Sonstige
Filtern
Dokumenttyp
- Konferenzveröffentlichung (256) (entfernen)
Sprache
- Englisch (256) (entfernen)
Volltext vorhanden
- ja (256) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- Conference (237)
- Konferenz (236)
- Accident (123)
- Unfall (123)
- Germany (118)
- Deutschland (117)
- Injury (85)
- Verletzung (84)
- Unfallrekonstruktion (72)
- Statistics (56)
- Statistik (55)
- Analyse (math) (53)
- Analysis (math) (52)
- Schweregrad (Unfall, Verletzung) (52)
- Severity (accid, injury) (50)
- Tödlicher Unfall (50)
- Fatality (49)
- Reconstruction (accid) (46)
- Data acquisition (39)
- Datenerfassung (39)
- injury) (38)
- Datenbank (37)
- Simulation (37)
- Schweregrad (Unfall (36)
- Verletzung) (36)
- Car (35)
- Cause (35)
- On the spot accident investigation (35)
- Untersuchung am Unfallort (35)
- Ursache (35)
- Fußgänger (34)
- Pedestrian (34)
- Severity (accid (34)
- Fahrzeug (29)
- Vehicle (28)
- Data bank (27)
- Safety (27)
- Unfallverhütung (27)
- Zusammenstoß (27)
- Accident prevention (26)
- Accident reconstruction (26)
- Collision (26)
- Sicherheit (26)
- Geschwindigkeit (25)
- Motorcyclist (24)
- Motorradfahrer (24)
- Speed (24)
- Cyclist (23)
- Radfahrer (23)
- Leistungsfähigkeit (allg) (22)
- Bewertung (21)
- Driver (21)
- Evaluation (assessment) (21)
- Fahrer (21)
- PKW (21)
- Active safety system (20)
- Anfahrversuch (20)
- Frontalzusammenstoß (20)
- Efficiency (19)
- Head on collision (19)
- Insasse (19)
- Aktives Sicherheitssystem (18)
- Method (18)
- Europa (17)
- Europe (17)
- Fahrerassistenzsystem (17)
- Risiko (17)
- Verfahren (17)
- Vehicle occupant (16)
- Interview (15)
- Passives Sicherheitssystem (15)
- Pkw (15)
- Test (15)
- Risk (14)
- Sicherheitsgurt (14)
- Versuch (14)
- Benutzung (13)
- Driver assistance system (13)
- Motorrad (13)
- Passive safety system (13)
- Use (13)
- Accident rate (12)
- Motorcycle (12)
- Safety belt (12)
- Überschlagen (12)
- Auffahrunfall (11)
- Child (11)
- Kind (11)
- Rear end collision (11)
- Schutzhelm (11)
- Seitlicher Zusammenstoß (11)
- Unfallhäufigkeit (11)
- Berechnung (10)
- Crash helmet (10)
- Human factor (10)
- Impact test (veh) (10)
- Menschlicher Faktor (10)
- Overturning (veh) (10)
- Rechenmodell (10)
- Risikobewertung (10)
- Side impact (10)
- Calculation (9)
- Database (9)
- Fahrzeugsitz (9)
- Head (9)
- Japan (9)
- Kopf (9)
- Leg (human) (9)
- Mathematical model (9)
- Prognose (9)
- Risk assessment (9)
- Age (8)
- Airbag (8)
- Alte Leute (8)
- Alter (8)
- Behaviour (8)
- Brustkorb (8)
- Development (8)
- Digital model (8)
- Entwicklung (8)
- Fehler (8)
- Lorry (8)
- Numerisches Modell (8)
- Old people (8)
- Seat (veh) (8)
- Verhalten (8)
- Air bag (restraint system) (7)
- Antikollisionssystem (7)
- Austria (7)
- Biomechanics (7)
- Biomechanik (7)
- Error (7)
- Erste Hilfe (7)
- Fahranfänger (7)
- Fracture (bone) (7)
- Front (7)
- Improvement (7)
- Knochenbruch (7)
- Krankenhaus (7)
- Prevention (7)
- Recently qualified driver (7)
- USA (7)
- Verbesserung (7)
- Wirbelsäule (7)
- Österreich (7)
- Bein (menschl) (6)
- Bremsung (6)
- China (6)
- Collision avoidance system (6)
- Deformation (6)
- Forecast (6)
- Hospital (6)
- India (6)
- Indien (6)
- Ort (Position) (6)
- Portugal (6)
- Software (6)
- Thorax (6)
- Vereinigtes Königreich (6)
- Verformung (6)
- Verminderung (6)
- Analyse (Math) (5)
- Braking (5)
- Cervical vertebrae (5)
- Correlation (math, stat) (5)
- Decrease (5)
- Driver training (5)
- EU (5)
- Eins (5)
- Fahrausbildung (5)
- First aid (5)
- Halswirbel (5)
- Impact study (5)
- Impact test (5)
- Knotenpunkt (5)
- Location (5)
- One (5)
- Post crash (5)
- Prüfverfahren (5)
- Spinal column (5)
- Test method (5)
- Vorn (5)
- Wirksamkeitsuntersuchung (5)
- Adolescent (4)
- Angle (4)
- Bremse (4)
- Coefficient of friction (4)
- Collision test (veh) (4)
- Cost benefit analysis (4)
- Distraction (4)
- Dynamics (4)
- Dynamik (4)
- Electronic stability program (4)
- Estimation (4)
- Fahrdatenschreiber (4)
- France (4)
- Frankreich (4)
- Frau (4)
- Jugendlicher (4)
- Junction (4)
- Korrelation (math, stat) (4)
- LKW (4)
- Measurement (4)
- Messung (4)
- Modification (4)
- Oberflächentextur (4)
- Occupant (veh) (4)
- Policy (4)
- Politik (4)
- Regression analysis (4)
- Regressionsanalyse (4)
- Reibungsbeiwert (4)
- Schweden (4)
- Sensor (4)
- Sichtbarkeit (4)
- Surface texture (4)
- Unfallfolgemaßnahme (4)
- United Kingdom (4)
- Verhütung (4)
- Veränderung (4)
- Sichtbarkeit (4)
- Winkel (4)
- Wirtschaftlichkeitsrechnung (4)
- Ablenkung (psychol) (3)
- Anthropometric dummy (3)
- Befreiung (Bergung) (3)
- Bicycle (3)
- Blickfeld (3)
- Brake (3)
- Crash test (3)
- Czech Republic (3)
- Damage (3)
- Delivery vehicle (3)
- Drunkenness (3)
- Effectiveness (3)
- Elektronisches Stabilitätsprogramm (3)
- Erziehung (3)
- Event data recorder (road vehicle) (3)
- Extrication (3)
- Fahrgeschicklichkeit (3)
- Fahrrad (3)
- Fahrstabilität (3)
- Field of vision (3)
- Finite element method (3)
- Human body (3)
- Impact sled (3)
- Information (3)
- Information documentation (3)
- Interior (veh) (3)
- Kleidung (3)
- Korea (Süd) (Demokratische Republik) (3)
- Lieferfahrzeug (3)
- Lkw (3)
- Man (3)
- Mann (3)
- Menschlicher Körper (3)
- Passenger (3)
- Probability (3)
- Republic of Korea (3)
- Run off the road (accid) (3)
- Sachschaden (3)
- Schutzeinrichtung (3)
- Seite (3)
- Steifigkeit (3)
- Stiffness (3)
- Technologie (3)
- Technology (3)
- Trunkenheit (3)
- Tschechische Republik (3)
- United kingdom (3)
- Vehicle handling (3)
- Verkehrsteilnehmer (3)
- Verschiebung (3)
- Versuchspuppe (3)
- Wahrscheinlichkeit (3)
- Woman (3)
- Abbiegen (2)
- Abdomen (2)
- Abkommen von der Fahrbahn (Unfall) (2)
- Accuracy (2)
- Advanced driver assistance system (2)
- Aufprallschlitten (2)
- Ausrüstung (2)
- Australia (2)
- Australien (2)
- Automatisch (2)
- Automatische Notbremsung (2)
- Autonomous emergency braking (2)
- Behinderter (2)
- Bein (2)
- Beinahe Unfall (2)
- Belastung (2)
- Blutkreislauf (2)
- Body (car) (2)
- Bremsweg (2)
- Bus (2)
- Camera (2)
- Circulation (blood) (2)
- Classification (2)
- Clothing (2)
- Coach (2)
- Compatibility (2)
- Contact (tyre road) (2)
- Cost (2)
- Crash victim (2)
- Crossing the road (2)
- Decision process (2)
- Deformable barrier (impact test) (2)
- Depth (2)
- Detection (2)
- Deutschalnd (2)
- Digital image processing (2)
- Digitale Bildverarbeitung (2)
- Disablement (2)
- Dreidimensional (2)
- Driver information (2)
- Driving (veh) (2)
- Edge (2)
- Education (2)
- Eindringung (2)
- Eingabedaten (2)
- Einstellung (psychol) (2)
- Electric bicycle (2)
- Electronic driving aid (2)
- Elektrofahrrad (2)
- Entdeckung (2)
- Entscheidungsprozess (2)
- Equipment (2)
- Ergonomics (2)
- Ergonomie (2)
- Eu (2)
- Fahrbahnüberquerung (2)
- Fahrsimulator (2)
- Fahrzeugführung (2)
- Fahrzeuginnenraum (2)
- Fernverkehrsstraße (2)
- Forschungsarbeit (2)
- Geländefahrzeug (2)
- Government (national) (2)
- Griffigkeit (2)
- Harmonisation (2)
- Hazard (2)
- Head restraint (2)
- Highway (2)
- Highway design (2)
- Hinten (2)
- Input data (2)
- International (2)
- Kamera (2)
- Karosserie (2)
- Klassifizierung (2)
- Knee (human) (2)
- Knie (menschl) (2)
- Kompatibilität (2)
- Kontakt Reifen Straße (2)
- Kontrolle (2)
- Kopfstütze (2)
- Kosten (2)
- Langfristig (2)
- Load (2)
- Long term (2)
- Main road (2)
- Medical aspects (2)
- Medizinische Gesichtspunkte (2)
- Medizinische Untersuchung (2)
- Methode der finite Elemente (2)
- Methode der finiten Elemente (2)
- Mobile phone (2)
- Mobiltelefon (2)
- Movement (2)
- Near miss (2)
- Netherlands (2)
- Niederlande (2)
- Output (2)
- Overlapping (2)
- Penetration (2)
- Posture (2)
- Quality (2)
- Qualität (2)
- Reaction (human) (2)
- Reaktionsverhalten (2)
- Rear (2)
- Recording (2)
- Regierung (staat) (2)
- Reisebus (2)
- Restraint system (2)
- Road traffic (2)
- Road user (2)
- Safety fence (2)
- Severity (acid (2)
- Shock (2)
- Simulator (driving) (2)
- Skidding resistance (2)
- Skill (road user) (2)
- Spain (2)
- Spanien (2)
- Specifications (2)
- Sport utility vehicle (2)
- Standardisierung (2)
- Straßenentwurf (2)
- Straßenverkehr (2)
- Surveillance (2)
- Sweden (2)
- Telefon (2)
- Telephone (2)
- Theorie (2)
- Theory (2)
- Three dimensional (2)
- Tiefe (2)
- Time (2)
- Trend (stat) (2)
- Turn (2)
- Unfallopfer (2)
- Unterleib (2)
- Vehicle regulations (2)
- Vorne (2)
- Wet road (2)
- Zeit (2)
- Zeitreihe (stat) (2)
- Überlappung (2)
- Ability (road user) (1)
- Abkommen von der Fahrbahn (1)
- Ablenkung (1)
- Absorption (1)
- Abstandsregeltempomat (1)
- Acceleration (1)
- Acceptability (1)
- Accident black spot (1)
- Accident proneness (1)
- Accident severity (1)
- Active safety system; Automatic; Brake; Car; Collision avoidance system; Conference; Driver assistance system; Germany; Impact test (veh); Rear end collision; Severity (accid (1)
- Activity report (1)
- Adaptive cruise controll (1)
- Administration (1)
- Adult (1)
- Aggression (psycho) (1)
- Aggression (psychol) (1)
- Air traffic control (1)
- Airbag (restraint system) (1)
- Analyse (1)
- Analyses (math) (1)
- Anthropometrie (1)
- Anthropometry (1)
- Anti locking device (1)
- Antiblockiereinrichtung (1)
- Apparatus (measuring) (1)
- Arbeitsgruppe (1)
- Arm (human) (1)
- Arm (menschl) (1)
- Atives Sicherheitssystem (1)
- Attention (1)
- Attitude (psychol) (1)
- Audit (1)
- Auffharunfall (1)
- Aufmerksamkeit (1)
- Aufzeichnung (1)
- Aufzeichung (1)
- Autobahn (1)
- Automatic (1)
- Autotür (1)
- Back (human) (1)
- Batterie (1)
- Battery (1)
- Baumusterzulassung (1)
- Bein [menschl] (1)
- Bemessung (1)
- Bepflanzung (1)
- Beschleunigung (1)
- Bevölkerung (1)
- Bewehrung (1)
- Bone (1)
- Braking distance (1)
- Breaking (1)
- Bruch (mech) (1)
- Budget (1)
- Car door (1)
- Carbon dioxide (1)
- Chest (1)
- Cognitive impairment (1)
- Colthing (1)
- Communication (1)
- Comprehension (1)
- Compression (1)
- Computation (1)
- Concentration (chem) (1)
- Conference; Germany; Injury; Medical examination; Spinal column; X ray (1)
- Contact (tyre (1)
- Crashtest (1)
- Cross roads (1)
- Cycle track (1)
- Cycling (1)
- Damping (1)
- Data base (1)
- Data transmission (telecom) (1)
- Datenübertragung (Telekom) (1)
- Datenübertragung (telekom) (1)
- Dauer (1)
- Day (24 hour period) (1)
- Deformierbare Barriere (Anpralltest) (1)
- Deformierte Barriere (Anpralltest) (1)
- Density (1)
- Design (overall design) (1)
- Detektion (1)
- Dichte (1)
- Digital computer (1)
- Digitalrechner (1)
- Displacement (1)
- Distribution (gen) (1)
- Driving aid (electronic) (1)
- Dtetection (1)
- Durchsichtigkeit (1)
- Dämpfung (1)
- EU directive (1)
- EU-Richtlinie (1)
- Eigenschaft (1)
- Ejection (1)
- Elastizitätsmodul (1)
- Electric vehicle (1)
- Electronics (1)
- Elektrofahrzeug (1)
- Elektronik (1)
- Elektronisches Stabilitätsprogram (1)
- Emergency (1)
- Emergency medical aid (1)
- Energie (1)
- Energy (1)
- Enforcement (law) (1)
- Entgleisung (Zug) (1)
- Erfahrung (menschl) (1)
- Erwachsener (1)
- Event data recorder (Road vehicle) (1)
- Experience (human) (1)
- Expert system (1)
- Expertensystem (1)
- Expressway (1)
- Face (human) (1)
- Facility (1)
- Fahrerinformationen (1)
- Fahrzeugdach (1)
- Fahrzeugflotte (1)
- Fahrzeugrückhaltesystem (1)
- Fahrzeugteil (Sicherheit) (1)
- Fatigue (human) (1)
- Fear (1)
- Fence (1)
- Feuer (1)
- Financing (1)
- Finanzierung (1)
- Finland (1)
- Finnland (1)
- Fire (1)
- Fleet of vehicles (1)
- Flugsicherung (1)
- Foot (not a measure) (1)
- Form (1)
- Frequency (1)
- Friction (1)
- Fuel tank (1)
- Furcht (1)
- Fuß (1)
- Führerschein Punktesystem (1)
- Genauigkeit (1)
- Geografisches Information System (1)
- Geographical information system (1)
- Geometry (shape) (1)
- Geradeausverkehr (1)
- Geschwindigkeitsbeschränkung (1)
- Gesetzesdurchführung (1)
- Gesetzesübertretung (1)
- Gesetzgebung (1)
- Gesicht (1)
- Gesundheit (1)
- Gewicht (1)
- Harmonisierung (1)
- Health (1)
- Herausschleudern (1)
- Hip (human) (1)
- Homogeneity (1)
- Homogenität (1)
- Hospitsl (1)
- Häufigkeit (1)
- Hüfte (1)
- Illness (1)
- Image analysis (1)
- Image generation (1)
- Impact (collision) (1)
- In situ (1)
- Inertia reel safety belt (1)
- Infotainment System (1)
- Infotainment system (1)
- Installation (1)
- Interactive model (1)
- Interaktives Modell (1)
- Intersection (1)
- Inventar (1)
- Inventory (1)
- Ireland (1)
- Irland (1)
- Italien (1)
- Italy (1)
- Itinerary (1)
- Jahreszeit (1)
- Knochen (1)
- Kognitive Beeinträchtigung (1)
- Kohlendioxid (1)
- Kommunikation (1)
- Kontakt Reifen-Straße (1)
- Konzentration (1)
- Korea (Süd) (1)
- Korrelation [math (1)
- Kraftstofftank (1)
- Krankheit (1)
- Kreisverkehrsplatz (1)
- Kreuzung (1)
- Körperhaltung (1)
- Körperstellung (1)
- Lap strap (1)
- Lateral (1)
- Lateral collision (1)
- Learning (1)
- Legislation (1)
- Leistungsfähigkeit (Allg.) (1)
- Length (1)
- Links (1)
- Länge (1)
- Lärm (1)
- Malaysia (1)
- Massenunfall (1)
- Mathematical Model (1)
- Matrix (1)
- Mean (math) (1)
- Medical examination (1)
- Text (1)
- Messgerät (1)
- Mittelwert (1)
- Mobility (1)
- Mobilität (1)
- Model (not math) (1)
- Modell (1)
- Modulus of elasticity (1)
- Montage (1)
- Moped (1)
- Motorisierungsgrad (1)
- Multiple collision (1)
- Müdigkeit (1)
- Nachricht (1)
- Nasse Strasse (1)
- Nasse Straße (1)
- Nigeria (1)
- Noise (1)
- Nordamerika (1)
- Norm (tech) (1)
- North America (1)
- Norway (1)
- Norwegen (1)
- Notfall (1)
- Nummer (1)
- Nutzwertanalyse (1)
- Offence (1)
- Official approval (1)
- Offset impact test (1)
- On the left (1)
- On the right (1)
- On the spot investigation (1)
- Organisation (1)
- Organization (association) (1)
- Overturning (1)
- Oxygen (1)
- Padding (safety) (1)
- Partnerschaft (1)
- Partnership (1)
- Perception (1)
- Personal (1)
- Personnel (1)
- Pfosten (1)
- Planning (1)
- Planung (1)
- Point demerit system (1)
- Pole (1)
- Police (1)
- Polizei (1)
- Population (1)
- Portable (1)
- Position (1)
- Pregnancy (1)
- Properties (1)
- Protective helmet (1)
- Prototyp (1)
- Prototype (1)
- Pssives Sicherheitssystem (1)
- Psychological aspects (1)
- Psychologische Gesichtspunkte (1)
- Public transport (1)
- QAccident (1)
- Quality assurance (1)
- Quality management system (1)
- Qualitätsmanagementsystem (1)
- Qualitätssicherung (1)
- Radfahren (1)
- Radweg (1)
- Rail bound transport (1)
- Rail traffic (1)
- Rechts (1)
- Reconstruction [accid] (1)
- Reduction (decrease) (1)
- Rehabilitation (1)
- Rehabilitation (road user) (1)
- Reibung (1)
- Reifen (1)
- Reifenprofil (1)
- Reinforcement (in mater) (1)
- Reiseweg (1)
- Republic of Corea (1)
- Research project (1)
- Research projekt (1)
- Residential area (1)
- Resuscitation (1)
- Reversing (veh) (1)
- Rib (1)
- Richtlinie (1)
- Richtlinien (1)
- Risk taking (1)
- Road network (1)
- Road transport (1)
- Roll over (veh) (1)
- Roof (veh) (1)
- Rotation (1)
- Roundabout (1)
- Rsk (1)
- Rupture (1)
- Röntgenstrahlung (1)
- Rücken (1)
- Rücksichtslosigkeit (1)
- Rückwärtsfahren (1)
- Safety harness (1)
- Safety system (1)
- Saftey (1)
- Sauerstoff (1)
- Schienentransport (1)
- Schienenverkehr (1)
- Schlag (1)
- Schleudertrauma (1)
- Schwangerschaft (1)
- Schweiz (1)
- Schweregrad (UNfall (1)
- Schätzung (1)
- Season (1)
- Seat (1)
- Seat belt (1)
- Seat harness (1)
- Severity (accid, injuy) (1)
- Sicherheitspolsterung (1)
- Side (1)
- Significance (1)
- Signifikanz (1)
- Specification (standard) (1)
- Speed limit (1)
- Speed) (1)
- Spinal calum (1)
- Sri Lanka (1)
- Stadt (1)
- Stahl (1)
- Standardization (1)
- Statistik (math) (1)
- Steel (1)
- Stochastic process (1)
- Stochastischer Prozess (1)
- Stopping distance (1)
- Straight ahead (traffic) (1)
- Strasse (1)
- Straße (1)
- Straßennetz (1)
- Straßentransport (1)
- Switzerland (1)
- Tag (24 Stunden) (1)
- Technische Vorschriften (1)
- Technische Vorschriften (Kraftfahrzeug) (1)
- Tension (1)
- Thailand (1)
- Traffic (1)
- Traffic restraint (1)
- Tragbar (1)
- Transparent (1)
- Transport infrastructure (1)
- Transport operator (1)
- Transportunternehmen (1)
- Traveler (1)
- Two dimensional (1)
- Tyre (1)
- Tyre tread (1)
- Tätigkeitsbericht (1)
- Underride prevention (1)
- Unfallfolgephase (1)
- Unfallneigung (1)
- Unfallrate (1)
- Unfallrekonsruktion (1)
- Unfallschwerpunkt (1)
- Unfallverhütug (1)
- Ungeschützter Verkehrsteilnehmer (1)
- Unterfahrschutz (1)
- Untersuchung am Umfallort (1)
- Urban area (1)
- Usa (1)
- Value analysis (1)
- Variance analysis (1)
- Varianzanalyse (1)
- Vegetation (1)
- Vehicle ownership (1)
- Vehicle restraint system (1)
- Vehicle safety device (1)
- Veletzung) (1)
- Vereinigtes Königreichl (1)
- Verfahen (1)
- Verkehr (1)
- Verkehrsbeschränkung (1)
- Verkehrsinfrastruktur (1)
- Vermeidung (1)
- Verständnis (1)
- Verteilung (allg) (1)
- Verwaltung (1)
- Visualisation (1)
- Visualisierung (1)
- Vulnerable road user (1)
- Wahrnehmung (1)
- Wasser (1)
- Water (1)
- Weather (1)
- Weight (1)
- Whiplash injury (1)
- Window (veh) (1)
- Windschutzscheibe (1)
- Witterung (1)
- Wohngebiet (1)
- Women (1)
- Working group (1)
- Zahl (1)
- Zug (mech) (1)
- Zusammendrückung (1)
- Zweidimensional (1)
- accident (1)
- aktives Sicherheitssystem (1)
- analyses (math) (1)
- ar (1)
- efficiency (1)
- fatality (1)
- finite element method (1)
- head (1)
- road) (1)
- simulation (1)
- stat] (1)
- tödlicher Unfall (1)
- Öffentlicher Verkehr (1)
Institut
- Sonstige (256) (entfernen)
An analysis of NASS and FARS was conducted to determine crash conditions that involved injuries that are not currently being directly addressed by vehicle safety standards or by consumer information test protocols. Analysis of both field data and US NCAP tests were conducted to determine the relative safety provided by seating position and by vehicle model year. Opportunities for improvements were determined by crash categories with large populations of injuries that were not addressed by safety tests or smaller numbers that were increasing in frequency. Areas of opportunities include improved occupant restrain in rollovers, improved frontal protection for rear seat occupants and improved fire prevention in frontal and rollover crashes.
Since 2005, the motorcycle crash fatalities in the US exceeded 10% of the overall annual traffic fatalities. Consequently, it has become critical to gain in-depth understanding of the factors and characteristics contributing to motorcycle crashes. Unfortunately, there currently exists no database gathering the necessary information for an in-depth analysis of the US motorcycle crashes. So this study utilizes the NASS/CDS database (National Automotive Sampling System, Crashworthiness Data System) in order to gain insights into the patterns and factors leading to a NASS/CDS motorcycle crash, from 1997 to 2007. NASS/CDS samples about 5,000 passenger car tow-away crashes per year. Each case includes photographs and detailed data on crash and pre-crash characteristics, vehicle types, trajectories, types of impact, and other pertinent roadway and crash scene information, allowing an in-depth investigation of the crash mechanisms. However, the NASS/CDS sampling process specifically focuses on passenger car crashes, so the cases extracted only correspond to crashes in which a passenger vehicle was towed, and a motorcycle was somehow involved. Thus, a by-hand in-depth review of about 200 cases allowed retrieving 106 relevant crashes for this study, tending to represent the severe passenger vehicle(s) versus motorcycle(s) crashes on US roads. The findings lead to the conclusion that these crashes mostly result from the low conspicuity of the motorcycle, and from the inability of the car drivers to fully appreciate and anticipate the behavior of a motorcycle. Indeed, it has been shown that, first, the car drivers involved in these cases did not attempt any avoidance maneuver, second, they were largely of ages under 25, and finally, the majority of the crashes were in an intersection scenario. In addition, the two major scenarios unveiled were the car attempting a left turn from the opposite direction and the car attempting a left turn from the right. The paper mentions several solutions to enhance the motorcycle- conspicuity and to allow the car drivers to better anticipate its behavior, which seem to be key factors in the intersection-related crashes (and more generally in the passenger vehicle(s) versus motorcycle(s) crashes).
The share of high-tensile steel in car bodies has increased over the last years. While occupant safety has generally benefited from this measure, there is a potential risk that, as a result, rescue time may increase considerably. In more than 60% of all car occupant fatalities a technical rescue has been necessary. These are in particular those cases where occupants die immediately at the accident scene. Therefore, in these cases "rescue time" is a very sensitive parameter. In addition to the general analysis of the need of technical rescue and the actual rescue time depending on model years, the injury pattern of occupants requiring technical rescue will be analysed to provide advice for rescue teams. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of rescue measures for the most popular car models depending on the safety cell design is given.
This study that was funded by the Research Association for Automotive Technology (FAT) develops a method for the evaluation of the placement of tanks or batteries by using the deformation frequencies in real-world accidents. Therefore, the deformations of more than 20.000 passenger cars in the GIDAS database are analysed. For each vehicle a contour of deformation is calculated and the deformed areas of the vehicles are transferred in a rangy matrix of deformation. Thereby, the vehicle is divided into more than 190.000 cells. Afterwards, all single matrices of deformation are summarized for each cell which allows representative analyses of the deformation frequencies of accidents with passenger cars in Germany. On the basis of these deformation frequencies it is possible to determine least deformed areas of all passenger cars. Furthermore, intended placements of tanks or batteries can be estimated in an early stage of development. Therefore, all vehicles with deformations in the intended tank areas can be analysed individually. Considering numerous parameters out of the GIDAS database (e.g. collision speed, kind of accident, overlap, collision partner etc.) the occurring forces can be calculated or the deformation frequency can be estimated. Furthermore, it is possible to consider the influence of primary and secondary safety systems on the deformation behaviour. The analysis of "worst case accident events" is an additional application of the calculated matrix of deformation frequency.
The NHTSA-sponsored Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network (CIREN) has collected and analyzed crash, vehicle damage, and detailed injury data from over 4000 case occupants who were patients admitted to Level-I trauma centers following involvement in motor vehicle crashes. Since 2005, CIREN has used a methodology known as "BioTab" to analyze and document the causes of injuries resulting from passenger vehicle crashes. BioTab was developed to provide a complete evidenced-based method to describe and document injury causation from in-depth crash investigations with confidence levels assigned to the causes of injury based on the available evidence. This paper describes how the BioTab method is being used in CIREN to leverage the data collected from in-depth crash investigations, and particularly the detailed injury data available in CIREN, to develop evidence-based assessments of injury causation. CIREN case examples are provided to demonstrate the ability of the BioTab method to improve real-world crash/injury data assessment.
The paper presents a methodology for the benefit estimation of several secondary safety systems for pedestrians, using the exceptional data depth of GIDAS. A total of 667 frontal pedestrian accidents up to 40kph and more than 500 AIS2+ injuries have been considered. In addition to the severity, affected body region, exact impact point on the vehicle, and the causing part of every injury, the related Euro NCAP test zone was determined. One results of the study is a detailed impact distribution for AIS2+ injuries across the vehicle front. It can be stated, how often a test zone or vehicle part is hit by pedestrians in frontal accidents and which role the ground impact plays. Basing on that, different secondary safety measures can be evaluated by an injury shift method concerning their real world effectiveness. As an example, measures concerning the Euro NCAP pedestrian rating tests have been evaluated. It was analysed which Euro NCAP test zones are the most effective ones. In addition, real test results have been evaluated. Using the presented methodology, other secondary safety like the active bonnet (pop-up bonnet) or a pedestrian airbag measures can be evaluated.
Tree impacts are still one of the most important focal points of road deaths in Germany. For the year 2008, the latest figures in the national statistics show a share of 28% of road users killed in crashes with trees alongside a road amongst all crashes on rural roads (except the Autobahn). The official German statistics show the attribute "impact on a tree" since 1995. For this first reported year, the share of road users killed in such crashes was 30%. During the last 14 years, fatal accidents with road users killed on rural roads (except the Autobahn) after impacts on a tree declined by 60% from 1,737 (year 1995) to 696 (year 2008). But this is more or less in line with the general evolution of vehicle and traffic safety in Germany. For Germany as a whole the accident statistics do not show a reduction for "treer crashes" which is clearly more than the average for all accidents. But, as shown with the paper, there are different evolutions in the several German States. In public awareness the topic "tree impacts" is mostly associated with the situation in Germany after the reunification. At that time a lot of road users were killed on the avenues in the so called "new countries". The fact that "tree impacts" are still a big share within the figure of killed road users seems to be little-known. Using updated information coming from the official statistics and in-depth-studies, accident researchers can identify a big potential for further improvements of traffic safety on the associated district roads, state roads and federal highways. There is still a need to analyse more details of the accident occurrence with impacts on trees to generate new and updated findings on the current limits and potentials of measures to improve vehicle and traffic safety. To make further efforts in reducing the figures of victims of "tree impacts" the intensification of well-known conventional solutions " for example implementation of guard rails and reduction of speed - is an option. Measures related to vehicle safety technology especially in the field of primary (active) safety will have additional benefit within the physically imposed limits. With this background it can be seen that the subject "tree impacts" should be analysed with a holistic approach taking into account the entire system of driver, vehicle, road, the environment and a social consensus as well.
Looking at the total of sum of fatal car accidents the number of single-vehicle accidents and particularly run-offroad (ROR) accidents are most frequent. In Austria on the Autobahn ROR accidents amounts to almost 45% of all fatal accidents, i.e. nearly every second fatal accident is caused by ROR accidents and interaction with infrastructure. Approximately 43 people were killed on Autobahns in ROR accidents with passenger cars. One possibility of protection against impacts with infrastructure is the use of guardrails. However, the initial element identified as a turned down terminal could become a dangerous impact object. These turned down terminals may lead a vehicle to roll over or the car "takes-off" when impacting the turned down guardrail. In many cases it is reported that the vehicle is jumping into road side objects such as traffic sign poles or overpasses. On average, nine people are killed in such accidents every year in Austria.
Small overlap frontal crashes are defined by a damage pattern with most of the vehicle deformation concentrated outboard of the main longitudinal structures. These crashes are prominent among frontal crashes resulting in serious and fatal injuries, even among vehicles that perform well in regulatory and consumer information crash tests. One of the critical aspects of understanding these crashes is knowing the crash speeds that cause the types of damage associated with serious injuries. Laboratory crash tests were conducted using 12 vehicles in three small overlap test conditions: pole, vehicle-to-vehicle collinear, and vehicle-to-vehicle oblique (15-degree striking angle). Field reconstruction techniques were used to estimate the delta V for each vehicle, and these results were compared with actual delta V values based on vehicle accelerometer data. Estimated delta Vs were 50% lower than actual values. Velocity change estimates for small overlap frontal crashes in databases such as NASS-CDS significantly underestimate actual values.
Bone fracture patterns could be crucial in reconstructing the nature of loading, especially in the lower limb and upper limb kinematics in vehicle-pedestrian crashes. In addition, use of FE bone models can be a handy tool to predict vehicle impact velocity and the impact direction. The point of fracture initiation in bone loading has been predicted quite accurately earlier. A methodology that predicts bone crack initiation and its propagation pattern for the six known loading directions using a single material and failure model is presented.