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Die Umfelddatenerfassung spielt in der Verkehrsbeeinflussung mittels Streckenbeeinflussungsanlagen (SBA) eine bedeutende Rolle. Auf Basis aktueller Verkehrs- und Umfelddaten (Witterungsdaten) werden auf Bundesfernstraßen Schaltungen zur Erhöhung der Verkehrssicherheit generiert. Mittels dynamischer Wechselverkehrszeichen (WVZ) werden die Verkehrsteilnehmer vor Umfeldbedingungen, die zu gefährlichen Situationen führen können, gewarnt. Umfeldbedingte Schaltungen können jedoch nur dann positiven Einfluss auf die Verkehrssicherheit erzielen, wenn die Anzeigen einer SBA durch die Verkehrsteilnehmer befolgt werden. Hierfür ist es erforderlich, dass die stationär erfassten Umfelddaten eine gute Qualität aufweisen und die aktuellen Umfeldbedingungen zeitnah im System abgebildet werden. Aufgrund der Wichtigkeit der Umfelddatenerfassung und des für die Praxis zu erwartenden Nutzens wurde im Arbeitskreis "Umfelddatenerfassung in Streckenbeeinflussungsanlagen" der Forschungsgesellschaft für Straßen- und Verkehrswesen (FGSV) die Notwendigkeit für den Aufbau eines Testfeldes für Systeme zur Erfassung der Umfeldsituation festgestellt und der Aufbau eines solchen Testfeldes beschlossen. Das im Jahr 2003 errichtete Testfeld bei München erlaubt, die Umfeldgrößen beziehungsweise die Sensoren zu deren Erfassung praxisnah und längerfristig zu untersuchen. Die Sensoren verschiedener Hersteller werden unter gleichen Bedingungen geprüft und bezüglich ihrer Eignung für den Einsatz in SBA eingestuft. Gleichzeitig besteht für die Hersteller die Möglichkeit, die Hard- und Software der Sensorik zu verbessern. Erfahrungen aus dem Testfeld und der Praxis erlaubten eine Ableitung von Anforderungen für Ausschreibung, Abnahme und Betrieb von Umfeldsensoren, welche im Hinweispapier der FGSV zusammen gefasst wurden. Die darin beschriebenen Plausibilitätskontrollen der erfassten Umfelddaten können in Verkehrszentralen direkt durchgeführt werden. Systematische und logisch/physikalische Fehler werden zeitnah und automatisch erkannt, unplausible und nicht nachvollziehbare Schaltungen können somit reduziert werden.
Jährlich werden im Auftrag des Bundesverkehrsministeriums von der BASt circa 1.100 automatische Dauerzählstellen ausgewertet. Die auf der Basis der Daten von 1980 abgeleiteten Verkehrsstärkeganglinientypen von Heidemann und Wimber ermöglichen einen leichten Vergleich der Verkehrscharakteristik der einzelnen Dauerzählstellen. Die Ganglinientypen dienen Planern als wichtige Entscheidungshilfen. Die von Heidemann und Wimber ermittelten Ganglinientypen sind heute nicht mehr zeitgemäß. Ziel zweier Projekte der BASt ist es, auf der Grundlage der Daten der automatischen Dauerzählstellen der Jahre 1997 bis 1999 mit Hilfe der Clusteranalyse die Typisierung der Tages-, Wochen- und Jahresganglinien zu aktualisieren. Im Bereich der Wochenganglinien liegen hierzu erste Ergebnisse vor, auf die im Beitrag eingegangen wird. Es wird darüber hinaus auch die Aufbereitung der Daten zur Clusteranalyse behandelt.
Tree impacts are still one of the most important focal points of road deaths in Germany. For the year 2008, the latest figures in the national statistics show a share of 28% of road users killed in crashes with trees alongside a road amongst all crashes on rural roads (except the Autobahn). The official German statistics show the attribute "impact on a tree" since 1995. For this first reported year, the share of road users killed in such crashes was 30%. During the last 14 years, fatal accidents with road users killed on rural roads (except the Autobahn) after impacts on a tree declined by 60% from 1,737 (year 1995) to 696 (year 2008). But this is more or less in line with the general evolution of vehicle and traffic safety in Germany. For Germany as a whole the accident statistics do not show a reduction for "treer crashes" which is clearly more than the average for all accidents. But, as shown with the paper, there are different evolutions in the several German States. In public awareness the topic "tree impacts" is mostly associated with the situation in Germany after the reunification. At that time a lot of road users were killed on the avenues in the so called "new countries". The fact that "tree impacts" are still a big share within the figure of killed road users seems to be little-known. Using updated information coming from the official statistics and in-depth-studies, accident researchers can identify a big potential for further improvements of traffic safety on the associated district roads, state roads and federal highways. There is still a need to analyse more details of the accident occurrence with impacts on trees to generate new and updated findings on the current limits and potentials of measures to improve vehicle and traffic safety. To make further efforts in reducing the figures of victims of "tree impacts" the intensification of well-known conventional solutions " for example implementation of guard rails and reduction of speed - is an option. Measures related to vehicle safety technology especially in the field of primary (active) safety will have additional benefit within the physically imposed limits. With this background it can be seen that the subject "tree impacts" should be analysed with a holistic approach taking into account the entire system of driver, vehicle, road, the environment and a social consensus as well.
To date, the Trauma Registry (TraumaRegister DGU-® contains data of approximately 100.000 severely injured patients, 65% of which suffered from a road traffic crash. Thus, it is the world's largest data base for severely injured patients. The article describes the development of the registry and explains how it was rolled out over Germany using the established structure of the German Trauma Network (TraumaNetzwerk DGU-®). In addition, this article presents three typical use cases from the fields of quality management, policy making and system-wide interventions, clinical research and injury prevention. In conclusion, the TraumaRegister DGU-® is a well-established tool for various purposes related to the control and reduction of the burden of road injury. Its ongoing expansion to other countries will support the goal of international benchmarking of hospitals and trauma systems.
The practicability and feasibility of using alcohol ignition interlock devices has been discussed for more than 15 years in Germany. Thereby, judicial issues have been treated conversely. Consensus exists about the fact that the voluntary use of alcohol ignition interlocks is in all areas of possible use recommendable. Great reservation is shown concerning the operation of the devices for DUI (Driving Under Influence) offenders. Main doubts regard the missing legal base for application in such cases and potential circumvention attempts while the need of supportive psychological measures is unquestioned. In 2011, the Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Affairs entered this topic in its newly released traffic safety programme as a matter of future research. Almost in parallel, the Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt) launched an alcohol ignition interlock project for DUI offenders. The study at hand aimed at developing a comprehensive programme concept for the use of alcohol ignition interlocks as additional measure to psychological rehabilitation for DUI offenders. Expert surveys serve as input for the establishment of a widely accepted innovative concept for nationwide implementation. By means of a pilot trial, the added value of using a combination of structural (alcohol interlock) and individual (psychological measure) intervention for DUI offenders to the existing countermeasure system should be studied. In addition, selection criteria for DUI offenders eligible for future programme participation should be defined. The majority of the experts evaluate the introduction of alcohol ignition interlocks as a good option to enhance traffic safety. The possibility of early psychological rehabilitation is emphasized in the process. Those who do not approve alcohol ignition interlock usage estimate the amount of offenders eligible for such programmes too small. The survey also revealed that legal regulations for issuing an alcohol interlock restricted licence to DUI offenders is missing. Hence, a possible amendment to the German Driving Licencing Regulation was developed within the project. Consultations with the Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Affairs and the Ministry of Justice disclosed the need for a change of the road traffic law before an amendment to the existing regulations may be put into force. At least, the person responsible in the Ministry of Justice developed a proposal for the law section that needs revision. All in all, it became clear within the process of the project that a field trial in Germany is still a distant vision. Nevertheless, all institutions involved are motivated to deal with the matter further on in order to pave the way for a soon start of the pilot trial.
In den letzten Jahren hat die Bedeutung des Fremdenverkehrs als eigenständiger Wirtschaftszweig für Gemeinden und Regionen stetig zugenommen. Im gleichen Masse ist damit das Bedürfnis, touristische Hinweisschilder an Straßen aufzustellen, angestiegen. Es hat sich jedoch gezeigt, dass die derzeit noch gültigen Richtlinien für touristische Hinweise an Straßen (RtH) in einigen Regelungsbereichen den zwischenzeitlich veränderten Anforderungen nicht mehr gerecht werden. Deshalb hat sich in vielen Bundesländern eine Beschilderungspraxis etabliert, die zum Teil deutlich von den Vorgaben der RtH abweicht und häufig verkehrstechnischen Ansprüchen nicht genügt. Vor diesem Hintergrund war es das Ziel, mit einer grundlegenden Überarbeitung der RtH die touristische Beschilderung zu verbessern und zu vereinheitlichen. Dabei waren touristische Belange und verkehrstechnische Anforderungen in Einklang zu bringen. Aus der Überarbeitung resultieren die "Richtlinien für touristische Beschilderung" (RtB), die mit Bund und Ländern abgestimmt sind und jetzt von der Forschungsgesellschaft für Straßen- und Verkehrswesen (FGSV) herausgegeben wurden
Introduction: The method of causation analysis applied under the German accident survey GIDAS, which is based on Accident Causation Analysis System (ACAS) focuses on an on-scene data collection of predominantly directly event-related causation factors which were crucial in the accident emergence as situational resulting events and influences. The paradigm underlying this method refers to the findings of the psychological traffic accident research that most causally relevant features of the system components human, infrastructure and vehicle technology are found directly in the situation shortly before the accident. This justifies the survey method which is conducted directly at the accident (on-scene), shortly after the accident occurrence (in-time) with the detection of human-related causes (in-depth). Human aspects of the situation analysis that interact and influence the risk situations shortly before the collision are reported as errors, lapses, mistakes and failures in ACAS in specific categories and subcategories. Thus methodically ACAS is designed primarily for the collection of accident features on the level of operational action, which certainly leads to valid findings and behavioral causes of accidents. The enhancement by means of Moderating Conditions concerns the pre-crash phase in different levels: strategical, tactical and operational.
The evaluation of the expected benefit of active safety systems or even ideas of future systems is challenging because this has to be done prospectively. Beside acceptance, the predicted real-world benefit of active safety systems is one of the most important and interesting measures. Therefore, appropriate methods should be used that meet the requirements concerning representativeness, robustness and accuracy. The paper presents the development of a methodology for the assessment of current and future vehicle safety systems. The variety of systems requires several tools and methods and thus, a common tool box was created. This toolbox consists of different levels, regarding different aspects like data sources, scenarios, representativeness, measures like pre-crash-simulations, automated crash computation, single-case-analyses or driving simulator studies. Finally, the benefit of the system(s) is calculated, e.g. by using injury risk functions; giving the number of avoided/mitigated accidents, the reduction of injured or killed persons or the decrease of economic costs.
Tiefenabhängige Feuchte- und Temperaturmessungen an einer Brückenkappe der Expositionsklasse XF4
(2008)
Das Forschungsvorhaben hatte zum Ziel, Erkenntnisse zur zeitlichen Entwicklung des Wassergehalts sowie der Temperaturbeanspruchung im Kappenbeton von Brücken zu erhalten. Bei den Untersuchungen wurde der Wassergehalt im Luftporenbeton der Kappe indirekt über die Messung des tiefenabhängigen Elektrolytwiderstands des Betons bestimmt. Dabei wurde gleichzeitig die tiefenabhängige Temperatur aufgezeichnet. Für die Versuche wurde die Brückenkappe einer bestehenden Brücke über eine Autobahn im Sauerland nachträglich mit Multiring-Elektroden und Temperatursensoren ausgerüstet. Die Messungen erfolgten als Dauermessungen über einen Zeitraum von dreieinhalb Jahren in Tiefen zwischen 7 mm und 87 mm unter der Oberkante der Kappe und begannen etwa fünf Jahre nach Fertigstellung des Bauwerks. Im Beobachtungszeitraum lag die Wassersättigung zwischen der im Labor ermittelten Wassersättigung unter atmosphärischem Druck und der hygroskopischen Sättigung, die sich nach Lagerung bei 95 Prozent relativer Luftfeuchte einstellt. Zusammenhänge zwischen dem Sättigungsgrad im Kappenbeton und den Witterungsbedingungen konnten im untersuchten Tiefenbereich (7 mm bis 87 mm) nicht festgestellt werden. Allerdings war in der obersten Messtiefe von 7 mm ein leichter Anstieg des Elektrolytwiderstands feststellbar. Im Beobachtungszeitraum wurden in der Kappe Minimaltemperaturen von bis zu -10 Grad Celsius bei Auftreten von Frost-Tau-Wechseln gemessen, während an Eistagen mit Temperaturen dauerhaft unter 0 Grad Celsius vereinzelt Temperaturen bis zu -15 Grad Celsius festgestellt wurden. Bei den bei Brückenkappen gegebenen Randbedingungen, insbesondere der Verwendung von Luftporenbeton, und den Messergebnissen kann von eher unkritischen Bedingungen für eine Frostschädigung ausgegangen werden. Bei dieser Aussage ist allerdings zu berücksichtigen, dass die Messdaten erst ab einem Abstand von circa 7 mm unter der Kappenoberfläche erfasst werden konnten.
In Germany, courses for the restoration of the fitness to drive after licence revocation are provided for different offender groups (alcohol, drug and demerit point offenders). Providers of these courses are by law required to prove the effectiveness of the applied course programs. For the evaluation of effectiveness, the Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt) established specific "Reference Values" in 2002. The objective of the study at hand was to collect valid data in order to renew the old-established Reference Values from 2002. Additionally, data collection aimed at initializing Reference Values for drug offender programs. Over 66,000 drivers were analysed regarding their traffic probation in the three years after licence reinstatement. Offenders were assigned to an offender group (alcohol, drugs and demerit point offenders) based on the reason for prior licence revocation. Different indicators were used as criteria for re-offending: new alcohol or drug records, culpable accident involvement and repeated licence revocation. For each of the offender groups, frequency distributions regarding these indicators were calculated. Frequencies of recidivism are highest for the group of demerit point offenders. Compared to the Reference Values of this group from 2002, frequencies of re-offending increased. Conversely, re-offence frequencies of alcohol offenders are halved compared to the data from 2001. The analysis of the re-offence frequencies of drug offenders reveals an equal amount of re-offenders as in the alcohol offender group. The collected data serve as a good base for renewal of the old-established Reference Values and may be applicable as comparative data for future evaluations The results reveal significant differences between recent data and earlier studies. These may occur due to improvements of the applied programmes, but also due to situational changes, e.g. increased enforcement levels and expansion of the catalogue of offenses which lead to demerit points.
Police records about traffic accidents like used by IRTAD (International Road Traffic and Accident Database) and CARE (Community Road Accident Database) do not represent all road injuries. For instance, road accidents of bicyclists without a counterpart are usually not reported. Furthermore, IRTAD-like data contains hardly any information on injury outcome and accident circumstances. This information gap leads to an under-representation of the safety concerns of the most vulnerable road users like children and the elderly both in accident research and safety promotion. Injury registration for the European Injury Database (IDB), in turn, combines details of accident causation with diagnostic information that can be used to assess injury severity and long term consequences. The IDB is collecting data from hospital emergency department patients and is being implemented in a growing number of countries. In this article IDB results on mode of transport and injury outcome are presented from a sample of nine EU member states.
This thesis gives a detailed picture of how planners, politicians, residents and transport engineers in three societies, Britain, Germany and the United States reacted to one of the most powerful inventions of the late nineteenth century, the motor car. Misjudgments of the potential growth of motor vehicle ownership and its adverse effects had serious repercussions in the coming decades, primarily in the dense urban areas. Disturbing has been the underestimation of the importance of public transport as a real alternative to the motor car in urban areas, first by the United States and even several decades later by Britain. Of the three countries, only Germany seems to have struck a better balance. Not surprisingly, already at the beginning of the twentieth century, conflicts occurred between the weaker road participants (pedestrians and cyclists), the existing urban fabric and the motor vehicle. A more comprehensive comparison between Britain and Germany shows that both countries developed specific patterns and had different attitudes towards road transport. Far more has been invested and planned in Germany whereas Britain has shown not so much a lack of foresight in planning but 'in investment in road transport. This major difference has had very visible effects an today's urban structure and transport situation. The demand for restraint of motor traffic had different motives in the two countries, and is not such a new idea as is often assumed. While in Germany even in the 1920s and 30s the protection of historic inheritance was a decisive motive, in Britain that was not the case. Questions of traffic restraint were however raised in connection with road safety and later in the 60s as a means of improving the urban environment. The turning point of nearly unlimited promotion of car use in urban areas took place in Germany during the 60s and 70s, whereas the Buchanan Report had already warned in the early 60s against the adverse effects cars could have in urban areas if they were not controlled. Although even in Britain the report was misunderstood and largely not put into practice, the wave of protest against road building occurred earlier there than in Germany. As a whole, Britain has shown a brillance of ideas in restraining motor vehicles which was lacking in the Federal Republic. At the beginning of the 70s, discussions started seriously in Germany an traffic calming concepts which were slowly transformed into reality, Britain seems to have followed these examples, but with a considerable time lag.
A total survey of road traffic accidents involving most severely injured, defined as sustaining a polytrauma or severe monotrauma (ISS > 15) or being killed, was conducted over 14 months in a large study region in Germany. Data on injuries, pre-clinical and clinical care, crash circumstances and vehicle damage were obtained both prospectively and retrospectively from trauma centers, dispatch centers, police and fire departments. 149 patients with a polytrauma and eight with a severe monotrauma were recorded altogether. 22 patients died in hospital. Another 76 victims had deceased at the accident scene. In 2008, 49 % of patients treated with life-threatening injuries were car or van occupants, 21 % motorcyclists, 18 % cyclists and 10 % pedestrians. Among fatalities at the scene, vehicle occupants constituted an even larger portion. The number of road users with life-threatening trauma in the region was extrapolated to the German situation. It suggests that 10 % among the "seriously injured" as defined in national accident statistics are surviving accident victims with a polytrauma or severe monotrauma.
The objectives of this paper are the analysis of the accident risk of drivers brain pathologies (Mild Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimer- disease, and Parkinson- disease), and the investigation of the impact of driver distraction on the accident risk of patients with brain pathologies, through a driving simulator experiment. The three groups of patients are compared to a healthy group of similar demographics, with no brain pathology. In particular, 125 drivers of more than 55 years old (34 "controls"" and 91 "patients") went through a large driving simulator experimental process, in which incidents were scheduled to occur. They drove in rural and urban areas, in low and high traffic volumes and in three distraction conditions (undistracted driving, conversation with a passenger and conversation through a mobile phone). The statistical analyses indicated several interesting findings; brain pathologies affect significantly accident risk and distraction affects more the groups of patients than the control one.
Since its creation in 2011 the Pre-Crash-Matrix (PCM) offers the possibility to observe the pre-crash phase until five seconds before crash for a wide range of accidents. Currently the PCM contains more than 8.000 reconstructed accidents out of the GIDAS (German In-Depth Accident Study) database and is enlarged continuously by more than 1.000 cases per year. Hence, a detailed investigation of active safety systems in real accident situations has been made feasible. The PCM contains all relevant data in database format to simulate the pre-crash phase until the first collision of the accident for a maximum of two participants. This includes the definition of the participants and their characteristics, the dynamic behavior of the participants as time-dependent course for five seconds before crash as well as the geometry of the traffic infrastructure. The digital sketch of the accident and information from GIDAS as well as from supplementary databases represent the main input for the simulation of the pre-crash phase of an accident with the VUFO simulation model VAST (Vufo Accident Simulation Tool). This simulation in turn embodies the foundation of the PCM. The PCM underlies continual improvements and enhancements in consultation with its users. In addition to collisions of cars with other cars, pedestrians, bicycles and motorcycles the PCM now also covers car to object and car to truck collisions. The paper illustrates car to truck collisions as a showcase and explains perspectives for further developments. In 2016 a more detailed definition of the contour of the vehicle was added. Furthermore, the geometrical surroundings of the accident site will be provided in a new structure with a higher level of detail. Thus, a precise classification of road marks and objects is possible to further improve the support of developing and evaluating ADAS. This paper gives an overview about the latest developments of the PCM with its innovations and provides an outlook to upcoming enhancements. Besides potential areas of application for the development of ADAS are shown.
Germany's road infrastructure grew over centuries to become the arteries and lifelines of our society. The present safety of the infrastructure has to be ensured under consideration of environmental aspects. At the same time the owner has to make sure that the maintenance activities are carried out in the most efficient way. Considering the fact that financial resources are restricted, maintenance costs have to be spent in a way to obtain the greatest possible benefit. In the case of bridges, which are one of the most important parts of the road infrastructure in Germany, this task is supported by the application of a bridge management system (BMS). The existing German BMS contains assessment and optimization procedures on object and network level and is the basis for advancements to meet future demands. Developments concern life cycle and quality-oriented, holistically optimized procedures. Reasonable infrastructure management will contribute to meeting efficiency and sustainability objectives and to achieving interoperability. Here holistic network infrastructure management methods are required. There is a strong need for management solutions during the whole service life of a structure. The definition of criteria for evaluation of the relevance of failure mechanisms, including acceptance thresholds, requires the availability of relevant data for management procedure. Tools for innovative investigation methods and an effective data management will help in meeting the requirements. Relevant fields of research are improved maintenance strategies to meet future demands concerning heavy goods traffic, application and further development of nondestructive testing methods for efficient and sustainable management structures, and the improvement of analytic management tools to meet future demands.
The current Brussels EU Regulation No. 1235/2011, valid from May 30, 2012, has introduced an European Tyre Label with wet grip index G classes from A to G for passenger car tyres C1, light commercial vehicles tyres C2 and heavy truck- and bus tyres C3. Every wet grip class for each vehicle category has a defined band of numerical values for the wet grip index G. The legislated wet grip values G in this EU- Regulation are very low. The measured braking distances and corresponding impact speeds of the test vehicles are showing very critical results. Regulation No. 1235/2011 of the European Parliament and the Council for Type Approval of Vehicles (EU) should be changed in such a way, that for C1-tyres (normal passenger cars tyres) the minimum wet grip index G is 1.25. All C2-tyres (light commercial vehicles tyres) should at least meet a minimum wet grip index of G = 1.1. All C3-tyres (heavy trucks and buses tyres) should at least meet a minimum wet grip index of G = 0.95. Due to the missing lower limits for G in the wet grip class F for C1, C2 and C3 tyres according to Commission Regulation (EU) No. 1235/2011, officially valid from 30 May 2012, a tyre-to-road coefficient of adhesion in the extreme of 0 (zero) is legally permitted. This is an apparent flaw in above cited EU Regulation, which causes a potential danger to the road traffic safety for all motor vehicles in Europe with such tyres. The wet grip class F has to be removed urgently from said EURegulation, since a direct liability of the responsible EU-Commission can not be excluded.
Bicyclists are minimally or unprotected road users. Their vulnerability results in a high injury risk despite their relatively low own speed. However, the actual injury situation of bicyclists has not been investigated very well so far. The purpose of this study was to analyze the actual injury situation of bicyclists in Germany to create a basis for effective preventive measures. Technical and medical data were prospectively collected shortly after the accident at the accident scenes and medical institutions providing care for the injured. Data of injured bicyclists from 1985 to 2003 were analyzed for the following parameters: collision opponent, collision type, collision speed (km/h), Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), Maximum AIS (MAIS), incidence of polytrauma (Injury Severity Score >16), incidence of death (death before end of first hospital stay). 4,264 injured bicyclists were included. 55% were male and 45% female. The age was grouped to preschool age in 0.9%, 6 to 12 years in 10.8%, 13 to 17 years in 10.4%, 18 to 64 years in 64.7%, and over 64 years in 13.2%. The MAIS was 1 in 78.8%, 2 in 17.0%, 3 in 3.0%, 4 in 0.6%, 5 in 0.4%, and 6 in 0.2%. The incidence of polytrauma was 0.9%, and the incidence of death was 0.5%. The incidence of injuries to different body regions was as follows: head, 47.8%; neck, 5.2%, thorax, 21%; upper extremities, 46.3%; abdomen, 5.8%; pelvis, 11.5%, lower extremities, 62.1%. The accident location was urban in 95.2%, and rural in 4.8%. The accidents happened during daylight in 82.4%, during night in 12.2%, and during dawn/dusk in 5.3%. The road situation was as follows: straight, 27.3%; bend, 3.0%; junction, 32.0%; crossing, 26.4%; gate, 5.9%; others, 5.4%. The collision opponents were cars in 65.8%, trucks in 7.2%, bicycles in 7.4%, standing objects in 8.8%, multiple objects in 4.3%, and others in 6.5%. The collision speed was grouped <31 in 77.9%, 31-50 in 4.9%, 51-70 in 3.7%, and >70 in 1.5%. The helmet use rate was 1.5%. 68% of the registered head injuries were located in the effective helmet protection area. In bicyclists, head and extremities are at high risk for injuries. The helmet use rate is unsatisfactorily low. Remarkably, two thirds of the head injuries could have been prevented by helmets. Accidents are concentrated to crossings, junctions and gates. A significant lower mean injury severity was observed in victims using separate bicycle lanes. These results do strongly support the extension or addition of bicycle lanes and their consequent use. However, the lanes are frequently interrupted at crossings and junctions. This emphasizes also the important endangering of bicyclists coming from crossings, junctions and gates, i.e. all situations in which contact of bicyclists to motorized vehicles is possible. Redesigning junctions and bicycle traffic lanes to minimize the possibility of this dangerous contact would be preventive measures. A more consequent helmet use and use and an extension of bicycle paths for a better separation of bicyclists and motorized vehicle would be simple but very effective preventive measures.
Rear-end collisions are the most frequent same and opposite-direction crashes. Common causes include momentary inattention, inadequate speed or inadequate distance. While most rear-end collisions in urban traffic only result in vehicle damage or slight injuries, rear-end collisions outside built-up areas or on motorways usually cause fatal or serious injuries. Driver assistance systems that detect dangerous situations in the longitudinal vehicle direction are therefore an essential safety plus. In view of this, for ADAC, systems that alert drivers to dangerous situations and initiate autonomous braking complement ESC as one of the most important active safety features in modern vehicles. The aim of ADAC is to provide consumers with technical advice and competent information about the systems available on the market. Reliable comparative tests that are based on standardised test criteria may provide motorists with important information and help them make a buying decision. In addition, they raise consumer awareness of the systems and speed up their market penetration. The assessment must focus on as many aspects of effectiveness as possible and include not only autonomous braking but also collision warning and autonomous brake assist. The work of the ADAC accident research is the development of the testing scenarios with direct link to accident situations and the identification of useful test criteria for testing.
Ziel des Forschungsprojektes ist es, die Überprüfung der Fahreignung nach Fahrerlaubnis-Verordnung (FeV), Anlage 5, auf eine operationalere Basis zu stellen, die in der FeV und den Begutachtungs-Leitlinien Kapitel 2.5 genannten Begriffe inhaltlich zu schärfen und Vorschläge für einen "Testkanon" beziehungsweise für Weiter- und Neuentwicklungen von standardisierten Tests zur Begutachtung zu erarbeiten. Bei der Analyse der derzeit eingesetzten Testverfahren zur Überprüfung der psychometrischen Leistungsfähigkeit auf Basis der von der FeV geforderten wissenschaftlichen Standardisierung und Validierung zeigt sich, dass erheblicher Optimierungsbedarf besteht, insbesondere bei der Normierung und der Dokumentation der Testgütekriterien. In Einzelfällen fehlen sogar essenzielle Angaben. Die Herleitung der zu messenden Konstrukte ist ebenfalls oft unzureichend, teilweise gar nicht dokumentiert. Die Ergebnisse der kritischen Durchsicht wurden auf einem Workshop mit Experten aus Wissenschaft und Praxis diskutiert. Als Ergebnis des Forschungsprojektes lässt sich kurzfristiger und langfristiger Optimierungsbedarf festhalten. Kurzfristig sollten die eingesetzten Testverfahren anhand vorher festgelegter Kriterien überarbeitet und an entsprechend großen repräsentativen Stichproben geeicht werden. Die Testgütekriterien müssen nachprüfbar angegeben werden. Langfristig sollten aus wissenschaftlicher Perspektive die in der FeV, Anlage 5, genannten psychologischen Konstrukte grundsätzlich überarbeitet werden. Auch sollten die in der Fahreignungsdiagnostik angewendeten Entscheidungskriterien (Prozentränge) durch absolute Kennwerte ersetzt werden, die auf dem Wissen über die Zusammenhänge zwischen Leistung und Fahreignung basieren. Ein unabhängiges wissenschaftliches Gremium sollte die Güte und Zulassung der Testverfahren regelmäßig überprüfen. In einem Teilprojekt wurde außerdem der Frage nachgegangen, inwieweit unterschiedliche Hardware- und Softwarekonstellationen die Objektivität der Reaktionszeitmessungen beeinflussen können. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die zuverlässige Ermittlung von Reaktionszeiten in erster Linie von der grundsätzlichen Eichung eines Testverfahrens abhängt. Computergestützte Leistungstests sollten deshalb in vom Hersteller zugelassenen Computerumgebungen im Durchschnitt bei unterschiedlichen Konfigurationen keinen Messfehler ausweisen, um einen Nachteil für Führerscheinbewerber auszuschließen. Außerdem müssten maximal mögliche Abweichungen und Konfidenzintervalle für zugelassene Konfigurationen angegeben werden, sowie Normwerttabellen vollständig einsehbar sein.