trend since 1991 in the number of killed people was broken in 2011 when overall 4 009 people died in traffic accidents in Germany. The question arises if there is a stagnating trend of fatalities in Germany in future? By breaking down the accidents with casualties towards a monthly view one can see a decreasing trend of fatalities in the warmer months especially since 2009. When comparing against winter months higher deviations are observed. In December 2011 an increase of 191 traffic deaths were registered (181 in 2010 compared to 372 in 2011). Further analyses of different accident influences were evaluated and their possibility of drastic change from one year to the other was determined. As seen weather- and environmental conditions are one of the major contributing factors and are one of the causes for the increased number of fatalities. To support the underlying assumption a model had been created to calculate the number of traffic deaths on a daily basis approach. As an input, road conditions projected through weather parameters and also different driving behaviors on weekdays or holidays were used. As a result, estimates of daily fatality with up to 75% precision can be achieved out of the 2009, 2010 and 2011 data. Further on it shows that weather and street conditions have a high influence on the overall resulting number of traffic accidents with casualties, and especially to the number of fatalities. Hence it is estimated that approximately 3 300 people were killed in traffic accidents in Germany in 2013 which would be again a reduction of another 13% compared to 2012. Therefore an answer to the question will be that the decreasing trend in traffic fatalities in Germany somehow is not broken when environmental conditions are included in national statistics. Their effects will become more visible in future accident statistics and it is estimated variances of 5% to 8% of the annual number of traffic fatalities in Germany will be seen.
The changed focus in vehicle safety technology from secondary to primary safety systems need to evolve new methods to investigate accidents, high critical, critical and normal driving situations. Current Naturalistic Driving Studies mostly use vehicles that are highly equipped with additional measuring devices, video cameras, recording technology, and sensors. These equipped fleets are very expensive regarding the setup and administration of the study. Due to the great rarity of crashes it is additionally necessary to have a high distribution and a homogeneous distribution of subject groups. At the end all these facts are leading to a very expensive study with a manageable number of data. Smartphones are becoming more and more popular not only for younger people. Contrary to traditional mobile phones they are mostly equipped with sensors for acceleration and yaw rates, GPS modules as well as cameras in high definition resolution. Additionally they have high-performance processors that enable the execution of CPU-intensive tools directly on the phone. The wide distribution of these smartphones enables researchers to get high numbers of users for such studies. The paper shows and demonstrates a software app for smartphones that is able to record different driving situations up to crashes. Therefore all relevant parameter from the sensors, camera and GPS device are saved for a given duration if the event was triggered. The complete configuration is independently adjustable to the relevant driver and all events were sent automatically to the research institute for a further process. Direct after the event, interviews with the driver can be done and important data regarding the event itself are documented. The presentation shows the methodology and gives a demonstration of the working progress as well as first results and examples of the current study. In the discussion the advantages of this method will be discussed and compared with the disadvantages. The paper shows an alternative method to investigate real accident and incident data. This method is thereby highly cost efficient and comparable with existing methods for benefit estimation.
For the estimation of the benefit and effect of innovative Driver Assistance Systems (DAS) on the collision positions and by association on the accident severity, together with the economic benefit, it becomes necessary to simulate and evaluate a variety of virtual accidents with different start values (e.g. initial speed). Taken into account the effort necessary for a manual reconstruction, only an automated crash computation can be considered for this task. This paper explains the development of an automated crash computation based on GIDAS. The focus will be on the design of the virtual vehicle models, the method of the crash computation as well as exemplary applications of the automated crash computation. For the first time an automated crash computation of passenger car accidents has been realized. Using the automated crash computation different tasks within the field of vehicle safety can be elaborated. This includes, for example, the calculation of specific accident parameters (such as EES or delta-V) for various accident constellations and the estimation of the economic benefit of DAS using IRFs (Injury Risk Functions).
Pedestrians represent about 20% of the overall fatalities in Europe- road traffic accidents. In this paper a methodology is proposed to understand why the numbers are so high, especially in the south of Europe and particularly in Portugal, . First a detailed statistical analysis using Ordinal Logistic Regression model (OLR) was applied to the gathered data from all Portuguese accidents with victims in the period 2010-2012. In a second stage accident reconstruction computational techniques using pedestrian biomechanical models are used to evaluate the accident conditions that lead to the injuries, such as the speed and the impact location. For biomechanical injury criterions, the AIS (Abbreviated Injury Scale), the HIC (Head Injury Criterion) and other injury criterions based on the resulting accelerations in the pedestrian's body are used. The statistical model reported that there were several predictors that significantly influenced the pedestrian injury severity in the event of a road accident, such as Pedestrian's age, Pedestrian's gender, Vehicle Design/Category or Driver's gender. The use of injury scales and biomechanical criterions in in-depth investigation of road accidents, such as AIS, can significantly improve the quality of the reconstruction process.
The paper gives an overview of the recent (mostly 2012) figures of killed bus/coach occupants (drivers and passengers) in 27 Member States of the European Union as reported by CARE. The Evolution of the figures of bus/coach occupants killed in road accidents urban, rural without motorway and on motorways from 1991 to 2010 in 15 Member States of the EU supplements this information. More detailed are the figures reported for Germany by the Federal Statistics. The paper displays long-term evaluations (1957 to 2012) for killed, seriously and slightly injured occupants in all kinds of buses/coaches. Midterm evaluations (1995 to 2012) of the figures of fatalities and casualties are displayed for different busses according to their identification of road using as coaches, urban buses, school buses, trolley buses and "other buses". To be able to compare the evolutions of the safety of vehicle occupants it is customary to use different risk indicators. Calculations and illustrations for three often used indicators with their development over time are given: fatalities, seriously injured and slightly injured per 100,000 vehicles registered, per 1 billion (109) vehicle-kilometres travelled and per 1 billion (109) person-kilometres. These indicators are shown for occupants of cars, goods vehicles and buses/coaches. For the period from 1957 until 2012 it is obvious, that for all three vehicle categories analysed there was a clear long-term trend towards more occupant safety in terms of casualties per vehicles registered and per vehicle mileage. This was most significant for car occupants but it can be seen for bus/coach occupants and goodsvehicle occupants as well. Figures of killed occupants and of casualties related to person-kilometres are calculated and displayed for the shorter period 1995 to 2012. Here it becomes obvious that the bus/coach is still the safest mode of transport for the occupants of road vehicles. Graphs for the casualty risk indices still show significantly higher risks for car occupants despite the corresponding curve moved sustainable downwards. It is remarkable, that the risks of being killed or injured for the occupants of urban buses is growing whereas the corresponding risk for the occupants of coaches in line traffic tends downwards. The article ends with a short comparison and discussion of the risk indicators which are actually published for the occupants (driver and passengers) of cars and the passengers of buses/coaches, railroads, trams and airplanes. The interpretation of such information depends on the perception and it seems that for a complete view not only one indicator should be used and the evolutions of the indicator values during longer periods (as displayed with examples in the paper) should also be taken into account.