Sonstige
Although the annual traffic accident statistics published by the national police is available in public, the detailed traffic accident data has not been released in Korea. Recently the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport recognized the importance of in-depth accident data to enhance road traffic safety and initiated a research project to establish a collection of the detailed accident data. The main objective of the project is a feasibility study to establish KIDAS (Korea In-Depth Accident Study). Within this project, three university hospitals which are located in mid-size cities have been selected to collect accident data. Annually, more than 500 cases of accidents have been collected from the in-patient's interviews and diagnosis. Unlike GIDAS (German In-Depth Accident Study), currently on-site investigation can"t be performed by the Korean police. The only available data is patient medical records, patient's description of accident circumstances and the damaged vehicle. Occasionally the police provide the accident investigation reports containing very brief information on accident causation and vehicle safety. In a first step, the concept of KIDAS is to adopt the format of iGLAD (Initiative for the Global Harmonization of Accident Data) for harmonization. Since the currently collected accident information is extremely limited compared with GIDAS, the other sources of data and calculations such as KNCAP vehicle data, pc-crash simulations, vehicle registration information, insurance company data are utilized to complete the iGLAD template. Results from KIDAS_iGLAD and the cases of assessment of active safety devices such as AEBS, ESC, and LDWS will be evaluated.
This study is aimed to investigate the correlations of impact conditions and dynamic responses with the injuries and injury severity of child pedestrians by accident reconstruction. For this purpose, the pedestrian accident cases were selected from Sweden and Germany with detailed information about injuries, accident cars, and accident environment. The selected accident cases were reconstructed using mathematical models of pedestrian and passenger car. The pedestrian models were generated based on the height, weight, and age of the pedestrian involved in accidents. The car models were built up based on the corresponding accident car. The impact speeds in simulations were defined based on the reported data. The calculated physical quantities were analyzed to find the correlation with injury outcomes registered in the accident database. The reconstruction approaches are discussed in terms of data collection, estimating vehicle impact speeds, pedestrian moving speeds and initial posture, secondary ground impact, validity of the mathematical models, as well as impact biomechanics.
Im Rahmen des 12-monatigen Forschungsprogramms "Intelligente Straßenverkehrsinfrastruktur durch 3D-Modelle und RFID-Tags", aufgesetzt von der Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen, entwickelte die HOCHTIEF Solutions AG ein Konzept für ein Infrastruktur-Informationssystem. Ziel dieses Forschungsvorhabens war es, das bestehende System der öffentlichen Anstalt für den Betrieb und Erhalt von Brückenbauwerken, sowie die dazugehörigen Workflows mithilfe neuer Technologien zu optimieren. Das entwickelte Konzept für ein Infrastrukturinformationssystem ISIS, kurz für Intelligente StraßenverkehrsInfraStruktur, wurde als eine Schale um die bereits vorhandene Straßeninformationsbank-Bauwerke (SIB-BW) herum konzipiert. Alle Prozesse und Datenflüsse, die rund um diese Datenbank bestehen, bleiben damit unverändert. Zusätzliche Informationen und Dokumente, die an die vorhandenen Datensätze angefügt werden sollen, werden in dem neuen System abgelegt und mit dem Bestandsdatensatz verknüpft. Ziele: - Informationsbereitstellung optimieren, - 3D unterstützte Dokumentation des Bauwerksprüfprozesses, - Anlehnung an bestehende Prozesse, - Einbindung mobiler Endgeräte und Zustandssensoren. ISIS gründet sich auf folgende Komponenten: - Bauwerksmodelle: -- 2D-Platzhalter für Bestandsbauten, -- 3D-Modelle für Neubauten, - mobile Schadensaufnahme via mobiler Endgeräte, - Frühwarnsysteme auf Basis von RFID-Technologie (Feuchtigkeit und Korrosion), - 3D-Pins für die Markierung relevanter Punkte (RFID-Detektoren, Schäden, etc.), - Hardware mit hoher Verfügbarkeit und Akzeptanz (iPads). Um allen Beteiligten den Zugriff zu dem Informationssystem zu ermöglichen, wird das System zur Ausführung auf einer Online-Plattform konzipiert. Alle relevanten Informationen eines Straßenverkehrsinfrastrukturprojektes können in konsolidierter Form bereitgestellt werden. Die bisher dezentrale und inkompatible Datenhaltung in mehreren Teilsystemen wird unterbunden und eine einfache und durchgängige Nutzung des Datenbestandes in Planung, Bau und Betrieb wird ermöglicht. Um den Prozess der Bauwerksprüfung effizienter zu gestalten, sollen Informationen zum Bauwerkszustand mithilfe der 3D-Pin-Markierung und dem Einsatz von Radiofrequenz-Technologie (RFID) regelmäßig überprüft werden, um Bauwerksschäden frühzeitig erkennen zu können.
Due to recent years accident avoidance and crashworthiness on Austrian roads were mostly developed on national statistics and on-scene investigation respectively. Identification and elimination of black spots were main targets. In fact many fatal accidents do not occur on such black spots and black-spot investigation has reached a limit. New methods are required and therefore the Austrian Road Safety Programme was introduced by the Austrian Ministry of Transport, Innovation and Technology. The primary objective is the reduction of fatalities and severe injuries. Graz University of Technology initiated the project ZEDATU (Zentrale Datenbank tödlicher Unfälle) with the goal to identify similarities in different accident configurations. A matrix was established which categorizes risk and key factors of participating parties. Based on this information countermeasures were worked out.
The Decision Support System (DSS) is one of the key objectives of the European co-funded research project SafetyCube in order to better support evidence-based policy making. Results will be assembled in the form of a DSS that will present for each suggested road safety measure: details of risk factor tackled, measure, best estimate of casualty reduction effectiveness, cost-benefit evaluation and analytic background. The development of the DSS presents a great potential to further support decision making at local, regional, national and international level, aiming to fill in the current gap of comparable measures effectiveness evaluation. In order to provide policy-makers and industry with comprehensive and well-structured information about measures, it is essential that a systems approach is used to ensure the links between risk factors and all relevant safety measures are made fully visible. The DSS is intended to become a major source of information for industry, policy-makers and the wider road safety community.
The need for improved EU level accident information and data was identified in the EU White Paper on Transport Policy (2001)1 and detailed in the Road Safety Action Plan (2003)2. The plan specifies that the EC will develop a road safety observatory to coordinate data collection within an integrated framework.
76 severe traffic accidents had been investigated in depth in an ongoing Volkswagen-Tongji University joint accident research project in JiaDing district, Shanghai, PR China since June 2005. With a methodology similar to German accident research units in Dresden and Hannover, a research team proceeds to the scene immediately after the incident to investigate and collect various data on environment, accident occurrence, vehicle state and deformations as well as injuries. The data combined with the results of accident reconstruction will be stored in a database for further statistical and casuistic analysis. The first outcome of the project supports the hypothesis that a main causation for the large number of traffic accidents in China is the lacking of risk awareness in Chinese driver behaviour. Low seat-belt use and the high proportion of vulnerable and poorly protected two-wheelers in traffic are reasons for the high injury and fatality rate in China. The research work shows that accident research in China is feasible and able to give support to tackle one of the urging problems in Chinese development.
Das Emissionsmodul des PC-Berechnungsverfahrens zur Abschätzung von verkehrsbedingten Schadstoffimmissionen (MLuS 02) basiert auf dem Handbuch für Emissionsfaktoren des Umweltbundesamtes. Aufgabe war die Berechnungen mit dem neuen Handbuch kompatibel zu machen. Die Aufgabenstellung gliederte sich in 3 Teile: i) Implementierung der neuen Version des Handbuchs in das Emissionsmodul , ii) Umwandlung des Emissionsmodul von ACCESS in Delphi, gleichzeitige Beseitigung von Inkonsistenzen in der Berechnung , iii) Implementierung des neuen Emissionsmoduls, Durchführung von Systemtests und Modifikationen, Aktualisierung des Merkblatts MLuS 02. Bei der Aktualisierung des Handbuches wurden folgende redaktionelle Änderungen vorgenommen: Herausnahme der 98-Perzentile - außer für das NO2 - im tabellarischen Ausdruck, Erstellung eines Installationsprogramms, Aktualisierung des Merkblatts MLuS 02 gemäß der vorgenommenen Fortschreibung. Im Vergleich zur vorherigen Version ergeben sich folgende Änderungen: Eingangsdaten und ihre Klassifizierung: Dem Emissionsmodul wurden bisher per ASCII-Schnittstelle die folgenden Eingangsdaten übergeben: Bezugsjahr, Gebiets-ID, Straßenkategorie-ID, Fahrbahnlängsneigungs-ID, Anzahl der Fahrspuren, DTV, DTV-ID, Lkw-Anteil, Lkw-Anteil-ID, Kraftstoffszenario-ID, Stop+Go-ID, Das Bezugsjahr wurde rückwirkend auf das Jahr 2000 begrenzt, so dass die Gebietsunterscheidung Ost/West entfallen kann. Längsneigungsklassen: Hinsichtlich der Längsneigungsklassen enthält das Modell die in Tabelle2 (siehe Längsneigungsklassen im Abschlussbericht) dargestellte Klassifizierung. Fahrzeugkategorien: Das Emissionsmodul unterscheidet intern folgende Fahrzeugkategorien: Pkw, Leichte Nutzfahrzeuge (Gesamtmasse bis 3,5 t), LNfz genannt, Schwere Nutzfahrzeuge (Gesamtmasse über 3,5 t), im folgenden SNfz genannt. Umwandlung des Emissionsmodul von ACCESS in Delphi: Nachdem die Änderungen im Emissionsmodul durchgeführt worden waren, wurden alle Visual Basic Codes von ACCESS nach Delphi verlagert. Implementierung des neuen Emissionsmoduls in das MLuS 02: Das Emissionsmodul wurde in das MLuS 02 Programm implementiert. Ruß wird aus dem MLuS entfernt (Außerkraftsetzung der 23. BImSchV).
OKSTRA, so heißt der Objektkatalog für das Straßen- und Verkehrswesen. Im Rahmen des Forschungsprojektes "Standardisierung graphischer Daten im Straßen- und Verkehrswesen" werden die Objekte des Straßen- und Verkehrswesens in ihrer Bedeutung, ihrer Struktur und ihren Beziehungen untereinander definiert. Ziel dieses Objektkatalogs ist die Gewährleistung eines standardisierten Datenaustausches sowohl innerhalb von Arbeitsprozessen einer Verwaltung als auch mit externen Institutionen. Die Definitionen der Objekte sind inhaltlich nicht grundlegend neu, vielmehr werden im OKSTRA im wesentlichen die Objekte der vorhandenen Regelwerke und Standards des Straßen- und Verkehrswesens harmonisiert. Zunächst wurde eine Studie erstellt, in der der Datenfluss in einer Straßenbauverwaltung von der Grundlagenermittlung bis zur Bestandsdokumentation analysiert und alle beteiligten Regelwerke und Standards aufgezeigt werden. Weiterhin werden Vorschläge für die Modellierung und Speicherung der Objekte gemacht. Auf der Grundlage dieser Studie werden die Objekte definiert. Der dabei entstehende Objektkatalog OKSTRA bietet erstmalig eine Gesamtübersicht aller Objektbereiche des Straßen- und Verkehrswesens mit ihren Standards und Regelwerken. Im Bericht werden die Notwendigkeit und der Nutzen dieses Standards sowie die Vorgehensweise zu seiner noch laufenden Entwicklung beschrieben.
Since its beginning in 1999, the German In-Depth Accident Study (GIDAS) evolved into the presumably leading representative road traffic accident investigation in Europe, based on the work started in Hanover in 1973. The detailed and comprehensive description of traffic accidents forms an essential basis for vehicle safety research. Due to the ongoing extension of demands of researchers, there is a continuous progress in the techniques and systematic of accident investigation within GIDAS. This paper presents some of the most important developments over the last years. Primary vehicle safety systems are expected to have a significant and increasing influence on reducing accidents. GIDAS therefore began to include and collect active safety parameters as new variables from the year 2005 onwards. This will facilitate to assess the impact of present and future active safety measures. A new system to analyse causation factors of traffic accidents, called ACASS, was implemented in GIDAS in the year 2008. The whole process of data handling was optimised. Since 2005 the on-scene data acquisition is completely conducted with mobile tablet PCs. Comprehensive plausibility checks assure a high data quality. Multi-language codebooks are automatically generated from the database structure itself and interfaces ensure the connection to various database management systems. Members of the consortium can download database and codebook, and synchronize half a terabyte of photographic documentation through a secured online access. With the introduction of the AIS 2005 in the year 2006, some medical categorizations have been revised. To ensure the correct assignment of AIS codes to specific injuries an application based on a diagnostic dictionary was developed. Furthermore a coding tool for the AO classification was introduced. All these enhancements enable GIDAS to be up to date for future research questions.
The sequence of accident events can be classified by three essential phases, the pre-crash-sequence, the crash-sequence and the post-crash-sequence. The level of reliability of the information in the GIDAS-database (German In Depth Accident Study) is provided predominantly on the passive side. The period to evaluate active safety systems begins already in the pre-crash-sequence. The assessment of the potential of sensor- or communication-based active safety systems can only be accomplished by a detailed analysis of the pre-crash-phase. Hence the necessity to analyze the early period of the accident event in detail arises. This is possible with the help of the digital sketches of the accident site and the simulation of the accident by a simulation method of the VUFO GmbH. After simulating the pre-crash scenario it is possible to generate additional and standardized data to describe the pre-crash-sequences of an accident in a very high detail. These data are documented in a second database called the GIDAS Pre-Crash-Matrix (PCM). The PCM contains various tables with all relevant data to reproduce the pre-crash-sequence of traffic accidents from the GIDAS database until 5 seconds before the first collision. This includes parameters to describe the environment data, participant data and motion or dynamic data. This paper explains the creation of the PCM, the simulation itself and the contents and structure of the PCM. With this information of the pre-crash-sequence for various accident scenarios an improved benefit estimation and development of active safety systems can be made possible.
To date, the Trauma Registry (TraumaRegister DGU-® contains data of approximately 100.000 severely injured patients, 65% of which suffered from a road traffic crash. Thus, it is the world's largest data base for severely injured patients. The article describes the development of the registry and explains how it was rolled out over Germany using the established structure of the German Trauma Network (TraumaNetzwerk DGU-®). In addition, this article presents three typical use cases from the fields of quality management, policy making and system-wide interventions, clinical research and injury prevention. In conclusion, the TraumaRegister DGU-® is a well-established tool for various purposes related to the control and reduction of the burden of road injury. Its ongoing expansion to other countries will support the goal of international benchmarking of hospitals and trauma systems.
Relevant accident related factors : risk and frequencies of contributing to road traffic accidents
(2009)
In the course of the European Project TRACE (Traffic Accident Causation in Europe) an attempt was made to analyse the cause of road traffic accidents from a factors' point of view. By literature review the most important independent risk factors for traffic accidents were identified to be speed, alcohol intake, male gender, young age, cell phone use, and fatigue. However, the impact of an accident related factor also depends on its prevalence in traffic and accidents, respectively. Available to the Partners in the TRACE Project were different accident databases. Causally contributing factors found by accident investigations that are most often coded in accident databases are connected to unadapted speed and inattention. Taking into account the risk increase and the frequency of contribution to accidents the conclusion can be drawn that the most relevant factors for accident causation are: "alcohol", "speed", and "inattention and distraction".
Untersucht werden die Möglichkeiten, die Wirkungen geplanter Verkehrssicherheitsmaßnahmen, die am "Faktor Mensch" ansetzen, anhand von Daten über Verkehrsverstöße aus dem VZR zu prognostizieren. Die Regel-, Sicherheits- und Partner-Orientierung des Verkehrsteilnehmers wird über sein Rechtsbewusstsein, über seine Fahrpraxis, über Bewährungsproben sowie abschreckende, verkehrserzieherische und verkehrseinschränkende Maßnahmen beeinflusst. Dies wirkt sich aus auf seine Vorbildfunktion sowie auf die Belastung, Behinderung, Belästigung, Gefährdung und Schädigung Anderer. Ein "Wirkungsmodell" stellt diese Zusammenhänge qualitativ dar. Für ein numerisches Modell fehlen heute noch weithin die empirischen Grundlagen zu den mathematischen Funktionsbeziehungen. Die prinzipielle Eignung der entwickelten Methode der computergestützten Simulation auf Basis von VZR-Daten kann in Tests belegt werden. Allerdings sind die Ergebnisse erst bei großen VZR-Stichproben hinreichend stabil. Zur Demonstration werden in zwei fiktiven Beispielen die Auswirkungen rechtlicher Änderungen auf die Verkehrssicherheit im Wirkungsmodell detailliert durchgespielt. Die Studie zeigt, dass bei heutigem Kenntnisstand über die zugrunde liegenden Zusammenhänge nur spezielle, eng umrissene Prognosefragestellungen aussagekräftige Resultate erwarten lassen. Jedoch in Verbindung mit punktuell eingesetzten Expertenurteilen kann das Wirkungsmodell die Verlässlichkeit einer Prognose gegenüber herkömmlicher Praxis wesentlich steigern oder aber, wenn dabei eindeutige Resultate ausbleiben " auch dies ist ein wertvolles Ergebnis " die Unsicherheit der Prognose und folglich die Fragwürdigkeit der geplanten Rechtsänderung offenbaren. Der Originalbericht enthält als Anhänge die Datengrundlage für die Segmentierung (1), die Bestimmung der Modellparameter "absolute und relative Häufigkeiten in der Stichprobe Referenzzugang 1995" (2 und 3), das Gesamtwirkungsmodell (4) sowie die Darstellung der Instanzen, Institutionen und behördlichen Maßnahmen (5). Auf die Wiedergabe dieser Anhänge wurde in der vorliegenden Veröffentlichung verzichtet. Sie liegen bei der Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen vor und sind dort einsehbar. Verweise auf die Anhänge im Berichtstext wurden beibehalten.
In an on-going project since 2005, ADAC has been analyzing accidents documented by the ADAC air rescue service. The knowledge derived from real-life accidents serves as a basis for new test configurations and assessment criteria. In 2007, ADAC began looking into the feasibility of international data collection. The idea of Global Accident Prevention was born. Three European partner clubs have begun pioneering the project (ÖAMTC, ANWB, and RACC). The aim is to set up an international accident research network to provide a steady stream of information on road accidents. The FIA Foundation supports ADAC in developing and coordinating this initiative.
An approach to the standardization of accident and injury registration systems (STAIRS) in Europe
(1998)
STAIRS is a European Commission funded study whose aim is to produce a set of guidelines for a harmonised, crash injury database. The need to evaluate the effectiveness of the forthcoming European Union front and side impact directives has emphasised the need for real world crash injury data-sets that can be representative of the crash population throughout Europe. STAIRS will provide a methodology to achieve this. The ultimate aim of STAIRS is to produce a set of data collection tools which will aid decision making on vehicle crashworthiness as well as providing a means to evaluate the effectiveness of safety regulations. This paper will disseminate the up-to-date findings of the group as they try to harmonise their methods. The stage has been reached where studies into the diverse methods of the UK, French and German systems of crash injury investigation have been undertaken. An assessment has already been made of the relationships between the three current systems in order to define the areas of agreement and divergence. The conclusions reached stated that there were many areas that are already closely related and that the differences were only at the detailed level. With the emphasis on secondary safety and injury causation, core data sets were decided upon, taking into account: vehicle description, collision configuration, structural response of vehicles, restraint and airbag performance, child restraint performance, Euro NCAP, pedestrian and vehicle occupant kinematics, injury description and causation. Each variable was studied objectively, the important elements isolated and developed into a form that all partners were agreeable on. A glossary of terms is being developed as the project progresses which includes ISO standards and other definitions from the associated CAREPLUS project, which addresses the comparability of national data sets. A major consideration of the group was the data collection method to be employed. The strengths and weaknesses of each study were investigated to obtain a clear idea of which aspects offered the best way forward. The quality of this information and transference into a common format, as well as the necessary error checking systems to be employed have just been completed and are described. In tandem with this area of study the problem of the statistical relationship of each sample to the national population is also being investigated. The study proposes a mechanism to use a sample of crash injury data to represent the national and international crash injury problem
This contribution introduces a number of psychological methods of analysis that are based on the practice-oriented collection of information directly at the site of an accident and that allow for an analysis and coding of the accident causes. Investigation examples and examples of the data combinations with basic medical and technical data are outlined. Objective of the collection is the inter-disciplinary investigation of human factors in the causes of accidents ("human-factor-analysis"). The psychological data are incorporated according to an integrative model for accident causes based on empiric algorithms in the data base of the accident research, where the clustered evaluation potential of comprehensive factors of the accident development can be illustrated. The central theoretical concept for the basic model of the progress of the accident from a psychological point of view comprises psychological indicators for the evaluation of the site of the accident for the analysis of the perception conditions as well as a classification of the gleaned data into the accident progress model according to chronological and local criteria. Perception conditions, action intentions and executions as well as conditions limiting perception and actions are acquired, using a questionnaire for persons involved in an accident, and are also integrated into the data structure concerning weighted feature characteristics as well as combined with other relevant features. Suitable systematization tools for the collection and coding of psychological accident development parameters have to be provided, which require primarily a model image of the corresponding processes from the persons involved in the accident (perceptions, expectations, decisions, actions). The interactive accident model contains components of the models by KÜTING 1990, MC DONALD 1972, SURREY 1969 and RASMUSSEN 1980. Based on the inter-action of the three partial systems "person", "vehicle" and "environment", the first step is the assessment of the situation by the persons involved in the accident. This is dependent on the personal attitudes and motives, on experiences and expectations concerning the progress of the situation. Subsequently, data concerning the manner of the coping with the ambiguous state as well as with the instable state (emergency reaction immediately before the accident occurs) are collected. The factors relating to the persons involved in the accident are gathered on several levels using corresponding questionnaires. The coding of the found and collected characteristics is conducted in a multidimensional evaluation relating to the technical results of the accident reconstruction and of the psychological classification, which are subsequently integrated in coded form into the data base of the accident research. The result of this analysis is a description of the development of the accident depicted on a chronological vector from a perception and decision theoretical perspective. This is explained in detail using exemplary cases.
In Germany, in-depth accident investigations are carried out in the Hannover area since 1973. In 1999 a second region was added with surveys in Dresden and the surrounding area. Internationally, the acronym GIDAS (German In-Depth Accident Study) is commonly used for these surveys. Compared to many other countries, the sample sizes of the GIDAS surveys are much larger. The goal is to collect 1.000 accidents involving personal injuries per year and region. Data collection takes place by using a sampling procedure, which can be interpreted as a two-stage process with time intervals as primary units and accidents as secondary units. An important question is, to what extend these samples are representative for the target population from which they are drawn. Analyses show, for example, that accidents with persons killed or seriously injured are overrepresented in the samples compared to accidents with slightly injured persons. This means, that these data are subject to biases due to uncontrolled variation of sample inclusion probability. Therefore, appropriate weighting and expansion methods have to be applied in order to adjust or correct for these biases. The contribution describes the statistical and methodological principles underlying the GIDAS surveys with respect to sampling procedure, data collection and expansion. In addition, some suggestions regarding potential improvements of study design are made from a methodological point of view.
This paper describes the methodology of In-Depth Investigation in Germany on the example of GIDAS (German In-Depth Accident Study). Since 1999 in Germany a joint project between FAT (Forschungsvereinigung Automobiltechnik or Automotive Industry Research Association) and BASt (Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen or the Federal Road Research Institute) is being carried out in Hannover and Dresden. The methodology of this project is based on a statistically orientated procedure of data sampling (sampling plan, weighting factors). The paper describes the possibilities of such in-depth investigation on the results of the offered title. The accident cases were collected randomly within GIDAS at Hannover. There are more cases existing from previous investigation started in 1985 under the same methodology. The portion of rollovers can be established at 3.7% of all accidents with casualties in the year 2000. For the study 434 cases of car accidents with rollovers are used for a detail comprehensive analysis. The accidents happened in the years 1994 to 2000 in the Hannover area. The injury distribution will report about 741 occupants with rollover accident event. The presented paper will give an overview of the accident situations following in rollover movements of cars. The distributions of injury frequencies, injury severity AIS for the whole body and for the body regions of occupants will be presented and compared to technical details like the impact speed and the deformation pattern. The speed of the car was determined at the point of rollover and on the point of accident initiency. The characteristics of the kinematics followed in a rollover movement are analyzed and the major defined types of rollover will be shown in the paper. The paper will describe the possibilities of In-Depth Investigation methods for the approach of finding countermeasures on the example of car accidents with rollover and explaining the biomechanics of injuries in rollover movements.