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As the official German catalogue of accident causes has difficulty in matching the increasing demands for detailed psychologically relevant accident causation information, a new system, based on a "7 Steps" model, so called ACASS, for analyzing and collecting causation factors of traffic accidents, was implemented in GIDAS in the year 2008. A hierarchical system was developed, which describes the human causation factors in a chronological sequence (from the perception to concrete action errors), considering the logical sequence of basic human functions when reacting to a request for reaction. With the help of this system the human errors of accident participants can be adequately described, as the causes of each range of basic human functions may be divided into their characteristics (influence criteria) and further into specific indicators of these characteristics (e.g. distraction from inside the vehicle as a characteristic of an observation-error and the operation of devices as an indication for distraction from inside the vehicle. The causation factors accordingly classified can be recorded in an economic way as a number is assigned to each basic function, to each characteristic of that basic function and to each indicator of that characteristic. Thus each causation factor can be explicitly described by means of a code of numbers. In a similar way the causation factors based on the technology of the vehicle and the driving environment, which are also subdivided in an equally hierarchical system, can be tagged with a code. Since the causes of traffic accidents can consist of a variety of factors from different ranges and categories, it is possible to tag each accident participant with several causation factors. This also opens the possibility to not only assign causation factors to the accident causer in the sense of the law, but also to other participants involved in the accident, who may have contributed to the development of the accident. The hierarchical layout of the system and the collection of the causation factors with numerical codes allow for the possibility to code information on accident causes even if the causation factor is not known to its full extent or in full detail, given the possibility to code only those cause factors, which are known. Derived from the systematic of the analysis of human accident causes ("7 steps") and from the practical experiences of on-scene interviews of accident participants, a system was set in place, which offers the possibility to extensively record not only human causation factors in a structured form. Furthermore, the analysis of the human causation factors in such a structured way provides a tool, especially for on-scene accident investigations, to conduct the interview of accident participants effectively and in a structured way.
With an ever rising human life expectancy the share of elderly people in society is constantly rising. This leads to the fact that at the same rate the share of people with age related diseases such as dementia and poor eyesight taking part in traffic will rise and therefore traffic accidents caused by this group of people due to the disease will play an ever greater role. This Situation will be among the future challenges of road safety work. At present this study displays specific characteristics of accidents caused by elderly car drivers (aged 65 or higher) based on the analysis of the German In-Depth Accident Study GIDAS. Herein almost 1000 elderly car drivers were identified as accident participants in the years 2008 to 2011. The focus of this study lies on identifying special types of accidents which are caused by elderly drivers and on characterizing these types with the information gathered on scene and by interviewing the participants. The main evidence analyzed is the knowledge about the accident locality, the trajectories of the participants as well as the reasons for the occurrence of the accidents. Furthermore personal information such as the personal condition before the accident and driving purposes is used to identify patterns of contributing circumstances for accidents caused by elderly traffic participants.
Within the COST Action TU1101 the working group WG 1 is dealing with acceptance criteria and problems in helmet use while bicycling concerning conspicuity, thermal stress, ventilation deficits and other potential confounding. To analyze the helmet usage practice of bicyclists in Europe a questionnaire was developed in the scope of working group 1 to collect relevant information by means of a field study. The questionnaire consists of some 66 questions covering the fields of personal data of the cyclist, riding und helmet usage habits, information concerning the helmet model and the sensation of the helmet, as well as information on previous bicycle accidents. A second complementary study is conducted to analyze if the use of a bicycle helmet influences the seating geometry and the posture of cyclists when riding a bicycle and if the if the helmet vertically limits the vision. For this purpose cyclists with and without helmets were photographed in real world situations and relevant geometrical values such as the decline of the torso, the head posture of the upper vertical vision limit due to the helmet were established from the photos. The interim results of the field studies which were conducted in Germany by the Hannover Medical School are presented in this study. Some 227 questionnaires were filled out, of which 67 participants had used a helmet and 42 of the 227 participants have had a bicycle accident before. For the analysis of the riding position and posture of the cyclist over 40 pictures of riders with a helmet and over 240 pictures of riders without a helmet were measured concerning the seating geometry to describe the influence of using a bicycle helmet. Some results in summary: From the riders interviewed with the questionnaire only 11% of the city bike riders and 12% of the mountain bike riders always used the helmet, while 38% of the racing bike riders and 88% of the e-bike-riders always used the helmet. The helmet use seems not to change the sensation of safety of cycling compared to the use of a car. The arguments for not wearing a helmet are mostly stated to be the short distance of a trip, high temperatures or carelessness and waste of time. The reasons for using a helmet are stated to be the feeling of safety and being used to using a helmet. Being a role model for others was also stated to be a reason for helmet use. Concerning the sensation of the helmet 9% of the riders reported problems with the field of vision when using a helmet, 57% saw the problem of sweating too much, and 10% reported headaches or other unpleasant symptoms like pressure on the forehead when using the helmet. The analysis of the seating posture from the pictures taken of cyclists revealed that older cyclists generally have a riding position where the handle bar is higher than the seat (0-° to 10-° incline from seat to handlebar), while younger riders had a higher variance (between -10-° decline and 20-° incline). Further, elderly riders and riders with helmets seem to have a more upright position of the upper body when cycling. The vertical vision limit due to the helmet is determined by the front rim of the helmet (mostly the sun shade). Typical values here range from 0-° (horizontal line from the eye to the sun shade) to 75-° upwards, in which elderly riders tend to have a slightly higher vertical vision limit possibly due to the helmet being worn more towards the face.
An increased use of bicycles comes along with an increased number of bicycle accidents. Bicycle accidents are more frequent than recorded by the police. To evaluate the real number of bicycle accidents during 12 months in Münster, Germany, injuries were collected by the Police and in each emergency unit anonymously. 2,153 patients had to be treated in a hospital, nearly triple the number of accidents that were registered by the police. Beside fractures of the upper extremities with major surgery, traumatic brain injuries were the leading cause for hospital admission. Bicycle helmet use can reduce traumatic brain injuries and the related number of deaths and hospital admissions. Laws on bicycle helmet might decrease the use of bicycles and therefore the reduction of positive health benefits. Other methods of accident prevention may lead to positive effects as helmet legislation as well, while having no reduction in bicycle use.
Within the process of integrating passenger airbags in the vehicle fleet a problem of compatibility between the passenger airbag and rear-facing child restraint systems was recognised. Especially in the US several accidents with children killed by the passenger airbag were recorded. Taking into account these accidents the deactivation of a present passenger airbag is mandatory if a child is carried in a rear-facing child restraint system at the front passenger seat in all member states of the European Union. This rule is in force since the deadline of 2003/20/EC at the latest. In the past a passenger airbag either could not be disabled or could only be disabled by a garage. Today there are a lot of different possibilities for the car driver himself to disable the airbag. Solutions like an on/off-switch or the automatic detection of a child restraint system are mentioned as an example. Taking into account the need for the deactivation of front passenger airbags two types of misuse can occur: transportation of an infant while the airbag is (still) enabled and transportation of an adult, while the airbag is disabled, respectively. Within a research project funded by BASt both options of misuse were analysed utilising two different types of surveys amongst users (field observations and interviews, Internet-questionnaires). In addition both analysis of accident data and crash tests for an updated assessment of the injury risk caused by the front passenger airbag were conducted. Both surveys indicate a low risk of misuse. Most of the misuse cases were observed in older cars, which offer no easy way to disable the airbag. For systems, which detect a child seat automatically, no misuse could be found. The majority of misuses in cars equipped with a manual switch were caused by reasons of oblivion. Also the accident analysis indicates a minor risk of misuse. From more than 300 cases of the GIDAS accident sample that were analysed, only 24 children were using the front passenger seat in cars equipped with a front passenger airbag. In most of these cases the airbag was deactivated. When misuse occurred the injury severity was low. However, when analysing German single accidents the fatality risk caused by the front passenger airbag became obvious. From the technical point of view, there were important changes in the design of passenger airbags in recent years. Not only volume and shape were modified, but also the mounting position of the entire airbag module was changed fundamentally. Even if these findings do not allow obtaining general conclusions, a clear tendency of less danger by airbags could be identified. For future vehicle development a safe combination of airbags and rear faced baby seats seems to be possible in the long term. This would mean that both types of misuse could be eliminated. For parents an easier use of child seat and car would be the result.
Ziel des Forschungsprojektes "Griffigkeitsprognose an offenporigen Asphalten (OPA)" ist die Weiterentwicklung und Optimierung der Messverfahren und die Entwicklung einer Vorgehensweise zur Griffigkeitsprognose für OPA. Hierzu wurde das Projekt aufgeteilt in den Projektteil 1 "Bestandsaufnahme an vorhandenen Strecken" und den Projektteil 2 "Neue Baumaßnahmen". Im ersten Projektteil wurden die Grundlagen für die Griffigkeitsprognose erarbeitet und Erfahrungen mit dem Seitenkraftmessverfahren (SKM) auf offenporigen Asphalten gewonnen. Hierzu wurden Streckenabschnitte von Bundesfernstraßen zur Untersuchung ausgewählt, die bereits mehrere Jahre unter Verkehr lagen. Ziel des zweiten Projektteils ist die Verifizierung und Weiterentwicklung der im ersten Teil hergeleiteten Vorgehensweise zur Griffigkeitsprognose für offenporige Asphaltdeckschichten. Hierzu wurden Streckenabschnitte ausgewählt, die zu Projektbeginn mit OPA erneuert bzw. instandgesetzt worden sind. Diese Streckenabschnitte wurden für einen Zeitraum von vier Jahren beobachtet. Zur Feststellung des Nullzustandes wurden unmittelbar vor oder nach der Verkehrsfreigabe Bohrkerne entnommen und Messungen mit dem Skid-Resistance-Tester (SRT) durchgeführt. An den Bohrkernen und an Walzsegmentplatten, die anhand von Rückstellproben hergestellt wurden, erfolgten Griffigkeitsprognosen nach dem Polierverfahren Wehner/Schulze (PWS). Die Ergebnisse der bauvertraglichen SKM-Abnahmeprüfungen ergänzten die Datenbasis. Nach zwei und vier Jahren Verkehrsbelastung erfolgten weitere SKM-Messungen, SRT-Messungen sowie Bohrkernentnahmen für PWS-Messungen. Anhand der so gewonnenen Datenbasis wurden die Griffigkeitsentwicklungen dokumentiert und die Ergebnisse der unterschiedlichen Messverfahren vergleichend ausgewertet. In Voruntersuchungen zum Verfahren PWS wurden Einflüsse auf die Präzision aus der Lagerung und Montage der Probekörper in die Prüfeinrichtung untersucht. Probekörper mit deutlichem Bindemittelüberschuss und solche mit künstlichen Gesteinskörnungen zeigten dabei deutliche Veränderungen während längerer Lagerungsdauer. Desweiteren konnte gezeigt werden, dass der Einfluss der Probenvorbehandlung (Sandstrahlen) auf die Ergebnisse der Prognoseprüfung ab einer Beanspruchung von circa 45.000 Überrollungen zu vernachlässigen ist. Hinsichtlich der Prognose der Griffigkeit mit dem PWS-Verfahren wurde festgestellt, dass ein Endpolierwert nach circa 180.000 Überrollungen erreicht wird. Die Prognosekurven der verschiedenen Streckenabschnitte zeigen dabei einen sehr ähnlichen Verlauf, wenn auch auf verschiedenen Griffigkeitsniveaus. Signifikante Abhängigkeiten von der Wahl der Gesteinsart, Bindemittelart oder Mischgutart konnten dabei nicht festgestellt werden. Ebenso sind keine Unterschiede zu erkennen zwischen Bohrkernen und den Walzsegmentplatten. Mithilfe der PWS- und SRT-Messungen konnte der deutlich griffigkeitsmindernde Einfluss des Bindemittelüberschusses unmittelbar vor bzw. nach der Verkehrsfreigabe sowie die weitere Griffigkeitsentwicklung dokumentiert werden. Wie auch schon die Ergebnisse ähnlicher Forschungsprojekte gezeigt haben, gelingt der unmittelbare Bezug der PWS-Überrollungen zur realen Verkehrsbelastung nicht. Die Angabe eines Endpolierwertes und evtl. die qualitative Beurteilung der Prognosekurve sind daher für die Prognose entscheidend. Desweiteren wurden Texturaufnahmen mit dem T3D-Messystem (Prinzip der Streifenprojektion) und einem Digitalmikroskop gemacht. Für die Herstellung eines Zusammenhanges von Griffigkeit und Textur stellten sich die aus der Textur abgeleiteten Rauheitskenngrößen nur bedingt geeignet dar. Die Parameter Flächen- und Kantenschärfe zeigen einen deutlichen Zusammenhang zu den gemessenen Griffigkeiten. Die Formulierung dieser Zusammenhaenge ist Teil eines laufenden Forschungsprojektes. Zur Beantwortung der Frage, ob die Einführung von OPA-Deckschichten auf BAB einen Einfluss auf das Unfallgeschehen hat, wurde die Analyse des ersten Projektteils fortgeführt. Hierzu wurde die Unfallentwicklung der OPA-Streckenabschnitte mit der Unfallentwicklung auf Kontrollstrecken, die andere Deckschichtarten aufweisen, verglichen. Sowohl auf den OPA-Strecken als auch auf den Kontrollstrecken ist eine rücklaeufige Unfallentwicklung eingetreten. In der Summe zeigt sich, dass die offenporigen Asphaltdeckschichten keinen negativen Einfluss auf das Unfallgeschehen haben.
Accidents with vulnerable road users require special attention within the road safety work because these accidents are often accompanied with severe injuries. Thus In 2006 at least 6200 Powered Two Wheeler (PTW) riders were killed in road crashes in the EU 25 representing 16% of the total number of road deaths while accounting for only 2% of the total kilometers driven. For the prevention of accidents with VRU above all the knowledge of the causes of the accidents is of special importance. This study is based on the methodology of the German In-Depth Accident Study GIDAS. Within GIDAS extensive data on various fields of accidentology are collected on-scene from road traffic accidents with injuries in the Hannover and Dresden area. Using a well defined sample plan the collected data is highly representative to the whole German situation (Brühning et al, Otte et al). The need of in-depth accident causation data in accident research led to the development of a special tool for the collection of such data called ACASS (Accident Causation Analysis with Seven Steps), which was implemented in the GIDAS methodology in 2008 and described by Otte in 2009.
Es wird über Methoden und Ergebnisse der jährlichen Ermittlung der volkswirtschaftlichen Kosten, die infolge von Straßenverkehrsunfällen entstehen, berichtet. Personen- und Sachschäden bei Straßenverkehrsunfällen verursachten 1999 in Deutschland volkswirtschaftliche Kosten von insgesamt rund 69 Milliarden DM und lagen damit erwa 1 Milliarde DM über den Kosten des Vorjahres. Die Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen berechnet diese Kosten getrennt für Personen- und Sachschäden. Durch Personenschäden sind Unfallkosten von fast 38 Milliarden DM entstanden, während die Kosten durch Sachschäden bei Straßenverkehrunfällen über 31 Milliarden DM betrugen.
Die Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen ermittelt jährlich die Kosten, die infolge von Straßenverkehrsunfällen entstanden sind. Dabei werden alle Unfallfolgen berücksichtigt, die zu Kosten oder Wertschöpfungsverlusten führen. Insgesamt beliefen sich die Personen- und Sachschäden bei Straßenverkehrsunfällen im Jahr 2000 auf 35,6 Milliarden DM. Obwohl die Anzahl der Getöteten und schwer Verletzten seit Jahren zurückgeht, folgen die Unfallkosten dieser Entwicklung nicht. Den Rückgängen bei den Kosten durch Personenschäden steht ein deutlicher Anstieg der Sachschadenskosten gegenüber. Im Beitrag wird zusätzlich auf die Entwicklung der Reproduktions- und Ressourcenausfallkosten bei den Personenschäden sowie auf die Altersstruktur der Unfallopfer eingegangen. Die gestiegenen Sachschadenskosten schlagen sich in den Aufwendungen der Versicherungen für Kraftfahrzeug-Schadensfälle nieder. Abschließend werden die Kostensätze für Personenschäden und Sachschäden aufgeführt, die der Berechnung durch die Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen zugrunde liegen.
Die Autoren berichten über die volkswirtschaftlichen Kosten, die infolge von Straßenverkehrsunfällen in Deutschland entstehen. Die Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen ermittelt diese Kosten jährlich. Personen- und Sachschäden bei Straßenverkehrsunfällen verursachten im Jahr 2002 in Deutschland volkswirtschaftliche Kosten von insgesamt 33,8 Milliarden Euro. Die Personenschäden hatten hieran einen Anteil von 50,4 Prozent, die Sachschäden von 49,6 Prozent.