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Erscheinungsjahr
Dokumenttyp
- Konferenzveröffentlichung (404) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- Conference (324)
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- Analysis (math) (63)
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- Schweregrad (Unfall, Verletzung) (59)
- Severity (accid, injury) (57)
- Tödlicher Unfall (56)
- Fatality (55)
- Safety (54)
- Sicherheit (53)
- Reconstruction (accid) (52)
- Bewertung (50)
- Evaluation (assessment) (49)
- Simulation (49)
- Datenbank (46)
- Fußgänger (45)
- Pedestrian (45)
- injury) (45)
- On the spot accident investigation (43)
- Schweregrad (Unfall (43)
- Verletzung) (43)
- Car (42)
- Data acquisition (42)
- Datenerfassung (42)
- Untersuchung am Unfallort (42)
- Severity (accid (40)
- Cause (39)
- Driver (39)
- Ursache (39)
- Fahrer (37)
- Fahrzeug (37)
- Unfallverhütung (36)
- Collision (35)
- Vehicle (35)
- Zusammenstoß (35)
- Anfahrversuch (34)
- Accident prevention (31)
- Radfahrer (31)
- Cyclist (30)
- Data bank (30)
- Accident reconstruction (29)
- Test (29)
- Europa (28)
- Europe (28)
- Frontalzusammenstoß (28)
- Prüfverfahren (28)
- Test method (28)
- Head on collision (27)
- Motorcyclist (27)
- Motorradfahrer (27)
- Versuch (27)
- Geschwindigkeit (26)
- Fahrerassistenzsystem (25)
- Impact test (veh) (25)
- Method (25)
- Speed (25)
- Active safety system (24)
- Leistungsfähigkeit (allg) (24)
- Passives Sicherheitssystem (23)
- Risiko (23)
- Verfahren (23)
- Aktives Sicherheitssystem (22)
- Insasse (22)
- Driver assistance system (21)
- Efficiency (21)
- PKW (21)
- Alte Leute (20)
- Passive safety system (20)
- Pkw (20)
- Interview (19)
- Old people (19)
- Risk (19)
- Vehicle occupant (19)
- Child (17)
- Kind (17)
- Prevention (17)
- Accident rate (16)
- Benutzung (16)
- Improvement (16)
- Sicherheitsgurt (16)
- Use (16)
- Verbesserung (16)
- Anthropometric dummy (15)
- Behaviour (15)
- Biomechanics (15)
- Biomechanik (15)
- Motorrad (15)
- Risikobewertung (15)
- Seitlicher Zusammenstoß (15)
- Unfallhäufigkeit (15)
- Verhalten (15)
- Berechnung (14)
- Database (14)
- Head (14)
- Kopf (14)
- Measurement (14)
- Messung (14)
- Motorcycle (14)
- Risk assessment (14)
- Safety belt (14)
- Side impact (14)
- Specifications (14)
- Calculation (13)
- Digital model (13)
- Driving aptitude (13)
- Leg (human) (13)
- Numerisches Modell (13)
- Richtlinien (13)
- Verminderung (13)
- Auffahrunfall (12)
- Brustkorb (12)
- Decrease (12)
- Development (12)
- Dummy (12)
- Entwicklung (12)
- Fahrzeugsitz (12)
- Rear end collision (12)
- Rechenmodell (12)
- Überschlagen (12)
- Airbag (11)
- Error (11)
- Fahrzeugführung (11)
- Human factor (11)
- Legislation (11)
- Mathematical model (11)
- Menschlicher Faktor (11)
- Prognose (11)
- Schutzhelm (11)
- Seat (veh) (11)
- Skill (road user) (11)
- Bremsung (10)
- Crash helmet (10)
- Driving (veh) (10)
- EU (10)
- Fahranfänger (10)
- Fehler (10)
- Gesetzgebung (10)
- Overturning (veh) (10)
- Recently qualified driver (10)
- Thorax (10)
- Tunnel (10)
- Air bag (restraint system) (9)
- Austria (9)
- Bein (menschl) (9)
- Braking (9)
- Deformation (9)
- Driver training (9)
- Front (9)
- Instandsetzung (9)
- Japan (9)
- Krankenhaus (9)
- Lorry (9)
- Metal bridge (9)
- Modification (9)
- Orthotropic plate (9)
- Planning (9)
- Repair (9)
- Sachschaden (9)
- Stahlbrücke (9)
- Verhütung (9)
- Veränderung (9)
- Österreich (9)
- Age (8)
- Alter (8)
- Bemessung (8)
- Blood alcohol content (8)
- Blutalkoholgehalt (8)
- Bridge (8)
- Damage (8)
- Drunkenness (8)
- Forecast (8)
- Hospital (8)
- Medizinische Untersuchung (8)
- Planung (8)
- Road network (8)
- Straßennetz (8)
- Trunkenheit (8)
- Verformung (8)
- Verkehrsinfrastruktur (8)
- Wirbelsäule (8)
- Antikollisionssystem (7)
- Belastung (7)
- Blood (7)
- Blut (7)
- Cracking (7)
- Design (overall design) (7)
- Einstellung (psychol) (7)
- Erste Hilfe (7)
- Erziehung (7)
- Expert opinion (7)
- Fahrausbildung (7)
- Fahreignung (7)
- Fracture (bone) (7)
- Frau (7)
- Gutachten (7)
- Illness (7)
- Impact study (7)
- International (7)
- Knee (human) (7)
- Knochenbruch (7)
- Krankheit (7)
- Load (7)
- Medical examination (7)
- Policy (7)
- Politik (7)
- Rissbildung (7)
- Standardisierung (7)
- Transport infrastructure (7)
- USA (7)
- Vereinigtes Königreich (7)
- Adolescent (6)
- Air pollution (6)
- Attitude (psychol) (6)
- Cervical vertebrae (6)
- Chemical analysis (6)
- Chemische Analyse (6)
- China (6)
- Collision avoidance system (6)
- Cost benefit analysis (6)
- Detection (6)
- Education (6)
- Fahrgeschicklichkeit (6)
- Halswirbel (6)
- Human body (6)
- Impact test (6)
- India (6)
- Indien (6)
- Interior (veh) (6)
- Jugendlicher (6)
- Knie (menschl) (6)
- Knotenpunkt (6)
- Leistungsfähigkeit (Fahrer) (6)
- Luftverunreinigung (6)
- Menschlicher Körper (6)
- Nitrogen oxide (6)
- Ort (Position) (6)
- Orthotrope Fahrbahntafel (6)
- Portugal (6)
- Road construction (6)
- Software (6)
- Spinal column (6)
- Standardization (6)
- Steifigkeit (6)
- Stiffness (6)
- Straßenbau (6)
- Traffic (6)
- Verkehr (6)
- Vorn (6)
- Wirksamkeitsuntersuchung (6)
- Wirtschaftlichkeitsrechnung (6)
- Woman (6)
- Analyse (Math) (5)
- Angle (5)
- Bau (5)
- Bearing capacity (5)
- Bremse (5)
- Brücke (5)
- Classification (5)
- Construction (5)
- Correlation (math, stat) (5)
- Dauerhaftigkeit (5)
- Decision process (5)
- Delivery vehicle (5)
- Detektion (5)
- Droge (5)
- Drugs (5)
- Durability (5)
- Eins (5)
- Electronic stability program (5)
- Entscheidungsprozess (5)
- Fahrstabilität (5)
- Fahrzeuginnenraum (5)
- Fernverkehrsstraße (5)
- Finite element method (5)
- First aid (5)
- Forschungsarbeit (5)
- France (5)
- Frankreich (5)
- Highway (5)
- Information (5)
- Klassifizierung (5)
- Location (5)
- Main road (5)
- Medical aspects (5)
- Medizinische Gesichtspunkte (5)
- Mobility (5)
- Mobilität (5)
- Oberfläche (5)
- One (5)
- Post crash (5)
- Research project (5)
- Schweissen (5)
- Sensor (5)
- Stickoxid (5)
- Straße (5)
- Surface (5)
- Surfacing (5)
- Technologie (5)
- Technology (5)
- Tragfähigkeit (5)
- United Kingdom (5)
- Vehicle handling (5)
- Verkehrsteilnehmer (5)
- Welding (5)
- Winkel (5)
- Abdomen (4)
- Alcohol test (4)
- Alkoholtest (4)
- Arbeitsgruppe (4)
- Autobahn (4)
- Automatisch (4)
- Balken (4)
- Beam (4)
- Berufsausübung (4)
- Bicycle (4)
- Blech (4)
- Boden (4)
- Brake (4)
- Camera (4)
- Coefficient of friction (4)
- Collision test (veh) (4)
- Compatibility (4)
- Concentration (chem) (4)
- Deformable barrier (impact test) (4)
- Distraction (4)
- Driver information (4)
- Dynamics (4)
- Dynamik (4)
- Elektronisches Stabilitätsprogramm (4)
- Estimation (4)
- Fahrdatenschreiber (4)
- Fahrrad (4)
- Fahrtüchtigkeit (4)
- Fire (4)
- Geschichte (4)
- History (4)
- Impact sled (4)
- Information documentation (4)
- Junction (4)
- Kamera (4)
- Kompatibilität (4)
- Kontrolle (4)
- Korrelation (math, stat) (4)
- LKW (4)
- Lieferfahrzeug (4)
- Life cycle (4)
- Lkw (4)
- Man (4)
- Mann (4)
- Methode der finiten Elemente (4)
- Modell (4)
- Nanotechnologie (4)
- Nanotechnology (4)
- Oberflächentextur (4)
- Occupant (veh) (4)
- Occupation (4)
- Organisation (4)
- Oxid (4)
- Oxide (4)
- Probability (4)
- Quer (4)
- Regression analysis (4)
- Regressionsanalyse (4)
- Reibungsbeiwert (4)
- Reinforcement (gen) (4)
- Reproducibility (4)
- Reproduzierbarkeit (4)
- Rigid pavement (4)
- Risk taking (4)
- Road user (4)
- Schrägseilbrücke (4)
- Schweden (4)
- Seite (4)
- Sheet (metal) (4)
- Sichtbarkeit (4)
- Soil (4)
- Stadt (4)
- Stayed girder bridge (4)
- Straßenverkehrsrecht (4)
- Surface texture (4)
- Surveillance (4)
- Titan (4)
- Titanium (4)
- Traffic regulations (4)
- Transverse (4)
- Unfallfolgemaßnahme (4)
- Unterleib (4)
- Urban area (4)
- Verstärkung (allg) (4)
- Sichtbarkeit (4)
- Wahrscheinlichkeit (4)
- Working group (4)
- Abkommen von der Fahrbahn (Unfall) (3)
- Ablenkung (psychol) (3)
- Adaptation (psychol) (3)
- Administration (3)
- Advanced driver assistance system (3)
- Anpassung (psychol) (3)
- Arzneimittel (3)
- Attention (3)
- Aufmerksamkeit (3)
- Aufprallschlitten (3)
- Auftrag (3)
- Ausrüstung (3)
- Australia (3)
- Australien (3)
- Automatic (3)
- Autonomes Fahren (3)
- Autonomes Fahrzeug (3)
- Autonomous driving (3)
- Autonomous vehicle (3)
- Befreiung (Bergung) (3)
- Bein (3)
- Beinahe Unfall (3)
- Beschichtung (3)
- Betonstraße (Oberbau) (3)
- Blickfeld (3)
- Brand (3)
- Bridge deck (3)
- Brückenbelag (3)
- Cable (3)
- Case law (3)
- Cement (3)
- Coating (3)
- Concrete (3)
- Contract (3)
- Cost (3)
- Crash test (3)
- Czech Republic (3)
- Decke (Straße) (3)
- Deformierbare Barriere (Anpralltest) (3)
- Digitale Bildverarbeitung (3)
- Earthworks (3)
- Effectiveness (3)
- Electric vehicle (3)
- Elektrofahrzeug (3)
- Environment (3)
- Equipment (3)
- Erdarbeiten (3)
- Ermüdung (mater) (3)
- Event data recorder (road vehicle) (3)
- Extrication (3)
- Fahrbahntafel (3)
- Fahrsimulator (3)
- Field of vision (3)
- Financing (3)
- Finanzierung (3)
- Fuge (3)
- Fugenfüllung (3)
- Gefahrenabwehr (3)
- Gemeindeverwaltung (3)
- Genauigkeit (3)
- Gesetzesdurchführung (3)
- Government (national) (3)
- Grenzwert (3)
- Griffigkeit (3)
- Hazard (3)
- Head restraint (3)
- Installation (3)
- Joint (structural) (3)
- Kleidung (3)
- Konzentration (chem) (3)
- Kopfstütze (3)
- Korea (Süd) (Demokratische Republik) (3)
- Kosten (3)
- Langfristig (3)
- Lebenszyklus (3)
- Limit (3)
- Local authority (3)
- Long term (3)
- Medication (3)
- Model (not math) (3)
- Montage (3)
- Motorway (3)
- Near miss (3)
- Netherlands (3)
- Niederlande (3)
- Norm (tech) (3)
- Orthotrope Platte (3)
- Overlapping (3)
- Passenger (3)
- Personal (3)
- Personnel (3)
- Police (3)
- Polizei (3)
- Psychologie (3)
- Psychology (3)
- Public transport (3)
- Reaction (human) (3)
- Reaktionsverhalten (3)
- Rechtsprechung (3)
- Recording (3)
- Rehabilitation (3)
- Rehabilitation (road user) (3)
- Reinforcement (in mater) (3)
- Republic of Korea (3)
- Run off the road (accid) (3)
- Schutzeinrichtung (3)
- Security (3)
- Severity (acid (3)
- Shock (3)
- Simulator (driving) (3)
- Skidding resistance (3)
- Spain (3)
- Spanien (3)
- Specification (standard) (3)
- Steife (Brücke) (3)
- Stiffener (Bridge) (3)
- Straßenverkehr (3)
- Theorie (3)
- Theory (3)
- Tschechische Republik (3)
- Umwelt (3)
- Unfallschwerpunkt (3)
- United kingdom (3)
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- Versuchspuppe (3)
- Verwaltung (3)
- Vorne (3)
- Zement (3)
- Öffentlicher Verkehr (3)
- Abbiegen (2)
- Abdichtung (2)
- Acceleration (2)
- Accident black spot (2)
- Accident proneness (2)
- Accuracy (2)
- Adult (2)
- Aggression (psychol) (2)
- Alcohol (2)
- Alkohol (2)
- Anti locking device (2)
- Antiblockiereinrichtung (2)
- Audit (2)
- Aufzeichnung (2)
- Automatische Notbremsung (2)
- Autonomous emergency braking (2)
- Ballungsgebiet (2)
- Behinderter (2)
- Beschleunigung (2)
- Beton (2)
- Bewehrung (2)
- Blutkreislauf (2)
- Body (car) (2)
- Bremsweg (2)
- Bridge surfacing (2)
- Budget (2)
- Bus (2)
- CEN (2)
- Chromatographie (2)
- Chromatography (2)
- Circulation (blood) (2)
- Clothing (2)
- Coach (2)
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- Composite bridge (2)
- Condition survey (2)
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- Continuous (2)
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- Crash victim (2)
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- Crossing the road (2)
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- Data base (2)
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- Fahrbahnüberquerung (2)
- Fahrerinformation (2)
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- Haftung (jur) (2)
- Harmonisation (2)
- High performance concrete (2)
- Highway design (2)
- Hinten (2)
- Input data (2)
- Intelligent transport system (2)
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- Kommunikation (2)
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- Lärmschutzwand (2)
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- Methode der finite Elemente (2)
- Mittelwert (2)
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- Nutzwertanalyse (2)
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- Organization (2)
- Organization (association) (2)
- Output (2)
- PVC (2)
- Penetration (2)
- Polyvinylchloride (2)
- Posture (2)
- Privatisierung (2)
- Properties (2)
- Prototyp (2)
- Prototype (2)
- Psychological aspects (2)
- Psychological examination (2)
- Psychologische Gesichtspunkte (2)
- Psychologische Untersuchung (2)
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- Quality (2)
- Qualität (2)
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- Rail traffic (2)
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- Retraining of drivers (2)
- Ringanalyse (2)
- Risikoverhalten (2)
- Road traffic (2)
- Rücksichtslosigkeit (2)
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- Schienenverkehr (2)
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- Turn (2)
- Tyre tread (2)
- Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung (2)
- Unfallneigung (2)
- Unfallopfer (2)
- Unterhaltung (2)
- Value analysis (2)
- Vegetation (2)
- Vehicle regulations (2)
- Verantwortung (2)
- Verbundbrücke (2)
- Vorschrifteneinhaltung (2)
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- Water (2)
- Waterproofing (2)
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- Whiplash injury (2)
- Windschutzscheibe (2)
- Zeit (2)
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- Überlappung (2)
- (menschl) (1)
- Abgaben (1)
- Ability (road user) (1)
- Abkommen von der Fahrbahn (1)
- Ablenkung (1)
- Absorption (1)
- Abstandsregeltempomat (1)
- Acceptability (1)
- Accident data (1)
- Accident prone location (1)
- Accident severity (1)
- Active safety (1)
- Active safety system; Automatic; Brake; Car; Collision avoidance system; Conference; Driver assistance system; Germany; Impact test (veh); Rear end collision; Severity (accid (1)
- Activity report (1)
- Adaptive cruise controll (1)
- Addiction (1)
- Aesthetics (1)
- Aethanol (1)
- Aged people (1)
- Ageing (1)
- Aggression (psycho) (1)
- Aggressiveness (psychol) (1)
- Air quality management (1)
- Air traffic control (1)
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- Aktive Sicherheit (1)
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- Analyses (math) (1)
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- Animal (1)
- Anthropometrie (1)
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- Beton ; Betonstraße (Oberbau) (1)
- Bevölkerung (1)
- Bicyclist (1)
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- Bone (1)
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- Chest (1)
- Clay (1)
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- Comprehension (1)
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- Computation (1)
- Conference; Germany; Injury; Medical examination; Spinal column; X ray (1)
- Contact (tyre (1)
- Contractor (1)
- Cooperative intelligent transport system (1)
- Corrosion (1)
- Costs (1)
- Crash Test (1)
- Critical path method (1)
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Institut
- Sonstige (404) (entfernen)
An der Fortbildungsakademie der Ärztekammer Nordrhein werden in einem 16-Stunden-Kurs Qualifizierungen zum Fachgutachter/zur Fachgutachterin für verkehrsmedizinische Begutachtung in Kooperation mit unterschiedlichen Fachreferenten aus den verschiedenen klinischen Bereichen durchgeführt. Leistungskontrollen zum Kursinhalt, ein intensives Arbeiten an Fallbeispielen oder gar eine fachliche Begleitung der ersten Gutachten sind nicht generell vorgegeben, wenngleich in Evaluationen zum Kurs insbesondere eine fallorientierte Ausbildung und eine Supervision zumindest in ersten eigenen Begutachtungen von den Teilnehmern/Teilnehmerinnen gewünscht werden. Auf der Grundlage der Erfahrungen der Autoren mit der Leitung/Moderation der entsprechenden Fachfortbildungen der Ärztekammer Nordrhein wurden das bestehende Curriculum kritisch diskutiert und Anregungen zur Umstrukturierung erarbeitet, die im Einzelnen vorgestellt werden. Dabei handelt es sich um ein Konzept auf der Basis des "blended learning": Via Internet wird vertiefendes Lehrmaterial für die verschiedenen Fachbereiche der medizinischen Begutachtung unter verkehrsmedizinischen Fragestellungen zur Bearbeitung angeboten. Die Bearbeitung selbst kann online kontrolliert und bei Bedarf auch mit Lerninhaltsüberpruefungen verknüpft werden. Zusätzlich können Fallbeispiele anonymisiert vorgelegt und mit tatsächlich ausgesprochenen Begutachtungen bereitgestellt werden. Weiterhin wird eine qualifizierte Begleitung zumindest zu Beginn der Gutachtertätigkeit angeregt.
Data concerning accidents involving personal injury which have been collected in the context of in-depth investigations on scene in the Hannover area since 1973 and in the Dresden area since 1999 represent an important basis for empirical traffic safety research. At national and international level various analyses and comparisons are carried out on the basis of "in-depth data" from the above mentioned investigations. In-depth data play a decisive role e.g. within the validation of EuroNCAP results on secondary safety (crashworthiness) of individual passenger car models. Thus, statistically sound methods of data analysis and population parameter estimation are of high importance. Since the 1st of August 1984 the "in-depth investigations on scene" in the Hannover area have been carried out according to a sampling plan developed by HAUTZINGER in the context of a research project on behalf of BASt. In the meantime a second region of in-depth investigation on scene was added with surveys in Dresden and the surrounding area. Internationally, the acronym GIDAS (German In-Depth Accident Study) is commonly used for the two above mentioned surveys. The objective of a current research project (topic of this contribution) is, among other things, to examine and adjust the previous weighting and expansion method for the two regional accident investigations to the current general conditions.
The paper gives an overview of the recent (mostly 2012) figures of killed bus/coach occupants (drivers and passengers) in 27 Member States of the European Union as reported by CARE. The Evolution of the figures of bus/coach occupants killed in road accidents urban, rural without motorway and on motorways from 1991 to 2010 in 15 Member States of the EU supplements this information. More detailed are the figures reported for Germany by the Federal Statistics. The paper displays long-term evaluations (1957 to 2012) for killed, seriously and slightly injured occupants in all kinds of buses/coaches. Midterm evaluations (1995 to 2012) of the figures of fatalities and casualties are displayed for different busses according to their identification of road using as coaches, urban buses, school buses, trolley buses and "other buses". To be able to compare the evolutions of the safety of vehicle occupants it is customary to use different risk indicators. Calculations and illustrations for three often used indicators with their development over time are given: fatalities, seriously injured and slightly injured per 100,000 vehicles registered, per 1 billion (109) vehicle-kilometres travelled and per 1 billion (109) person-kilometres. These indicators are shown for occupants of cars, goods vehicles and buses/coaches. For the period from 1957 until 2012 it is obvious, that for all three vehicle categories analysed there was a clear long-term trend towards more occupant safety in terms of casualties per vehicles registered and per vehicle mileage. This was most significant for car occupants but it can be seen for bus/coach occupants and goodsvehicle occupants as well. Figures of killed occupants and of casualties related to person-kilometres are calculated and displayed for the shorter period 1995 to 2012. Here it becomes obvious that the bus/coach is still the safest mode of transport for the occupants of road vehicles. Graphs for the casualty risk indices still show significantly higher risks for car occupants despite the corresponding curve moved sustainable downwards. It is remarkable, that the risks of being killed or injured for the occupants of urban buses is growing whereas the corresponding risk for the occupants of coaches in line traffic tends downwards. The article ends with a short comparison and discussion of the risk indicators which are actually published for the occupants (driver and passengers) of cars and the passengers of buses/coaches, railroads, trams and airplanes. The interpretation of such information depends on the perception and it seems that for a complete view not only one indicator should be used and the evolutions of the indicator values during longer periods (as displayed with examples in the paper) should also be taken into account.
Aim of the study was to evaluate the protective effect of bicycle helmets particularly considering injuries to the head and to the face. Accidents with the participation of bicyclists which occurred from 2000 to 2007 were chosen from GIDAS. We observed that injuries to the head and face were more severe in the group of non-helmeted riders. There seems to be no significant difference in injuries with AIS 3-6. Altogether 26 cyclists were killed. 2 of them wore a helmet (1% of helmeted cyclists), 24 did not (1% of non-helmeted cyclists). Only one killed rider (without helmet) did not suffer from polytrauma (only head injuries recorded). The findings seem to support the thesis of a preventive effect of the bicycle helmet, however the two groups are different in their characteristics related to riding speed. Necessarily we need a multivariate model to evaluate the effect of helmets.
Evaluation of the performance of competitive headforms as test tools for interior headform testing
(2009)
The European Research Project APROSYS has evaluated the interior headform test procedure developed by EEVC WG 13, representing the head contact in the car during a lateral impact. One important aspect within this test procedure was the selection of an appropriate impactor. The WG13 procedure currently uses the Free Motion Headform as used within the FMVSS 201. The ACEA 3.5 kg headform used in Phase 1 of the European Directive and the future European Regulation on Pedestrian Protection is still discussed as a possible alternative. This paper reports work performed by the Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt) as a part of the APROSYS Task 1.1.3. The study compares the two headform impactors according to FMVSS and ACEA, in a series of basic tests in order to evaluate their sensitivity towards different impact angles, impact accuracy, the effect of differences to impactors of the same type and the effects of the repeatability and reproducibility of the test results. The test surface consisted of a steel tube covered with PU foam and PVC, representing the car interior to be tested. Despite of the higher mass of the FMH the HIC values of this impactor were generally lower than those of the ACEA headform. The FMH showed a higher repeatability of test results but a high sensitivity on the angle of roll, the spherical ACEA impactor performed better with regards to the reproducibility. In case of the ACEA impactor-, the angle of roll had no influence.
The PDB, BASt and Opel conducted two test series to evaluate possible effects on the results obtained using the EEVC WG17 Lower Legform Impactor as a test tool for the assessment of pedestrian safety. The reproducibility and repeatability of the test results were assessed using six legform impactors while keeping the test parameters constant. In the second series one impactor was used and the test parameters were varied to assess the effects on the readings of the legform. The test parameters were velocity, temperature, relative humidity, the point of first contact regarding the deviation in z-direction and the deviations of the pitch, roll and yaw angle. The tests were performed using an inverse setup, i.e. the legform was hit by a guided linear impactor equipped with a honeycomb deformation element. This setup was chosen to be able to vary each single parameter while avoiding variations of the other test parameters at the same time. The test parameters were varied stronger than allowed in regulatory use in order to determine possible dependencies between the parameters and the readings which were acceleration, bending angle and shear displacement.
The primary goal of this investigation was to determine the relative risk of traffic accidents in students. In a two year period, a survey amongst 2,325 students was carried out, and 3,645 injuries sustained by students treated at our hospital were analyzed. Moped-riding in adolescents were associated with a 23.75-fold increased risk for injury as compared to biking. Children who ride bicycles have a 2.2-fold increased risk for an injury sustained by traffic accidents compared to pedestrians. None of 50 injured bicycle riders with helmet had an AIS for head injuries of more than 2. 24 of 233 injured bicycle drivers without helmet had an AIS for head injuries of more than 2. The use of a protective helmet significantly reduced the severity of head injuries. The level of awareness towards danger and a history of previous accidents correlate with the likelihood of future accidents. Due to the severity of traffic accidents, more adequate prevention measures (wearing of bicycle helmets and better education for moped riders) are urgently needed.
It is well known that most accidents with pedestrians are caused by the driver not being alert or misinterpreting the situation. For that reason advanced forward looking safety systems have a high potential to improve safety for this group of vulnerable road users. Active pedestrian protection systems combine reduction of impact speed by driver warning and/or autonomous braking with deployment of protective devices shortly before the imminent impact. According to the Euro NCAP roadmap the Autonomous Emergency Braking system tests for Pedestrians Protection will be set in force from 2016 onwards. Various projects and organisations in Europe are developing performance tests and assessment procedures as accompanying measures to the Euro NCAP initiative. To provide synthesised input to Euro NCAP so-called Harmonisation Platforms (HP-) have been established. Their main goal is to foster exchange of information on key subjects, thereby generating a clear overview of similarities and differences on the approaches chosen and, on that basis, recommend on future test procedures. In this paper activities of the Harmonisation Platform 2 on the development of Test Equipment are presented. For the testing targets that mimic humans different sensing technologies are required. A first set of specifications for pedestrian targets and the propulsion systems as collected by Harmonisation Platform 2 are presented together with a first evaluation for a number of available tools.
Providing effective occupant protection in rollover crashes requires supplying the occupant with a restraint system proven effective in the dynamic rollover accident mode. Preventing ejection and providing restraint sufficient to prevent potentially injurious contacts with both interior and exterior vehicle components is paramount for effective rollover occupant protection. Research has shown that the injury potential can be decreased by closely coupling the occupant to the seat. This paper focuses on the effect of restraint system slack and its relationship to occupant excursion and ejection potential during rollover. Various restraint system configurations are evaluated in rollover-type test environments. A review of prior research is presented prior to presenting new quasi-static vehicle inversion studies conducted with live surrogate occupants. Additionally, dynamic rollover testing utilizing anthropometric test devices (ATDs) is presented. The influence of belt looseness and effects of various restraint designs on the belted occupants' injury potential are discussed.
Among European Countries, Spain first issued a Standard, UNE 135900:2005, further updated in 2008, that deals with homologation and effectiveness evaluation of road restraint systems components designed to reduce harm for bikers impacting on them. An in depth analysis and critical review of this standard is reported in this paper. Beside a close examination of the standard requirements, numerical models of the crash test stated by the standard have been set up and simulated to study the effects of slight speed and approach angle variations on test results, remaining within tolerance gaps allowed by the standard. Model were validated against experimental data. Together with the expected increasing severity of the impact according with speed, a strong influence of approach angle on injury parameters was found. Possible improvements to the norm, in order to make it more robust, are suggested.
Event Data Recorder (EDR) is an additional function installed in airbag control module (ACM) to record vehicle and occupant information for a brief period of time before, during, and after a crash event. EDRs are now being installed in ACMs by several automakers in the USA and in Japan. The aim of this study is to understand the performance of EDRs for the improvement of accident reconstruction with more reliable information. In the first report of the study, data obtained from EDRs of seven vehicle types were evaluated using 2006-2007 J-NCAP (Japanese new car assessment program) full-lap frontal barrier crash tests and offset frontal deformable barrier crash tests data. For more practical standpoint, we conducted thirteen crash tests reconstructing typical real-world accidents such as single vehicle accidents with barriers or poles, car to car accidents and multi rear-end collisions focusing on Japanese typical accident types. Data obtained from EDRs are compared with data obtained from optical speed sensor, instrumented accelerometers and high speed video cameras. The velocities determined from pre-crash data of EDRs and the maximum change in velocity, delta-V, and delta-V time history data obtained from post-crash data of EDRs are analyzed. The results are as follows: - Pre-crash velocities of EDRs were very accurate and reliable. An average difference between the EDR recording values and reference speeds was 4.2% and a root mean square of the differences was 9.2%. Only two cases resulted large differences for the pre-crash velocity. Both of them were cases with braking prior to the collision. However, another test with braking resulted less difference. The braking condition may influence accuracy of pre-crash velocities. - Maximum delta-Vs obtained from the EDRs showed uncertainty of measurement in several cases in comparisons with the reliable delta-V data. The differences in maximum delta-V were more than 10% in five of twenty-five events data and more than 20% in two of twenty-five events data. An average of the all differences was about 4% and root mean square of the differences was about 11%. Especially large deformation at narrow area may influence accuracy of post-crash delta-V. - Multiple rear-end crash tests were reconstructed using EDRs data as case studies. Some EDRs recorded two events and a time gap between two events, so that these reconstruction case studies were very accurate and reliable. - If though only one of three vehicles in multiple rear end crash was equipped EDR, overview and velocities of all cars may be reconstructed using these limited EDR data. In this case study, leading car- EDR data and middle car- EDR data were valuable. However if only following car was equipped EDR, the reconstruction was not accurate
The advent of active safety systems calls for the development of appropriate testing methods. These methods aim to assess the effectivity of active safety systems based on criteria such as their capability to avoid accidents or lower impact speeds and thus mitigate the injury severity. For prospective effectivity studies, simulation becomes an important tool that needs valid models not only to simulate driving dynamics and safety systems, but also to resolve the collision mechanics. This paper presents an impact model which is based on solving momentum conservation equations and uses it in an effectivity study of a generic collision mitigation system in reconstructed real accidents at junctions. The model assumes an infinitely short crash duration and computes output parameters such as post-crash velocities, delta-v, force directions, etc. and is applicable for all impact collision configurations such as oblique, excentric collisions. Requiring only very little computational effort, the model is especially useful for effectivity studies where large numbers of simulations are necessary. Validation of the model is done by comparison with results from the widely used reconstruction software PC-Crash. Vehicles involved in the accidents are virtually equipped with a collision mitigation system for junctions using the software X-RATE, and the simulations (referred to as system simulations) are started sufficiently early before the collision occurred. In order to assess the effectivity, the real accident (referred to as baseline) is compared with the system simulations by computing the reduction of the impact speeds and delta-v.
A flexible pedestrian legform impactor (FlexPLI) with biofidelic characteristics is aimed to be implemented within global legislation on pedestrian protection. Therefore, it is being evaluated by a technical evaluation group (Flex-TEG) of GRSP with respect to its biofidelity, robustness, durability, usability and protection level (Zander, 2008). Previous studies at the Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt) and other laboratories already showed good progress concerning the general development, but also the need for further improvement and further research in various areas. An overview is provided of the different levels of development and all kinds of evaluation activities of the Flex-TEG, starting with the Polar II full scale pedestrian dummy as its origin and ending up with the latest legform impactor built level GTR that is expected to be finalized by the end of the year 2009. Using the latest built levels as a basis, gaps are revealed that should be closed by future developments, like the usage of an upper body mass (UBM), the validation of the femur loads, injury risk functions for the cruciate knee ligaments and an appropriate certification method. A recent study on an additional upper body mass being applied for the first time to the Flex-GT is used as means of validation of recently proposed modified impact conditions. Therefore, two test series on a modern vehicle front using an impactor with and without upper body mass are compared. A test series with the Flex-GTR will be used to study both the comparability of the impact behavior of the GT and GTR built level as well as the consistency of test results. Recommendations for implementation within legislation on pedestrian protection are made.
Many safety-relevant tasks in control or diagnostics require binary choices such as "conflict versus separation" in air traffic control, "normal versus pathological" when interpreting x-ray pictures, or "permitted versus forbidden" when inspecting airport security scans. Deciders often are uncertain, but nevertheless required to decide between two alternatives, that is, they have not only to decide upon an action, but also about the admissible level of uncertainty. If the accepted level of judgment certainty is not taken into account, the sequence of decisions does not capture the full picture of the underlying decision process. Differences in judgment certainty are relevant, because they reflect not only the adequacy of the human-machine interface that is evaluated, but also the differences in expertise of the decider and the requirements of the actual situation or task. Therefore, capturing both judgment certainty and discrimination performance is essential. A comparison of different human-machine-interfaces (for air traffic control) is used to illustrate a methodological approach, which allows for integrated analyses of decision processes based on receiver-operator-characteristics and practical guidelines for the evaluation of human-machine-interfaces for safety-relevant operation procedures are provided.
This paper will outline ETSC's contribution to the European Union's road safety policy 2011-2020. It will present some of the main recommendations from ETSC's Blueprint for the 4th Road Safety Action Programme and will introduce the response to the European Commission's Road Safety Policy Orientations 2011-2020 (published July 2010). The second framework document presented is the Transport White Paper (published March 2011). The paper will focus on new targets and the new vision set for Europe's Road Safety policy picking out some issues in particular such as traffic law enforcement and the protection of vulnerable road users. It will argue that by reinforcing the current Road Safety Policy Orientations, the EU will be better placed to reach its new ambitious goal of halving road deaths by 2020 and the longer term zero casualty vision.
In line with the new definition introduced by the European Commission (EC), the number of seriously injured road casualties in Germany for 2014 is assessed in this study. The number of MAIS3+ casualties is estimated by two different methodological approaches. The first approach is based on data from the German Inâ€Depth Accident Study (GIDAS), which is closely related to the German Road Traffic Accident Statistics. The second approach is based on data from the German TraumaRegister DGU-® (TRâ€DGU), which includes many more hospitals but not all MAIS3+ injuries.
Estimation of the benefits for the UK for potential options to modify UNECE Regulation No. 95
(2010)
The side impact problem in Europe remains substantial. UK data shows that between 22% and 26% of car occupant casualties are involved in a side impact, but this rises to between 29% and 38% for those who are fatally injured. This indicates the more injurious nature of side impacts compared with frontal impacts. The European Enhanced Vehicle safety Committee (EEVC) has performed work to address the side impact issue since 1979. As part of its continuing work, it has recently investigated potential options for regulatory changes to improve side impact protection in cars further. To support this work the UK undertook an analysis to estimate the benefit for potential options to modify UNECE Regulation 95. The analysis used the UK national STATS19 and detailed Co-operative Crash Injury Study (CCIS) accident databases. Of the potential options reviewed, it was found that the addition of a pole test offered the greatest benefit.
Although the number of road accident casualties in Europe (EU27) is falling the problem still remains substantial. In 2011 there were still over 30,000 road accident fatalities. Approximately half of these were car occupants and about 60 percent of these occurred in frontal impacts. The next stage to improve a car's safety performance in frontal impacts is to improve its compatibility. The objective of the FIMCAR FP7 EU-project was to develop an assessment approach suitable for regulatory application to control a car's frontal impact and compatibility crash performance and perform an associated cost benefit analysis for its implementation. This paper reports the cost benefit analyses performed to estimate the effect of the following potential changes to the frontal impact regulation: • Option 1 " No change and allow current measures to propagate throughout the vehicle fleet. • Option 2 " Add a full width test to the current offset Deformable Barrier (ODB) test. • Option 3 " Add a full width test and replace the current ODB test with a Progressive Deformable Barrier (PDB) test. For the analyses national data were used from Great Britain (STATS 19) and from Germany (German Federal Statistical Office). In addition in-depth real word crash data were used from CCIS (Great Britain) and GIDAS (Germany). To estimate the benefit a generalised linear model, an injury reduction model and a matched pairs modelling approach were applied. The benefits were estimated to be: for Option 1 "No change" about 2.0%; for Option 2 "FW test" ranging from 5 to 12% and for Option 3 "FW and PDB tests" 9 to 14% of car occupant killed and seriously injured casualties.
Although the annual traffic accident statistics published by the national police is available in public, the detailed traffic accident data has not been released in Korea. Recently the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport recognized the importance of in-depth accident data to enhance road traffic safety and initiated a research project to establish a collection of the detailed accident data. The main objective of the project is a feasibility study to establish KIDAS (Korea In-Depth Accident Study). Within this project, three university hospitals which are located in mid-size cities have been selected to collect accident data. Annually, more than 500 cases of accidents have been collected from the in-patient's interviews and diagnosis. Unlike GIDAS (German In-Depth Accident Study), currently on-site investigation can"t be performed by the Korean police. The only available data is patient medical records, patient's description of accident circumstances and the damaged vehicle. Occasionally the police provide the accident investigation reports containing very brief information on accident causation and vehicle safety. In a first step, the concept of KIDAS is to adopt the format of iGLAD (Initiative for the Global Harmonization of Accident Data) for harmonization. Since the currently collected accident information is extremely limited compared with GIDAS, the other sources of data and calculations such as KNCAP vehicle data, pc-crash simulations, vehicle registration information, insurance company data are utilized to complete the iGLAD template. Results from KIDAS_iGLAD and the cases of assessment of active safety devices such as AEBS, ESC, and LDWS will be evaluated.
The need for improved EU level accident information and data was identified in the EU White Paper on Transport Policy (2001)1 and detailed in the Road Safety Action Plan (2003)2. The plan specifies that the EC will develop a road safety observatory to coordinate data collection within an integrated framework.