80 Unfallforschung
For the avoidance of traffic accidents by means of advanced driver assistance systems the knowledge of failures and deficiencies a few seconds before the crash is of increasing importance. This information e.g. is collected in the German accident survey GIDAS by an interview derived from the ACAS methodology. However to display the whole range of accident causation factors additional information is needed on enduring factors of the system components "human", "infrastructure" and "machine". On the strategic level these accident moderating factors include long term influences such as medical preconditions or a general higher risk taking behavior as well as influences on the immediate conflict level such as an aggressive response to a perceived previous traffic conflict. This study was conducted to examine the feasibility of collecting such causation information in the scope of an in-depth accident investigation like GIDAS. Due to the comprehensive amount of information necessary to estimate the moderating factors the collection of the information is distributed to different methods. 5 cases of real world crashes have been investigated where information was collected on-scene and retrospective by interviews. The identified moderating factors of the accidents and the method for collecting the information are displayed.
Introduction: The method of causation analysis applied under the German accident survey GIDAS, which is based on Accident Causation Analysis System (ACAS) focuses on an on-scene data collection of predominantly directly event-related causation factors which were crucial in the accident emergence as situational resulting events and influences. The paradigm underlying this method refers to the findings of the psychological traffic accident research that most causally relevant features of the system components human, infrastructure and vehicle technology are found directly in the situation shortly before the accident. This justifies the survey method which is conducted directly at the accident (on-scene), shortly after the accident occurrence (in-time) with the detection of human-related causes (in-depth). Human aspects of the situation analysis that interact and influence the risk situations shortly before the collision are reported as errors, lapses, mistakes and failures in ACAS in specific categories and subcategories. Thus methodically ACAS is designed primarily for the collection of accident features on the level of operational action, which certainly leads to valid findings and behavioral causes of accidents. The enhancement by means of Moderating Conditions concerns the pre-crash phase in different levels: strategical, tactical and operational.
Erhebungen am Unfallort
(1983)
Der Bericht einer Projektgruppe bei der Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen beschreibt einleitend das Projekt "Unfallerhebung Hannover (uh)". Weitere Spezialerhebungen aus dem Bereich der empirischen Unfallforschung werden beispielhaft dargestellt und mit der Unfallerhebung Hannover verglichen. Der Vergleich dient der Herausarbeitung spezieller Eigenschaften und Möglichkeiten dieses Projektes und der Beurteilung der Aussagefähigkeit des gewonnenen Datenmaterials. Unter Berücksichtigung bereits vorhandener Daten aus anderen Erhebungen und des Datenbedarfs der Unfallforschung wird die Notwendigkeit von Erhebungen am Unfallort erörtert und alternative Konzepte hierfür entwickelt. Abschließend wird eine neue nutzungsorientierte Konzeption für ein zukünftiges Projekt zur Datengewinnung durch Erhebung am Unfallort vorgeschlagen.
Die amtliche Straßenverkehrsunfallstatistik kann nur in begrenztem Umfang Informationen zu Unfallentstehung, Unfallablauf sowie zu den zugrunde liegenden Verletzungsmechanismen bereitstellen. Verbleibende Informationslücken lassen sich durch spezielle Erhebungsteams schließen, die Verkehrsunfälle nach wissenschaftlichen Aspekten dokumentieren. Hierzu unterhalten das Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau- und Wohnungswesen und die Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen seit 30 Jahren ein Forschungsprojekt zur Unfalldatenerhebung an der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover. Seit 1999 erfolgt eine Kooperation mit der Forschungsvereinigung Automobiltechnik (FAT), die ein weiteres Erhebungsteam an der Technischen Universität Dresden unterhält. Die Unfalldaten gehen in die gemeinsame GIDAS-Datenbank ein, aus der sich umfassende Informationen zu den breit gefächerten Forschungsfeldern "Passive und aktive Fahrzeugsicherheit", "Verkehrs- und Rettungsmedizin" und "Straßenbezogene Sicherheitsfragen" gewinnen lassen. In der Zukunft werden Unfallvermeidungsstrategien und Unfallursachenprophylaxe im Vordergrund einer prospektiven Unfallforschung stehen. Die Daten werden auch in Zukunft für die weitere Verbesserung der Verkehrssicherheit einen bedeutenden Beitrag leisten.
This contribution introduces a number of psychological methods of analysis that are based on the practice-oriented collection of information directly at the site of an accident and that allow for an analysis and coding of the accident causes. Investigation examples and examples of the data combinations with basic medical and technical data are outlined. Objective of the collection is the inter-disciplinary investigation of human factors in the causes of accidents ("human-factor-analysis"). The psychological data are incorporated according to an integrative model for accident causes based on empiric algorithms in the data base of the accident research, where the clustered evaluation potential of comprehensive factors of the accident development can be illustrated. The central theoretical concept for the basic model of the progress of the accident from a psychological point of view comprises psychological indicators for the evaluation of the site of the accident for the analysis of the perception conditions as well as a classification of the gleaned data into the accident progress model according to chronological and local criteria. Perception conditions, action intentions and executions as well as conditions limiting perception and actions are acquired, using a questionnaire for persons involved in an accident, and are also integrated into the data structure concerning weighted feature characteristics as well as combined with other relevant features. Suitable systematization tools for the collection and coding of psychological accident development parameters have to be provided, which require primarily a model image of the corresponding processes from the persons involved in the accident (perceptions, expectations, decisions, actions). The interactive accident model contains components of the models by KÜTING 1990, MC DONALD 1972, SURREY 1969 and RASMUSSEN 1980. Based on the inter-action of the three partial systems "person", "vehicle" and "environment", the first step is the assessment of the situation by the persons involved in the accident. This is dependent on the personal attitudes and motives, on experiences and expectations concerning the progress of the situation. Subsequently, data concerning the manner of the coping with the ambiguous state as well as with the instable state (emergency reaction immediately before the accident occurs) are collected. The factors relating to the persons involved in the accident are gathered on several levels using corresponding questionnaires. The coding of the found and collected characteristics is conducted in a multidimensional evaluation relating to the technical results of the accident reconstruction and of the psychological classification, which are subsequently integrated in coded form into the data base of the accident research. The result of this analysis is a description of the development of the accident depicted on a chronological vector from a perception and decision theoretical perspective. This is explained in detail using exemplary cases.