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The practicability and feasibility of using alcohol ignition interlock devices has been discussed for more than 15 years in Germany. Thereby, judicial issues have been treated conversely. Consensus exists about the fact that the voluntary use of alcohol ignition interlocks is in all areas of possible use recommendable. Great reservation is shown concerning the operation of the devices for DUI (Driving Under Influence) offenders. Main doubts regard the missing legal base for application in such cases and potential circumvention attempts while the need of supportive psychological measures is unquestioned. In 2011, the Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Affairs entered this topic in its newly released traffic safety programme as a matter of future research. Almost in parallel, the Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt) launched an alcohol ignition interlock project for DUI offenders. The study at hand aimed at developing a comprehensive programme concept for the use of alcohol ignition interlocks as additional measure to psychological rehabilitation for DUI offenders. Expert surveys serve as input for the establishment of a widely accepted innovative concept for nationwide implementation. By means of a pilot trial, the added value of using a combination of structural (alcohol interlock) and individual (psychological measure) intervention for DUI offenders to the existing countermeasure system should be studied. In addition, selection criteria for DUI offenders eligible for future programme participation should be defined. The majority of the experts evaluate the introduction of alcohol ignition interlocks as a good option to enhance traffic safety. The possibility of early psychological rehabilitation is emphasized in the process. Those who do not approve alcohol ignition interlock usage estimate the amount of offenders eligible for such programmes too small. The survey also revealed that legal regulations for issuing an alcohol interlock restricted licence to DUI offenders is missing. Hence, a possible amendment to the German Driving Licencing Regulation was developed within the project. Consultations with the Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Affairs and the Ministry of Justice disclosed the need for a change of the road traffic law before an amendment to the existing regulations may be put into force. At least, the person responsible in the Ministry of Justice developed a proposal for the law section that needs revision. All in all, it became clear within the process of the project that a field trial in Germany is still a distant vision. Nevertheless, all institutions involved are motivated to deal with the matter further on in order to pave the way for a soon start of the pilot trial.
In Germany, courses for the restoration of the fitness to drive after licence revocation are provided for different offender groups (alcohol, drug and demerit point offenders). Providers of these courses are by law required to prove the effectiveness of the applied course programs. For the evaluation of effectiveness, the Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt) established specific "Reference Values" in 2002. The objective of the study at hand was to collect valid data in order to renew the old-established Reference Values from 2002. Additionally, data collection aimed at initializing Reference Values for drug offender programs. Over 66,000 drivers were analysed regarding their traffic probation in the three years after licence reinstatement. Offenders were assigned to an offender group (alcohol, drugs and demerit point offenders) based on the reason for prior licence revocation. Different indicators were used as criteria for re-offending: new alcohol or drug records, culpable accident involvement and repeated licence revocation. For each of the offender groups, frequency distributions regarding these indicators were calculated. Frequencies of recidivism are highest for the group of demerit point offenders. Compared to the Reference Values of this group from 2002, frequencies of re-offending increased. Conversely, re-offence frequencies of alcohol offenders are halved compared to the data from 2001. The analysis of the re-offence frequencies of drug offenders reveals an equal amount of re-offenders as in the alcohol offender group. The collected data serve as a good base for renewal of the old-established Reference Values and may be applicable as comparative data for future evaluations The results reveal significant differences between recent data and earlier studies. These may occur due to improvements of the applied programmes, but also due to situational changes, e.g. increased enforcement levels and expansion of the catalogue of offenses which lead to demerit points.
The Swedish National Road Administration (SNRA), the Japanese Automobile Research Institute (JARI) and the Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt) are co-operating in the International Harmonized Research Activities on Intelligent Transportation Systems (IHRA-ITS). Under this umbrella a joint study was conducted. The overall objective of this study was to contribute to the definition and validation of a "battery of tools" which enables a prediction and an assessment of changes in driver workload due to the use of in-vehicle information systems (IVIS) while driving. In this sense \"validation\" means to produce empirical evidence from which it can be concluded that these methods reliably discriminate between IVIS which differ in terms of relevant features of the HMI-design. Additionally these methods should also be sensitive to the task demands imposed on the driver by the traffic situation and their interactions with HMI-design. To achieve these goals experimental validation studies (on-road and in the simulator) were performed in Sweden, Germany and Japan. As a common element these studies focused on the secondary task methodology as an approach to the study of driver workload. In a joint German-Swedish on-road study the Peripheral Detection Task (PDT) was assessed with respect to its sensitivity to the complexity of traffic situations and effects of different types of navigation systems. Results show that the PDT performance of both the German and the Swedish subjects reflects the task demands of the traffic situations better than those of the IVIS. However, alternative explanations are possible which will be examined by further analyses. Results of this study are supplemented by the Japanese study where informational demands induced by various traffic situations were analysed by using a simple arithmetic task as a secondary task. Results of this study show that relatively large task demands can be expected even from simple traffic situations.
Rural roads (highways) in Germany have to provide both high road safety and an appropriate level of service in accordance with their function in the road network. Single carriageway rural roads often underperform these expectations. An analysis of severe accidents on rural roads found two main contributing factors. First, high or inappropriate speed leads to accidents caused by the loss of control of the vehicle. Second, unsafe passing manoeuvres related to a misjudgement of sight distance, speed of oncoming vehicles or a misjudgement of the driver vehicle's acceleration capability. On the five roads where unsafe passing manoeuvres were a main contributing factor to accident occurrence, single short passing lanes (600 m to 1.2 km) were built to provide safe passing. On the remaining two-lane sections passing was prohibited by road signs and road marking. This paper investigates the effect of this design change on the accident situation and on traffic flow. The research project is based on a before/after comparison of traffic and accident data. Traffic volume, vehicle types and their velocities as well as the time gaps between the vehicles were recorded at different cross-sections. The result shows a significant improvement in road safety. This improvement was especially noted for severe head-on crashes, which were reduced to almost zero. The analysis of traffic flow on these roads pointed out that the chosen lengths of passing lanes were sufficient for safe passing and thereby reduced the need for dangerous driving behaviour. The recommendations of this research were fundamental for the determination of the design parameters of the second highest design class (EKL 2) in the new German Rural Road Design Guideline (RAL) published in spring 2013.
The use of alcohol interlocks for DUI offenders is widespread around the world. in North America and Australia alcohol interlocks are core elements in the countermeasure system against DUI recidivism. Based on a European experience exchange hosted by the Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt) in October 2013, key features of European alcohol interlock programmes are illustrated. In addition, key findings from international alcohol interlock research are presented. They point towards a need for an accompanying rehabilitative measure in order to achieve long-lasting behavioural changes in the offender. Data from the interlock recorder can be used as predictor for recidivism risk, but also as objective data to aid counselling. Finally, an example of an accompanying rehabilitative measure, which was specifically developed for interlock programmes within a BASt project, is given.
Radfahren - aber sicher!
(1989)
Bei der Veranstaltung, die am 16. und 17. November 1987 zu dem Thema "Radfahren - aber sicher!" in Wiesbaden stattfand, ging es darum, dem Sicherheitsbedürfnis des zunehmenden Radfahrverkehrs in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland gerecht zu werden, andererseits aber auch das nicht unproblematische Verhältnis zwischen der Radfahrerpopulation auf der einen und den übrigen Verkehrsteilnehmergruppen auf der anderen Seite auszuleuchten. In der jüngeren Vergangenheit wurden Klagen geäußert wie etwa die, dass sich die Radfahrer ihr eigenes Gesetz schafften. Von den Betroffenen wird dagegengehalten, dass die den Straßenverkehr betreffenden Gesetze und Verordnungen aus dem Blickwinkel des Kraftfahrers heraus gemacht worden seien und ein Verstoß dagegen für Radfahrer oft die naheliegendste Möglichkeit sei, einer Selbstgefährdung zu entgehen. Aus diesem Grunde wurde die Thematik in dem von der Deutschen Verkehrswacht gemeinsam mit der Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (BASt) und dem Bundesverkehrsministerium durchgeführten Symposium aus unterschiedlichster Sicht angesprochen. Vertreten war sowohl die Unfallforschung, die Straßenplanung, die Fahrzeugtechnik und die Polizei wie auch die Interessenvertreter der Rad- und der Autofahrer. Von vornherein war klar, dass ein Symposium dieser Art nicht dazu angetan sein konnte, "Patentlösungen" zu erarbeiten. Ziel der Veranstaltung war es vielmehr, das gegenseitige Verständnis der unterschiedlichen Verkehrsteilnehmergruppen füreinander zu wecken bzw. zu fördern. Dabei wurde deutlich, dass auch die Problematik des "Rollenwechsels" keineswegs frei von Schwierigkeiten ist: Das Verhalten des möglicherweise überwiegenden Teils der Verkehrsteilnehmer ist nicht so sehr an einem Grundwissen und ein Grundverhalten gebunden, als vielmehr von der Art der jeweiligen Verkehrsteilnahme abhängig.
Das Symposium umfasste folgende Beiträge: Who is afraid of more bicycle use? (Dijkstra,A); Safety of main roads in built-up-areas (Huber,CA); Safety of rural roads (Hehlen,P); Behavioural adaptation to vehicle design (Pfafferott,I); Adaptation to safety measures: there is still a lot to do (Levelt,PBM); Using sociological data to define target groups the speed limit's case (Barjonet,P); Definition of target groups for safety campaigns (Michalik,C); Influence speed choise (Clough,WS); Automatic speed management systems: great safety potential? (Oei,HL); Road accident risk factors in childhood and adolescence (Assailly,JP); What makes the young driver risky? (Hatakka,M); Influencing young driver's attitude by short-term reduction in traffic-risk factors (Johansen,HJ); Border crossing traffic and traffic safety (Elsner,A); Border-crossing traffic and security (Lukaschek,H); Enhancing police road accident data with information from other sources: the role of hospital data (Hopkin,JM); Exposure of unprotected road users (Thulin,H); Misuse of restraint systems for childs and adults (Wenaell,J); Emergency medical services systems (EMMS) and the care of traffic casualities in the Federal Republic of Germany (Kuehner,R).
Im Mittelpunkt der Überlegungen zu Perspektiven einer zeitgemäßen und sicherheitswirksamen Fahranfängervorbereitung steht die Absenkung des weiterhin hohen Anfangsrisikos bei Fahranfängern. Ausgehend von den positiven Erfahrungen mit dem Begleiteten Fahren ab 17 beauftragte das Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung (BMVBS) die Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (BASt) mit der Erarbeitung eines Rahmenkonzepts, in dem Entwicklungsperspektiven für weitere Verbesserungen der Vorbereitung von Fahranfängern und wissenschaftlich begründete Maßnahmenvorschläge für die Erhöhung der Fahranfängersicherheit formuliert werden. Zunächst werden die Aufgaben und die Vorgehensweise der Rahmenkonzepterarbeitung sowie die Kriterien für die Ableitung von Maßnahmenprioritäten skizziert. Ausgehend von den Erkenntnissen zur Entwicklung des Unfallrisikos im Verlauf der Fahrkarriere werden im Anschluss die maßgeblichen Ansatzpunkte zur verbesserten Gestaltung eines sicheren Übergangs in die Automobilität aufgezeigt. Zentrale Maßnahmenvorschläge des Rahmenkonzepts werden vorgestellt. Diese beziehen sich auf die Bekämpfung der maßgeblichen Ursachen des erhöhten Fahranfängerrisikos (Fahrerfahrungsdefizit und Einstellungsmängel), die Optimierung bestehender Fahranfängermaßnahmen und die verstärkte Erschließung von Technik und Wissenschaft für das Fahren lernen.
The DRUID expert consensus established recommendations on how to define limits for psychoactive substance use in traffic. The European DRUID project established a group of experts who are members of national working groups for defining analytical and/or risk thresholds. This group evaluated the results of DRUID, scientific literature and the experience of representatives of several EU Member States and Norway in determining cut-off levels. 1. Cut-offs should be defined for the most frequently used psychoactive substances; 2. In order to achieve compliance of the population towards cut-off regulations, they should be clear and comprehensible, pointing out the risks when used in traffic; 3. Thus, the definition of cut-offs should be based on current scientific knowledge; 4. The lowest substance concentration exerting an effect on driving should be preferred instead of the lowest limit of quantification/ detection; 5. For all psychoactive substances including alcohol, the same risk should be accepted. When a country intends to determine per se cut-off levels, several considerations have to be taken into account. From a scientific point of view, the same risk should be anticipated for all psychoactive substances including alcohol. Nevertheless, every cut-off discussion should address the question if the DRUID approach, to determine risk thresholds equivalent to alcohol limits, is feasible for the respective case.
Europe has benefited from a decreasing number of road traffic fatalities. However, the proportion of older road users increases steadily. In an ageing society, the SENIORS project aims to improve the safe mobility of older road users by determining appropriate requirements towards passive vehicle safety systems. Therefore, the characteristics of road traffic crashes involving the elderly people need to be understood. This paper focuses on car occupants and pedestrians or cyclists in crashes with modern passenger cars. Ten crash databases and four hospital statistics from Europe have been analysed to answer the questions on which body regions are most frequently and severely injured in the elderly, and specific injuries sustained by always comparing older (65 years and above) with midâ€aged road users (25â€64 years). It was found that the body region thorax is of particularly high importance for the older car occupant with injury severities of AIS2 or AIS3+, where as the lower extremities, head and the thorax need to be considered for older pedestrians and cyclists. Further, injury risk functions were provided. The hospital data analysis showed less difference between the age groups. The linkage between crash and hospital data could only be made on a general level as their inclusion criteria were quite different.