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Erscheinungsjahr
Dokumenttyp
- Konferenzveröffentlichung (404) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- Conference (324)
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- Analysis (math) (63)
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- Schweregrad (Unfall, Verletzung) (59)
- Severity (accid, injury) (57)
- Tödlicher Unfall (56)
- Fatality (55)
- Safety (54)
- Sicherheit (53)
- Reconstruction (accid) (52)
- Bewertung (50)
- Evaluation (assessment) (49)
- Simulation (49)
- Datenbank (46)
- Fußgänger (45)
- Pedestrian (45)
- injury) (45)
- On the spot accident investigation (43)
- Schweregrad (Unfall (43)
- Verletzung) (43)
- Car (42)
- Data acquisition (42)
- Datenerfassung (42)
- Untersuchung am Unfallort (42)
- Severity (accid (40)
- Cause (39)
- Driver (39)
- Ursache (39)
- Fahrer (37)
- Fahrzeug (37)
- Unfallverhütung (36)
- Collision (35)
- Vehicle (35)
- Zusammenstoß (35)
- Anfahrversuch (34)
- Accident prevention (31)
- Radfahrer (31)
- Cyclist (30)
- Data bank (30)
- Accident reconstruction (29)
- Test (29)
- Europa (28)
- Europe (28)
- Frontalzusammenstoß (28)
- Prüfverfahren (28)
- Test method (28)
- Head on collision (27)
- Motorcyclist (27)
- Motorradfahrer (27)
- Versuch (27)
- Geschwindigkeit (26)
- Fahrerassistenzsystem (25)
- Impact test (veh) (25)
- Method (25)
- Speed (25)
- Active safety system (24)
- Leistungsfähigkeit (allg) (24)
- Passives Sicherheitssystem (23)
- Risiko (23)
- Verfahren (23)
- Aktives Sicherheitssystem (22)
- Insasse (22)
- Driver assistance system (21)
- Efficiency (21)
- PKW (21)
- Alte Leute (20)
- Passive safety system (20)
- Pkw (20)
- Interview (19)
- Old people (19)
- Risk (19)
- Vehicle occupant (19)
- Child (17)
- Kind (17)
- Prevention (17)
- Accident rate (16)
- Benutzung (16)
- Improvement (16)
- Sicherheitsgurt (16)
- Use (16)
- Verbesserung (16)
- Anthropometric dummy (15)
- Behaviour (15)
- Biomechanics (15)
- Biomechanik (15)
- Motorrad (15)
- Risikobewertung (15)
- Seitlicher Zusammenstoß (15)
- Unfallhäufigkeit (15)
- Verhalten (15)
- Berechnung (14)
- Database (14)
- Head (14)
- Kopf (14)
- Measurement (14)
- Messung (14)
- Motorcycle (14)
- Risk assessment (14)
- Safety belt (14)
- Side impact (14)
- Specifications (14)
- Calculation (13)
- Digital model (13)
- Driving aptitude (13)
- Leg (human) (13)
- Numerisches Modell (13)
- Richtlinien (13)
- Verminderung (13)
- Auffahrunfall (12)
- Brustkorb (12)
- Decrease (12)
- Development (12)
- Dummy (12)
- Entwicklung (12)
- Fahrzeugsitz (12)
- Rear end collision (12)
- Rechenmodell (12)
- Überschlagen (12)
- Airbag (11)
- Error (11)
- Fahrzeugführung (11)
- Human factor (11)
- Legislation (11)
- Mathematical model (11)
- Menschlicher Faktor (11)
- Prognose (11)
- Schutzhelm (11)
- Seat (veh) (11)
- Skill (road user) (11)
- Bremsung (10)
- Crash helmet (10)
- Driving (veh) (10)
- EU (10)
- Fahranfänger (10)
- Fehler (10)
- Gesetzgebung (10)
- Overturning (veh) (10)
- Recently qualified driver (10)
- Thorax (10)
- Tunnel (10)
- Air bag (restraint system) (9)
- Austria (9)
- Bein (menschl) (9)
- Braking (9)
- Deformation (9)
- Driver training (9)
- Front (9)
- Instandsetzung (9)
- Japan (9)
- Krankenhaus (9)
- Lorry (9)
- Metal bridge (9)
- Modification (9)
- Orthotropic plate (9)
- Planning (9)
- Repair (9)
- Sachschaden (9)
- Stahlbrücke (9)
- Verhütung (9)
- Veränderung (9)
- Österreich (9)
- Age (8)
- Alter (8)
- Bemessung (8)
- Blood alcohol content (8)
- Blutalkoholgehalt (8)
- Bridge (8)
- Damage (8)
- Drunkenness (8)
- Forecast (8)
- Hospital (8)
- Medizinische Untersuchung (8)
- Planung (8)
- Road network (8)
- Straßennetz (8)
- Trunkenheit (8)
- Verformung (8)
- Verkehrsinfrastruktur (8)
- Wirbelsäule (8)
- Antikollisionssystem (7)
- Belastung (7)
- Blood (7)
- Blut (7)
- Cracking (7)
- Design (overall design) (7)
- Einstellung (psychol) (7)
- Erste Hilfe (7)
- Erziehung (7)
- Expert opinion (7)
- Fahrausbildung (7)
- Fahreignung (7)
- Fracture (bone) (7)
- Frau (7)
- Gutachten (7)
- Illness (7)
- Impact study (7)
- International (7)
- Knee (human) (7)
- Knochenbruch (7)
- Krankheit (7)
- Load (7)
- Medical examination (7)
- Policy (7)
- Politik (7)
- Rissbildung (7)
- Standardisierung (7)
- Transport infrastructure (7)
- USA (7)
- Vereinigtes Königreich (7)
- Adolescent (6)
- Air pollution (6)
- Attitude (psychol) (6)
- Cervical vertebrae (6)
- Chemical analysis (6)
- Chemische Analyse (6)
- China (6)
- Collision avoidance system (6)
- Cost benefit analysis (6)
- Detection (6)
- Education (6)
- Fahrgeschicklichkeit (6)
- Halswirbel (6)
- Human body (6)
- Impact test (6)
- India (6)
- Indien (6)
- Interior (veh) (6)
- Jugendlicher (6)
- Knie (menschl) (6)
- Knotenpunkt (6)
- Leistungsfähigkeit (Fahrer) (6)
- Luftverunreinigung (6)
- Menschlicher Körper (6)
- Nitrogen oxide (6)
- Ort (Position) (6)
- Orthotrope Fahrbahntafel (6)
- Portugal (6)
- Road construction (6)
- Software (6)
- Spinal column (6)
- Standardization (6)
- Steifigkeit (6)
- Stiffness (6)
- Straßenbau (6)
- Traffic (6)
- Verkehr (6)
- Vorn (6)
- Wirksamkeitsuntersuchung (6)
- Wirtschaftlichkeitsrechnung (6)
- Woman (6)
- Analyse (Math) (5)
- Angle (5)
- Bau (5)
- Bearing capacity (5)
- Bremse (5)
- Brücke (5)
- Classification (5)
- Construction (5)
- Correlation (math, stat) (5)
- Dauerhaftigkeit (5)
- Decision process (5)
- Delivery vehicle (5)
- Detektion (5)
- Droge (5)
- Drugs (5)
- Durability (5)
- Eins (5)
- Electronic stability program (5)
- Entscheidungsprozess (5)
- Fahrstabilität (5)
- Fahrzeuginnenraum (5)
- Fernverkehrsstraße (5)
- Finite element method (5)
- First aid (5)
- Forschungsarbeit (5)
- France (5)
- Frankreich (5)
- Highway (5)
- Information (5)
- Klassifizierung (5)
- Location (5)
- Main road (5)
- Medical aspects (5)
- Medizinische Gesichtspunkte (5)
- Mobility (5)
- Mobilität (5)
- Oberfläche (5)
- One (5)
- Post crash (5)
- Research project (5)
- Schweissen (5)
- Sensor (5)
- Stickoxid (5)
- Straße (5)
- Surface (5)
- Surfacing (5)
- Technologie (5)
- Technology (5)
- Tragfähigkeit (5)
- United Kingdom (5)
- Vehicle handling (5)
- Verkehrsteilnehmer (5)
- Welding (5)
- Winkel (5)
- Abdomen (4)
- Alcohol test (4)
- Alkoholtest (4)
- Arbeitsgruppe (4)
- Autobahn (4)
- Automatisch (4)
- Balken (4)
- Beam (4)
- Berufsausübung (4)
- Bicycle (4)
- Blech (4)
- Boden (4)
- Brake (4)
- Camera (4)
- Coefficient of friction (4)
- Collision test (veh) (4)
- Compatibility (4)
- Concentration (chem) (4)
- Deformable barrier (impact test) (4)
- Distraction (4)
- Driver information (4)
- Dynamics (4)
- Dynamik (4)
- Elektronisches Stabilitätsprogramm (4)
- Estimation (4)
- Fahrdatenschreiber (4)
- Fahrrad (4)
- Fahrtüchtigkeit (4)
- Fire (4)
- Geschichte (4)
- History (4)
- Impact sled (4)
- Information documentation (4)
- Junction (4)
- Kamera (4)
- Kompatibilität (4)
- Kontrolle (4)
- Korrelation (math, stat) (4)
- LKW (4)
- Lieferfahrzeug (4)
- Life cycle (4)
- Lkw (4)
- Man (4)
- Mann (4)
- Methode der finiten Elemente (4)
- Modell (4)
- Nanotechnologie (4)
- Nanotechnology (4)
- Oberflächentextur (4)
- Occupant (veh) (4)
- Occupation (4)
- Organisation (4)
- Oxid (4)
- Oxide (4)
- Probability (4)
- Quer (4)
- Regression analysis (4)
- Regressionsanalyse (4)
- Reibungsbeiwert (4)
- Reinforcement (gen) (4)
- Reproducibility (4)
- Reproduzierbarkeit (4)
- Rigid pavement (4)
- Risk taking (4)
- Road user (4)
- Schrägseilbrücke (4)
- Schweden (4)
- Seite (4)
- Sheet (metal) (4)
- Sichtbarkeit (4)
- Soil (4)
- Stadt (4)
- Stayed girder bridge (4)
- Straßenverkehrsrecht (4)
- Surface texture (4)
- Surveillance (4)
- Titan (4)
- Titanium (4)
- Traffic regulations (4)
- Transverse (4)
- Unfallfolgemaßnahme (4)
- Unterleib (4)
- Urban area (4)
- Verstärkung (allg) (4)
- Sichtbarkeit (4)
- Wahrscheinlichkeit (4)
- Working group (4)
- Abkommen von der Fahrbahn (Unfall) (3)
- Ablenkung (psychol) (3)
- Adaptation (psychol) (3)
- Administration (3)
- Advanced driver assistance system (3)
- Anpassung (psychol) (3)
- Arzneimittel (3)
- Attention (3)
- Aufmerksamkeit (3)
- Aufprallschlitten (3)
- Auftrag (3)
- Ausrüstung (3)
- Australia (3)
- Australien (3)
- Automatic (3)
- Autonomes Fahren (3)
- Autonomes Fahrzeug (3)
- Autonomous driving (3)
- Autonomous vehicle (3)
- Befreiung (Bergung) (3)
- Bein (3)
- Beinahe Unfall (3)
- Beschichtung (3)
- Betonstraße (Oberbau) (3)
- Blickfeld (3)
- Brand (3)
- Bridge deck (3)
- Brückenbelag (3)
- Cable (3)
- Case law (3)
- Cement (3)
- Coating (3)
- Concrete (3)
- Contract (3)
- Cost (3)
- Crash test (3)
- Czech Republic (3)
- Decke (Straße) (3)
- Deformierbare Barriere (Anpralltest) (3)
- Digitale Bildverarbeitung (3)
- Earthworks (3)
- Effectiveness (3)
- Electric vehicle (3)
- Elektrofahrzeug (3)
- Environment (3)
- Equipment (3)
- Erdarbeiten (3)
- Ermüdung (mater) (3)
- Event data recorder (road vehicle) (3)
- Extrication (3)
- Fahrbahntafel (3)
- Fahrsimulator (3)
- Field of vision (3)
- Financing (3)
- Finanzierung (3)
- Fuge (3)
- Fugenfüllung (3)
- Gefahrenabwehr (3)
- Gemeindeverwaltung (3)
- Genauigkeit (3)
- Gesetzesdurchführung (3)
- Government (national) (3)
- Grenzwert (3)
- Griffigkeit (3)
- Hazard (3)
- Head restraint (3)
- Installation (3)
- Joint (structural) (3)
- Kleidung (3)
- Konzentration (chem) (3)
- Kopfstütze (3)
- Korea (Süd) (Demokratische Republik) (3)
- Kosten (3)
- Langfristig (3)
- Lebenszyklus (3)
- Limit (3)
- Local authority (3)
- Long term (3)
- Medication (3)
- Model (not math) (3)
- Montage (3)
- Motorway (3)
- Near miss (3)
- Netherlands (3)
- Niederlande (3)
- Norm (tech) (3)
- Orthotrope Platte (3)
- Overlapping (3)
- Passenger (3)
- Personal (3)
- Personnel (3)
- Police (3)
- Polizei (3)
- Psychologie (3)
- Psychology (3)
- Public transport (3)
- Reaction (human) (3)
- Reaktionsverhalten (3)
- Rechtsprechung (3)
- Recording (3)
- Rehabilitation (3)
- Rehabilitation (road user) (3)
- Reinforcement (in mater) (3)
- Republic of Korea (3)
- Run off the road (accid) (3)
- Schutzeinrichtung (3)
- Security (3)
- Severity (acid (3)
- Shock (3)
- Simulator (driving) (3)
- Skidding resistance (3)
- Spain (3)
- Spanien (3)
- Specification (standard) (3)
- Steife (Brücke) (3)
- Stiffener (Bridge) (3)
- Straßenverkehr (3)
- Theorie (3)
- Theory (3)
- Tschechische Republik (3)
- Umwelt (3)
- Unfallschwerpunkt (3)
- United kingdom (3)
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- Versuchspuppe (3)
- Verwaltung (3)
- Vorne (3)
- Zement (3)
- Öffentlicher Verkehr (3)
- Abbiegen (2)
- Abdichtung (2)
- Acceleration (2)
- Accident black spot (2)
- Accident proneness (2)
- Accuracy (2)
- Adult (2)
- Aggression (psychol) (2)
- Alcohol (2)
- Alkohol (2)
- Anti locking device (2)
- Antiblockiereinrichtung (2)
- Audit (2)
- Aufzeichnung (2)
- Automatische Notbremsung (2)
- Autonomous emergency braking (2)
- Ballungsgebiet (2)
- Behinderter (2)
- Beschleunigung (2)
- Beton (2)
- Bewehrung (2)
- Blutkreislauf (2)
- Body (car) (2)
- Bremsweg (2)
- Bridge surfacing (2)
- Budget (2)
- Bus (2)
- CEN (2)
- Chromatographie (2)
- Chromatography (2)
- Circulation (blood) (2)
- Clothing (2)
- Coach (2)
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- Composite bridge (2)
- Condition survey (2)
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- Continuous (2)
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- Crash victim (2)
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- Crossing the road (2)
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- Data base (2)
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- Fahrbahnüberquerung (2)
- Fahrerinformation (2)
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- Haftung (jur) (2)
- Harmonisation (2)
- High performance concrete (2)
- Highway design (2)
- Hinten (2)
- Input data (2)
- Intelligent transport system (2)
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- Kommunikation (2)
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- Lärmschutzwand (2)
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- Methode der finite Elemente (2)
- Mittelwert (2)
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- Nutzwertanalyse (2)
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- Organization (2)
- Organization (association) (2)
- Output (2)
- PVC (2)
- Penetration (2)
- Polyvinylchloride (2)
- Posture (2)
- Privatisierung (2)
- Properties (2)
- Prototyp (2)
- Prototype (2)
- Psychological aspects (2)
- Psychological examination (2)
- Psychologische Gesichtspunkte (2)
- Psychologische Untersuchung (2)
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- Quality (2)
- Qualität (2)
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- Rail traffic (2)
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- Retraining of drivers (2)
- Ringanalyse (2)
- Risikoverhalten (2)
- Road traffic (2)
- Rücksichtslosigkeit (2)
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- Schienenverkehr (2)
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- Turn (2)
- Tyre tread (2)
- Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung (2)
- Unfallneigung (2)
- Unfallopfer (2)
- Unterhaltung (2)
- Value analysis (2)
- Vegetation (2)
- Vehicle regulations (2)
- Verantwortung (2)
- Verbundbrücke (2)
- Vorschrifteneinhaltung (2)
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- Water (2)
- Waterproofing (2)
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- Whiplash injury (2)
- Windschutzscheibe (2)
- Zeit (2)
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- Überlappung (2)
- (menschl) (1)
- Abgaben (1)
- Ability (road user) (1)
- Abkommen von der Fahrbahn (1)
- Ablenkung (1)
- Absorption (1)
- Abstandsregeltempomat (1)
- Acceptability (1)
- Accident data (1)
- Accident prone location (1)
- Accident severity (1)
- Active safety (1)
- Active safety system; Automatic; Brake; Car; Collision avoidance system; Conference; Driver assistance system; Germany; Impact test (veh); Rear end collision; Severity (accid (1)
- Activity report (1)
- Adaptive cruise controll (1)
- Addiction (1)
- Aesthetics (1)
- Aethanol (1)
- Aged people (1)
- Ageing (1)
- Aggression (psycho) (1)
- Aggressiveness (psychol) (1)
- Air quality management (1)
- Air traffic control (1)
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- Aktive Sicherheit (1)
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- Analyses (math) (1)
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- Animal (1)
- Anthropometrie (1)
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- Beton ; Betonstraße (Oberbau) (1)
- Bevölkerung (1)
- Bicyclist (1)
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- Bone (1)
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- Chest (1)
- Clay (1)
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- Comprehension (1)
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- Computation (1)
- Conference; Germany; Injury; Medical examination; Spinal column; X ray (1)
- Contact (tyre (1)
- Contractor (1)
- Cooperative intelligent transport system (1)
- Corrosion (1)
- Costs (1)
- Crash Test (1)
- Critical path method (1)
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Institut
- Sonstige (404) (entfernen)
At IAM RoadSmart we share the excitement about autonomous cars " who wouldn't! However over half of the drivers we polled supported concentrating on making drivers safer " among IAM RoadSmart members it was 70%. Driverless cars are still years away but delivering safer drivers can help reduce death and injury from tomorrow. Governments, academics and car makers need to work hard to convince sceptical British and American drivers that autonomous cars can deliver the benefits promised such as a 90% plus reduction in road deaths.
Still correlated with high mortality rates in traffic accidents traumatic aortic ruptures were frequently detected in unprotected car occupants in the early years. This biomechanical analysis investigates the different kinds of injury mechanisms leading to traumatic aortic injuries in todays traffic accidents and how the way of traffic participation affects the frequency of those injuries over the years. Based on GIDAS reported traffic accidents from 1973 to 2014 are analyzed. Results show that traumatic aortic injuries are mainly observed in high-speed accidents with high body deceleration and direct load force to the chest. Mostly chest compression is responsible for the load direction to the cardiac vessels. The main observed load vector is from caudal-ventral and from ventral solely, but also force impact from left and right side and in roll-over events with chest compression lead to traumatic aortic injuries. Classically, the injury appeares at the junction between the well-fixed aortic arch and the pars decendens following a kind of a scoop mechanism, a few cases with a hyperflexion mechanism are also described. In our analysis the deceleration effect alone never led to an aortic rupture. Comparing the past 40 years aortic injuries shift from unprotected car occupants to today's unprotected vulnerable road users like pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists. Still the accident characteristics are linked with chest compression force under high speed impact, no seatbelt and direct body impact.
In this study, the mean profile depth (MPD) that expresses roughness of road pavements was calculated using the road survey equipment vehicle and the calculated MPD was compared with the real number of traffic accidents. The analysis method used in this study was to classify the appropriate clustering in relation to traffic accidents using the K-means clustering and to compare this with the presence of traffic accidents via the MPDs to derive the result. K-means clustering was used in the analysis method and four clusters were found using the clustering analysis results. The center of each cluster was 0.627, 0.850, 1.118, and 1.237, respectively. The result of this study is expected to be utilized as foundational research in the traffic safety area.
For the avoidance of traffic accidents by means of advanced driver assistance systems the knowledge of failures and deficiencies a few seconds before the crash is of increasing importance. This information e.g. is collected in the German accident survey GIDAS by an interview derived from the ACAS methodology. However to display the whole range of accident causation factors additional information is needed on enduring factors of the system components "human", "infrastructure" and "machine". On the strategic level these accident moderating factors include long term influences such as medical preconditions or a general higher risk taking behavior as well as influences on the immediate conflict level such as an aggressive response to a perceived previous traffic conflict. This study was conducted to examine the feasibility of collecting such causation information in the scope of an in-depth accident investigation like GIDAS. Due to the comprehensive amount of information necessary to estimate the moderating factors the collection of the information is distributed to different methods. 5 cases of real world crashes have been investigated where information was collected on-scene and retrospective by interviews. The identified moderating factors of the accidents and the method for collecting the information are displayed.
The advent of active safety systems calls for the development of appropriate testing methods. These methods aim to assess the effectivity of active safety systems based on criteria such as their capability to avoid accidents or lower impact speeds and thus mitigate the injury severity. For prospective effectivity studies, simulation becomes an important tool that needs valid models not only to simulate driving dynamics and safety systems, but also to resolve the collision mechanics. This paper presents an impact model which is based on solving momentum conservation equations and uses it in an effectivity study of a generic collision mitigation system in reconstructed real accidents at junctions. The model assumes an infinitely short crash duration and computes output parameters such as post-crash velocities, delta-v, force directions, etc. and is applicable for all impact collision configurations such as oblique, excentric collisions. Requiring only very little computational effort, the model is especially useful for effectivity studies where large numbers of simulations are necessary. Validation of the model is done by comparison with results from the widely used reconstruction software PC-Crash. Vehicles involved in the accidents are virtually equipped with a collision mitigation system for junctions using the software X-RATE, and the simulations (referred to as system simulations) are started sufficiently early before the collision occurred. In order to assess the effectivity, the real accident (referred to as baseline) is compared with the system simulations by computing the reduction of the impact speeds and delta-v.
In-depth accident investigation offers many advantages for the analysis and comprehension of crash mechanisms. IFSTTAR makes such investigations since 1992 without interruption. The corresponding database contains more than 1200 accident case studies. Currently, in-depth accident investigation is one of the best ways to determine the speed or cars involved in accidents. This paper first presents the methods used for accident investigation and for accident kinematic reconstruction. Then, in order to illustrate the interest and possible applications of such accident data, it shows some results from a recent study based on the IFSTTAR in-depth accident study programme (IDAS) and dealing with the link between travelling speed and accident risk.
When assessing the consequences of accidents normally the injury severity and the damage costs are considered. The injury severity is either expressed within the police categories (slight injury, severe injury or fatal injury) or the AIS code that rates the fatality risk of a given injury. Both injury metrics are assessing the consequences of the accident directly after the accident. However, not all consequences of accidents are visible directly after the accident and the duration of the consequences are different. Besides a physiological reduction of functionality social and psychological implications such as reduced mobility options, problems to continue the original job etc. are happening. In order to assess long term consequences of accidents the MHH Accident Research Unit established a brief questionnaire that is distributed to accident involved people of the Hannover subset of the GIDAS data set approx. one year after the accident beginning with the accident year 2013. The basic idea of using a brief questionnaire (in fact only one page) is to obtain a relatively large return rate because the questionnaire appears to be simple and quickly answered. This appears to be important because it is believed that the majority of accident involved people will not report long term consequences. In order to allow a more detailed survey amongst those responders that are reporting long term consequences they are asked for a written consent for the additional questionnaire that will be distributed at a time that is not yet defined. Long term consequences are reported for all addressed areas, medical, physiological, psychological and sociological by people without injuries, with minor injuries and with severe injuries.
This paper gives an overview of the in-depth crash investigation activity conducted by the Centre for Automotive Safety Research (CASR) at the University of Adelaide, in South Australia. Recent changes in method include: an expansion in on-call hours for the crash investigation team, providing the option of a phone interview for crash participants to discuss the crash, and downloading objective crash data from vehicle airbag control modules. These changes have resulted in: increased representativeness of crashes by hour of day; a decrease in the over-representation of fatal crashes in our sample; an increase in the proportion of crashes that involved a pedestrian, bicycle or scooter (moped); an increase in the proportion of crash participants consenting to an interview; and an increase in the objective data available, through airbag control module downloads. Our in-depth crash investigations enabled research into road departures that found barriers were a more feasible solution than clear zones for eliminating serious and fatal injury resulting from run off road crashes.
The incidence of side impacts was investigated from GIDAS data. Both vehicle-fixed object and vehicle-vehicle collisions were analysed as these are enclosed within the consumer testing program. Vehicle-fixed object collisions were stratified according to ESC availability. Results indicated that vehicles equipped with ESC rarely have pure-lateral impacts. An increase in oblique collisions was seen for the vehicles with ESC whereby most vehicle were driving in left curves. The analysis of vehicle-vehicle collisions developed injury risk curves were developed at the AIS3+ injury severity for the vehicle-vehicle side impacts. Results suggested that greatest injury risk occurred when a Pre Euro NCAP vehicle was struck by a Post Euro-NCAP vehicle. The remaining curves did not show different behaviour, indicating that stiffness increased have been equally combated. This was attributable to the few Post Euro-NCAP vehicles that had a deployed curtain airbag available in the sample. The integration of Euro NCAP testing has shown to improve vehicle crashworthiness for pole collisions, as those vehicles with ESC rarely incur lateral impacts.
Cyclists are more likely to be injured in fatal crashes than motorised vehicles. To gain detailed and precise behavioural data of road users, i.e. trajectories, a measuring campaign was conducted. Therefore, a black-spot for accidents with cyclists in Berlin, Germany was selected. The traffic has been detected by a fully automated traffic video analysis system continuously for twelve hours. The video surveillance system is capable of automatically extracting trajectories, classifying road user types and precise determining and positioning of conflicts and accidents. Additionally, pre-conflict and pre-accident situations could be analysed to provide further in-depth understanding of accident causation. The evaluation of the measuring campaign comprised the investigation of traffic parameters, e.g. traffic flow, as well as traffic-safety related parameters based on Surrogate Safety Measures (SSM). Furthermore, the spatial and temporal distributions of conflicts involving cyclists were determined. As a result, three possible conflict clusters could be identified, of which one cluster could be confirmed by detailed video analysis, showing conflicts caused by right turning vehicles.
Car occupants have a high level of mortality in road accidents, since passenger cars are the prevalent mode of transport. In 2013, car occupant fatalities accounted for 45% of all road accident fatalities in the EU. The objective of this research is the analysis of basic road safety parameters related to car occupants in the European countries over a period of 10 years (2004-2013), through the exploitation of the EU CARE database with disaggregate data on road accidents. Data from the EU Injury Database for the period 2005 - 2008 are used to identify injury patterns, and additional insight into accident causation for car occupants is offered through the use of in-depth accident data from the EC SafetyNet project Accident Causation System (SNACS). The results of the analysis allow for a better understanding of the car occupants' safety situation in Europe, thus providing useful support to decision makers working for the improvement of road safety level in Europe.
The Swedish "Vision Zero" regards road fatalities and severe injuries as unacceptable. The vision is based on this ethical perspective together with a fundament of shared responsibility between the system designers and the road user. The design of the traffic system shall protect the road user from these effects as long as he or she follows the traffic rules. It should be possible to make a mistake without being killed. This policy has, during the first period of the "vision zero" (since 1997) put high priority on road and car design where the purpose has been to develop a forgiving environment. Gradually it has, however, become clear that much more effort has to be focused on the responsibility of the road user. Protecting measures will have limited effect as long as the understanding and acceptance from road users is limited. During the last years, Sweden has gone through several improvements of the driver education and is in the middle of important improvements of road safety education for children in schools. Several EU-projects has contributed to this development. One aspect that has received large international interest is the lay instructed driver training from 16 years of age supervised by parents. This has been in use since 1993. Another is the development of mandatory courses, such as an introduction for the learner and the lay instructor, a "risk awareness" courses dealing specifically with speeding, seat belt use, drunk driving, tiredness, and driving on low friction. The presentation will share some of the "vision zero" fundaments together with the latest experiences, research and development concerning driver education in Sweden.
To elucidate the risk of pedestrians, bicycle and motorbike users, data of two accident research units from 1999 to 2014 were analysed in regard to demographic data, collision details, preclinical and clinical data using SPSS. 14.295 injured vulnerable road users were included. 92 out of 3610 pedestrians ("P", 2.5%), 90 out of 8307 bicyclists ("B", 1.1%) and 115 out of 4094 motorcycle users ("M", 2.8%) were diagnosed with spinal fractures. Thoracic fractures were most frequent ahead of lumbar and cervical fractures. Car collisions were most frequent mechanism (68, 62 and 36%). MAIS was 3.8, 2.8 and 3.2 for P, B and A with ISS 32, 16 and 23. AIS-head was 2.2, 1.3 and 1.5). Vulnerable road users are at significant risk for spine fractures. These are often associated with severe additional injuries, e.g. the head and a very high overall trauma severity (polytrauma).
Although road infrastructure is developed extensively Brazil is still one of the countries with the most dangerous roads in the world. In order to stop the increasing trend of traffic fatalities of the last few years and to improve traffic safety on Brazilian roads a pilot study on behalf of SAE Brazil started in March 2016 with the goal to lay the foundations for a long-term research activity. Piloting for an in-depth accident investigation the city of Campinas, roughly 100 km north of São Paulo was chosen. The pilot project was carried out with the local partner, the Empresa Municipal de Desenvolvimento de Campinas (EMDEC). The paper reports on the initial training of evidence based accident data collection on-spot, the implementation of the new digital database, the data collection and the first results. An outlook on the planned long-term accident investigations is given.
In this study, we compared the injury severity of occupants according to the seating position and the crashing direction in motor vehicle accidents. In the driver's point of view, it was separated the seating position as "Near-side" and "Far-side". The study subjects were targeted by people who visited 4 regional emergency centers following motor vehicle accidents. Real-world investigation was performed by direct and indirect methods after patient- consent. The information of the damaged vehicle was informed by Collision Deformation Classification (CDC) code and the information of the injury of patients was informed by using the Abbreviated Injury Score (AIS) and Injury Severity Score (ISS). When the column 3 in CDC code was P, damaged at the middle part of lateral side, the average point of AIS 3 was 1.91-±1.72 in near-side and 1.02-±1.31 in far-side (p<0.01). The average point of maximum AIS (MAIS) was 2.78-±1.39 in near-side and 2.02-±1.11 in far-side (p<0.01). The average point of ISS was 15.74-±14.71 in near-side and 8.11-±8.39 in far-side (p<0.01). Also, when the column 3 in CDC code was D, damaged at the whole part of lateral side, it was significant that the average point of AIS 3 and MAIS in near-side was bigger than in far-side (p=0.02).
A study on knowledge and practices of first aid and CPR among police officers in Colombo and Gampaha
(2017)
Around 85% of deaths in developing countries have been found to be due to road traffic accidents (RTAs), which cost the countries around 1-2% of their gross national product (GNP). In Sri Lanka there were 2,436 deaths reported from 36,045 RTAs in 2014. This study aimed at assessing first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) knowledge among police officers and identifying its relationship to their first aid and CPR practices. A study was done on 493 police officers from Colombo and Gampaha who were selected using convenience sampling through a self-administered questionnaire. The results showed that the police officers had unsatisfactory knowledge and practices of CPR and interventions for bleeding and fractures. These should therefore be focused in their further training.
Injury probability functions for pedestrians and bicyclists based on real-world accident data
(2017)
The paper is focusing on the modelling of injury severity probabilities, often called as Injury Risk Functions (IRF). These are mathematical functions describing the probability for a defined population and for possible explanatory factors (variables) to sustain a certain injury severity. Injury risk functions are becoming more and more important as basis for the assessment of automotive safety systems. They contribute to the understanding of injury mechanisms, (prospective) evaluation of safety systems and definition of protection criteria or are used within regulation and/or consumer ratings. In all cases, knowledge about the correlation between mechanical behavior and injury severity is needed. IRFs are often based on biomechanical data. This paper is focusing on the derivation of injury probability models from real world accident data of the GIDAS database (German In-depth Accident Study). In contrast to most academic terms there is no explicit term definition or definition of creation processes existing for injury probability models based on empirical data. Different approaches are existing for such kind of models in the field of accident research. There is a need for harmonization in terms of the used methods and data as well as the handling with the existing challenges. These are preparation of the dataset, model assumptions, censored/unknown data, evaluation of model accuracy, definition of dependent and independent variable, and others. In the presented study, several empirical, statistical and phenomenological approaches were analyzed regarding their advantages and disadvantages and also their applicability. Furthermore, the identification of appropriate prediction parameters for the injury severity of pedestrians has been considered. Due to its main effect on injuries of pedestrians and bicyclists, the importance of the secondary impact has also been analyzed. Finally, the model accuracy, evaluated by several criteria, is the rating factor that gives the quality and reliability for application of the resulting models. After the investigation and evaluation of statistical approaches one method was chosen and appropriate prediction variables were examined. Finally, all findings were summarized and injury risk functions for pedestrians in real world accidents were created. Additionally, the paper gives instructions for the interpretation and usage of such functions. The presented results include IRFs for several injury severity levels and age groups. The presented models are based on a high amount of real world accidents and describe very well the injury severity probability of pedestrians and bicyclists in frontal collisions with current vehicles. The functions can serve as basis for the evaluation of effectiveness of systems like Pedestrian-AEB or Bicycle-AEB.
DURNER würdigt in seinem einleitenden Beitrag den langjährigen Vorsitzenden des Arbeitskreis Straßenrecht Prof. Dr. Willi Blümel, der am 22. August 2015 verstarb. Willi Blümel hatte die Geschäfte des 1958 gegründeten Arbeitskreises im Jahr 1976 von Prof. Klaus Obermayer übernommen und den Kreis bis 2006 " also über drei Jahrzehnte " geleitet und in einzigartiger Weise geprägt. HILLGRUBER untersucht die Vereinbarkeit der Einführung einer Infrastrukturabgabe für Kraftfahrzeuge mit einem zulässigen Gesamtgewicht von bis zu 3,5 Tonnen auf dem deutschen Bundesfernstraßennetz mit dem Recht der Europäischen Union. Nach seiner Auffassung stellt eine solche Abgabe auch in der Kombination mit entsprechenden Freigrenzen bei der Kfz-Steuer, in deren Genuss tatsächlich nur Halter von im Inland zugelassenen Kfz kommen, keine mittelbare Diskriminierung aus Gründen der Staatsangehörigkeit dar. Ebenso verstoße das Vorhaben weder gegen Art. 92 AEUV noch gegen die Grundfreiheiten oder das allgemeine Diskriminierungsverbot des Art. 18 Abs. 1 AEUV. LINKE behandelt neue Entwicklungen bei öffentlich-privaten Partnerschaften im Bereich der Bundesfernstraßen. Solche Projekte seien zwar nicht unumstritten, ermöglichten jedoch eine schnellere und effizientere Umsetzung von notwendigen Straßenbaumaßnahmen. Das Bundesministerium für Verkehr und digitale Infrastruktur setzte sich daher für weitere öffentlich-private Partnerschaften im Bundesfernstraßenbereich ein. Der analytische Beitrag von HELD untersucht umweltrechtliche Verfahrensfehler im Lichte der neuesten Rechtsprechung. Die durch ihn untersuchten Vorgaben der UVP-Richtlinie und der Aarhus-Konvention verlangen nach Anpassungen des nationalen Verwaltungsprozessrechts. Diese Anpassungen können unter weitgehender Beibehaltung des überkommenen Systems des Individualrechtsschutzes durch eine Erweiterung der Verbandsklagebefugnis erbracht werden. Der abschließende Beitrag von DEUTSCH untersucht die aktuelle Bedeutung der europäischen Umweltfachplanungen fär das Straßenrecht am Beispiel der Luftreinhalte- und Lärmaktionsplanung. Er gelangt zu dem Befund, dass die rechtlichen Zusammenhänge zwischen Umweltfachplanungen und Vollzug und damit auch im Verhältnis zum Straßen- und Straßenverkehrsrecht in vieler Hinsicht noch der Klärung und Justierung bedürfen. Klärungsbedürftig sei insbesondere die Frage, unter welchen Voraussetzungen und mit welcher Reichweite die Träger der Umweltfachplanung die Zuständigkeiten der Vollzugsbehörden an sich ziehen dürfen.
Powered Two Wheeler (Motorcycle) crashes are overrepresented in EU, England, and United States casualty statistics for both fatal and serious injuries. While regional geographic differences are evident for motorcycle size, type, and engine displacement, the casualty statistics consistently indicate significantly higher injury rates for all motorcycle riders when compared to car occupants. Accident analysis and reconstruction of these motorcycle crashes is a necessary process to gain further understanding of potential injury mitigation strategies. This paper focuses on the analysis of the rider post impact trajectory in the immediate moments following a crash. The rider and motorcycle, while loosely coupled by seating position leading up to a crash, quickly decouple as the crash forces develop. As a result, the rider moves relative to the motorcycle and relative to the collision partner. This movement, or trajectory, is primarily influenced by the type and configuration of the impact, the type and configuration of the motorcycle and collision partner, and the speeds involved. Understanding the rider's post impact trajectory will assist in the development of injury mitigation strategies. Both the free flight trajectory of the rider and the rider's trajectory as influenced by interaction with the motorcycle and collision partner are examined. Rider trajectories in full scale crash testing and real world motorcycle crashes are both studied and presented. The resulting physical evidence that can be observed by an accident analyst is discussed. The application of projectile motion physics is analyzed and the necessary input parameters, such as initial launch angle, are studied. This study will assist in understanding the post-impact dynamics of a motorcyclist, and will provide useful information to analysts evaluating real world crashes.
Bus or heavy vehicle passenger accidents are rare events, compared with car accidents, but sometimes leads to a large number of victims especially in rollover crash scenarios. Two accidents occurred in Portugal in 2007 and 2013 in which 28 people died and more than 50 are injured, shown the importance of the investigation of such accidents. For the investigation of these accidents multidisciplinary teams are constituted with engineers and police officers. All the factors involved are taken into consideration including road design, traffic signs, maintenance and hardware, human factors, and vehicle factors. In this work a methodology to an accurate collection of the data is proposed. From the information collected the accident is reconstructed using the PC-CrashTM software. From this all the contribution factors are determined and recommendations to mitigate these crashes are listed. These two accidents are rollover accidents and the analysis of the injuries and its correlation with the use of retention systems is very important. From the medical data and with the dynamics of the accident determined simulations of the occupants with biomechanical models are carried out in order to evaluate the effect of the retention systems in the injuries. This analysis is based on injury criteria (such as Abbreviated Injury Score (AIS) or Injury Severity Scale (ISS)). With this it is possible to determine if the seat belt was worn or not.