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Verkehrsentwicklung auf Bundesfernstraßen 2007 : Jahresauswertung der automatischen Dauerzählstellen
(2009)
Die Jahresauswertung 2007 der automatischen Dauerzählstellen in Deutschland enthält Aussagen über die Verkehrsentwicklung im Bundesfernstraßennetz sowie differenzierte Einzelergebnisse für 1.343 Zählstellen. Die Erfassung und Aufbereitung der Daten erfolgte durch die Bundesländer in Zusammenarbeit mit der Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung. Die Daten des Jahres 2007 wurden im Rahmen dieser Untersuchung übernommen, einer ergänzenden Überprüfung unterzogen, ausgewertet und den Ergebnissen des Vorjahres gegenübergestellt. In Deutschland betrug die Jahresfahrleistung auf den Autobahnen 225,5 Milliarden Kraftfahrzeugkilometer und auf den außerörtlichen Bundesstraßen 108,0 Milliarden Kraftfahrzeugkilometer. Die mittleren DTV-Werte (DTV = Durchschnittliche tägliche Verkehrsstärke) erreichten 49.200 Kraftfahrzeuge in 24 Stunden auf Autobahnen und 9.240 Kraftfahrzeuge in 24 Stunden auf außerörtlichen Bundesstraßen. Die relativen Veränderungen 2006/2007 betrugen für die mittleren DTV-Werte auf Autobahnen +2,1% und auf außerörtlichen Bundesstraßen +1,0%. Für die Jahresfahrleistung bedeutet dies gegenüber dem Vorjahr eine Veränderung von +3,1% auf Autobahnen und +0,6% auf außerörtlichen Bundesstraßen.
Während früher standardmäßig Gussasphalt-Schutzschichten mit einer Temperatur von 240 -°C bis 250 -°C eingebaut wurden, werden heutzutage Gussasphalt-Schutzschichten immer öfter mit einer Einbautemperatur von ca. 220 -°C eingebaut. Neuere Entwicklungen machen jetzt sogar Einbautemperaturen zwischen 180 -°C und 220 -°C möglich, ohne die Verarbeitbarkeit der Gussasphalte unzulässig einzuschränken. Für eine gute Verklebung der Gussasphalt-Schutzschicht mit der Abdichtung spielt aber eine ausreichende Erwärmung und teilweise Verflüssigung der obersten Schicht des Abdichtungssystems eine entscheidende Rolle. Vor diesem Hintergrund besteht Klärungsbedarf, welche Auswirkungen die Absenkung der Einbautemperatur des Gussasphaltes auf den Haftverbund zwischen der Schutzschicht und der Abdichtung haben kann. Im Rahmen des Forschungsprojektes AP 05226 wurde nachgewiesen, dass bei den Abdichtungssystemen der Bauart 2 mit Bitumen-Dichtungssystem und der Bauart 3 mit Reaktionsharz/Bitumen-Dichtungssystem bei der Verwendung von temperaturreduzierten Gussasphalten keine signifikante Verschlechterung der Abreißfestigkeiten entsteht. Diese Bauarten sollten also auch bei der Verwendung von temperaturreduziertem Gussasphalt ohne Risiko einsetzbar sein. Bei Abdichtungssystemen der Bauart 1 (Reaktionsharz-Dichtungsschicht) ergaben sich bei der Verwendung eines temperaturreduzierten Gussasphaltes mit einer Einbautemperatur von 180 -°C geringere Abreißfestigkeiten als die normalerweise bei einer Gussasphalt-Einbautemperatur von 240-250 -°C festgestellten Werte. Für diese Bauart war daher keine endgültige Aussage über die mögliche minimale Einbautemperatur möglich. Im Rahmen des hier vorgestellten Forschungsprojektes sollte geklärt werden, wie sich die Abdichtungssysteme der Bauart 1 bei der Verwendung von Gussasphalt mit Einbautemperaturen von 180 -°C, 200 -°C, 220 -°C und 240 -°C verhalten. Bei den mit einer Einbautemperatur von 180 -°C hergestellten Probekörpern liegen die Abreißfestigkeiten im Mittel bei 0,52 N/mm2. Dies bestätigt die im Rahmen des Forschungsprojektes AP 05226 festgestellten Ergebnisse. Bei den mit 200 -°C hergestellten Probekörpern ergeben sich Abreißfestigkeiten von im Mittel 0,62 N/mm2, bei den mit 220 -°C hergestellten Probekörpern von im Mittel 0,66 N/mm2 und bei den mit 240 -°C hergestellten Probekörpern von im Mittel 0,64 N/mm2. Die Abreißwerte liegen damit geringfügig unter den aus den Erfahrungen der Vergangenheit erwarteten Werten, jedoch ausreichend über den Anforderungen in den Regelwerken. Für die zwischen 200 -°C und 240 -°C hergestellten Probekörper ergeben sich keine erkennbaren Unterschiede in den festgestellten Abreißfestigkeiten, die Unterschiede liegen innerhalb der Messgenauigkeiten. Unter ansonsten günstigen Einbaubedingungen sollte der Gussasphalteinbau mit einer Einbautemperatur von >= 200 -°C zu ausreichenden Abreißfestigkeiten zwischen der Schutzschicht und der Pufferschicht führen. Eine gewisse Vorsicht ist geraten, wenn die Einbaubedingungen, vor allem die Temperatur der Unterlage, ungünstig sind. Gegebenenfalls ist dann eine höhere Einbautemperatur des Gussasphaltes zu wählen. Bei zusätzlich durchgeführten Untersuchungen zum Einfluss der Abstreuung der Pufferschicht auf die Zwischenhaftung zwischen der Schutzschicht und der Pufferschicht wurde nachgewiesen, dass die Abstreuung der Pufferschicht, eine exakte Einhaltung der Abstreumenge vorausgesetzt, keinen negativen Einfluss auf die Abreißfestigkeiten hat. Die Abreißfestigkeiten liegen sowohl bei Probekörpern, die bei 200 -°C hergestellt wurden, als auch bei Probekörpern, die bei 240 -°C hergestellt wurden, geringfügig über den Werten, die bei den Probekörpern ohne Abstreuung gemessen wurden. Die gefundenen Bruchbilder unterscheiden sich nur geringfügig. In über 95 % der Fälle erfolgt der Bruch als Adhäsionsversagen zwischen der Schutzschicht und der Pufferschicht. Bei der visuellen Begutachtung der Bruchbilder sind an der Unterseite der Schutzschicht Gesteinskörnungen zu erkennen. Bei den Probekörpern mit Abstreuung ist dies die Abstreuung der Pufferschicht, bei Probekörpern ohne Abstreuung sind dies Gesteinskörnungen aus dem Gussasphalt der Schutzschicht. Auf der Pufferschicht ist jeweils ein Negativabdruck zu sehen. Dieses Bruchbild lässt den Schluss zu, dass auch bei einem Einbau der Schutzschicht auf eine nicht abgestreute Pufferschicht ein ausreichender Schubverbund durch die sich in die Pufferschicht eindrückenden Gesteinskörnungen der Schutzschicht sichergestellt ist.
Since its beginning in 1999, the German In-Depth Accident Study (GIDAS) evolved into the presumably leading representative road traffic accident investigation in Europe, based on the work started in Hanover in 1973. The detailed and comprehensive description of traffic accidents forms an essential basis for vehicle safety research. Due to the ongoing extension of demands of researchers, there is a continuous progress in the techniques and systematic of accident investigation within GIDAS. This paper presents some of the most important developments over the last years. Primary vehicle safety systems are expected to have a significant and increasing influence on reducing accidents. GIDAS therefore began to include and collect active safety parameters as new variables from the year 2005 onwards. This will facilitate to assess the impact of present and future active safety measures. A new system to analyse causation factors of traffic accidents, called ACASS, was implemented in GIDAS in the year 2008. The whole process of data handling was optimised. Since 2005 the on-scene data acquisition is completely conducted with mobile tablet PCs. Comprehensive plausibility checks assure a high data quality. Multi-language codebooks are automatically generated from the database structure itself and interfaces ensure the connection to various database management systems. Members of the consortium can download database and codebook, and synchronize half a terabyte of photographic documentation through a secured online access. With the introduction of the AIS 2005 in the year 2006, some medical categorizations have been revised. To ensure the correct assignment of AIS codes to specific injuries an application based on a diagnostic dictionary was developed. Furthermore a coding tool for the AO classification was introduced. All these enhancements enable GIDAS to be up to date for future research questions.
Technical progress in automotive engineering focuses at the moment on two competing branches: improving safety and reducing energy consumption. Recent consideration has been given to a third factor, cost to the consumer. Challenges are presented by demographic changes, especially with increasing participation of elderly people in road traffic. The report considers the recent history of road accidents in Germany and statistics relating to vehicle population and road performance. There is a general trend towards decreasing numbers of accidents and their severity. Transport is responsible for roughly 20% of CO2 emissions and approximately 70% of total petroleum consumption. The Federal Government has responded to these challenges by publishing the Freight Transport and Logistics Masterplan in the summer of 2008. It describes the strategic transport policy direction and the key elements of the future course of action which are to be used to ensure the provision of efficient infrastructure and, at the same time, to reduce the amount of energy consumed by vehicles and make transport more efficient, cleaner and quieter. This document contains a number of concrete measures subsumed under the following six objectives: Making optimum use of transport infrastructure - shaping transport to make it more efficient; Reducing the number of journeys - ensuring mobility; Transferring more traffic to the railways and inland waterways; Upgrading more transport arteries and hubs; Environmentally friendly, climate friendly, quiet and safe transport, and Good working conditions and good training in the freight transport industry. Progress in research is outlined in the following areas: Daytime Running Lights for Motorcycles; Safety of hydrogen vehicles - addressing safety and environmental issues by development of a Global Technical Regulation for hydrogen vehicles; Elements of active vehicle safety for elderly drivers; Periodical Technical Inspection of electronically controlled systems in road vehicles - Electronic Stability Control; Pedestrian protection; Crash Compatibility - role of collision partner in passive safety tests; Child safety; Euro NCAP - Child Restraint Systems, and German Field Operational Test on Car-to-Car and Car-to-Infrastructure Systems (SIM-TD). The research project AKTIV - "Adaptive and Cooperative Technologies for Intelligent Traffic" encompasses the design, development, and evaluation of novel driver assistance systems, knowledge and information technologies and is set up to find solutions for efficient traffic management and Car-to-Car and Car-to-Infrastructure communication for future cooperative vehicle applications. The European Statement of Principles on the Human Machine Interface (HMI), presented at the eSafety Conference, which was held in Berlin on 5/6 June 2007, addresses issues such as Real Time Traffic Information (RTTI), Legal issues of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and e-security.
The bicyclist accidents were analyzed to get better understanding of the occurrences and frequency of the accidents, injury distributions, as well as correlation of injury severity/outcomes with engineering and human factors in two different countries of China and Germany. The accident cases that occurred from 2001 to 2006 were collected from IVAC database in Changsha and GIDAS database in Hannover. Based on specified sampling criteria, 1,570 bicyclist cases were selected from IVAC database in Changsha, and 1806 cases were collected from Hannover, documented in GIDAS database. Statistical analyses were carried out by using these selected data. The results from the statistical analysis are presented and discussed in this study.
It is well known that motorcycle riding is fascinating but quite more dangerous than for example car driving. In 2006, 5,091 persons were killed as victims of crashes occurring on public roads in Germany. 52% (2,683) were car occupants, 16% (793) motorcycle riders, 14% (711) pedestrians, 10% (486) bicycle riders, 5% (235) commercial vehicle occupants, 2% (107) riders of smaller powered two-wheelers, called "Mofa, Moped and Mokick". This shows that motorcycle riders recently are the second largest group of killed traffic participants in Germany. Latest information coming from the Federal Statistics predict for the year 2007 the figure of 4,958 killed road victims in total. This would be again a successful reduction (-133 killed persons or "2.6% compared to the year 2006). But the news coming from the Federal Statistics during the year 2007 and at the begin of 2008 did not always tell the same positive story. It is questioned whether the positive trend of substantially reduced figures of killed road user year by year will longer continue for Germany. That means it could be impossible to reach the ambitious target, set by the European Commission, to cut in half the figure of killed road users until the year 2010 " compared to the figure for the year 2001. It was reported that the group of 45 to 49 years old traffic participants (all traffic modes) is conspicuous with an increase of 30% up to 297 killed road users in total from January to August 2007. This increase can be ascribed in particular by an increase of killed motorcycle riders within this age group. Due to mild weather conditions in Germany in 2007 the season for motorcycle riding began relatively early and this may be a main reason for the increase of the figure of killed motorcycle riders by 16% from January to August 2007. With this background the accident occurrence of motorcycles became more and more essential. As part of the actual discussion about historical trends, recent emphases, causes and relevant structures of the events of motorcycle crashes it is evident, to have latest and carefully updated figures coming from both the Federal Statistics and In-depth studies. The paper will give a contribution to this using the German Federal Statistics and in-depth studies, for example GIDAS. Additional data coming from the DEKRA Motorcycle Accident Database as well as from literature are considered, too. The paper will help to describe the current situation of the accident involvement of motorcycles in Germany.
As the official German catalogue of accident causes has difficulty in matching the increasing demands for detailed psychologically relevant accident causation information, a new system, based on a "7 Steps" model, so called ACASS, for analyzing and collecting causation factors of traffic accidents, was implemented in GIDAS in the year 2008. A hierarchical system was developed, which describes the human causation factors in a chronological sequence (from the perception to concrete action errors), considering the logical sequence of basic human functions when reacting to a request for reaction. With the help of this system the human errors of accident participants can be adequately described, as the causes of each range of basic human functions may be divided into their characteristics (influence criteria) and further into specific indicators of these characteristics (e.g. distraction from inside the vehicle as a characteristic of an observation-error and the operation of devices as an indication for distraction from inside the vehicle. The causation factors accordingly classified can be recorded in an economic way as a number is assigned to each basic function, to each characteristic of that basic function and to each indicator of that characteristic. Thus each causation factor can be explicitly described by means of a code of numbers. In a similar way the causation factors based on the technology of the vehicle and the driving environment, which are also subdivided in an equally hierarchical system, can be tagged with a code. Since the causes of traffic accidents can consist of a variety of factors from different ranges and categories, it is possible to tag each accident participant with several causation factors. This also opens the possibility to not only assign causation factors to the accident causer in the sense of the law, but also to other participants involved in the accident, who may have contributed to the development of the accident. The hierarchical layout of the system and the collection of the causation factors with numerical codes allow for the possibility to code information on accident causes even if the causation factor is not known to its full extent or in full detail, given the possibility to code only those cause factors, which are known. Derived from the systematic of the analysis of human accident causes ("7 steps") and from the practical experiences of on-scene interviews of accident participants, a system was set in place, which offers the possibility to extensively record not only human causation factors in a structured form. Furthermore, the analysis of the human causation factors in such a structured way provides a tool, especially for on-scene accident investigations, to conduct the interview of accident participants effectively and in a structured way.
In the course of the EUROPEAN PROJECT TRACE all fatally injured pedestrians autopsied at the Institute for Legal Medicine in Munich in 2004 had been analysed by using the "Human Functional Failure (HFF) analysis" method. It was possible to apply this method although some restrictions have to be taken into account. The results derived from this analysis comprise first the failures the pedestrians (most often "impairment of sensorimotor and cognitive abilities") and the opponents (most often " Non-detection in visibility constraints conditions") faced in the accident, second the conflicts and tasks (pedestrian crossing the street conflicting with a vehicle from the side (which was going ahead on a straight road), the degree of accident involvement (pedestrians often the primary active part), and further the contributing factors to the accident (pedestrians most often "alcohol (> 0.05% BAC)", opponents most often "visibility constraints").
Side impacts, both nearside and farside, have been indicated by research to be responsible for a large proportion of serious injuries from road crashes. This study aimed to compare and contrast the characteristics of nearside and farside crashes in Australia, Germany and the U.S., using the ANCIS, GIDAS and NASS/CDS in-depth-databases, in order to establish the impact and injury severity associated with these crashes, and the types of injuries sustained. The analyses revealed some interesting similarities, as well as differences, between both nearside and farside crashes, and the emergent trends between the three investigated countries. More specifically, it was indicated that whilst the severity of injury sustained in nearside crashes was slightly greater overall than that found for farside crashes, careful consideration of struck and nonstruck side occupants must be made when considering aspects such as vehicle design and occupant protection.
A change emerges in hospital landscape due to health political measures, which in consequence also influences the pre-clinical medical care of emergencies. The main focus of this study was to gather information about emergency medical care after traffic accidents on the basis of data of Bavarian emergency medical services. In Bavaria, in 2006 it was necessary to call an emergency doctor in the case of 14.261 traffic accidents. Predominantly the patients were provided by land-based life saving appliances, air rescue services were only applied in 19.1 % of the cases. 47.6 % of patients being involved in a traffic accident were transported into a primary health care hospital. A prehospital interval of more than 60 minutes was calculated in 20 % of emergency care. 96.2 % of the patients were transported to hospitals of tertiary or maximum supply by air rescue services. The life saving appliances" readiness for action is however restricted to daylight. A further limitation appeared for routine office hours in hospitals: Only 36.7 % of accidents occurred in this time frame. An increase of hospitalizations in clinics of maximum supply appeared from 2002 until 2006 while simultaneously the prehospital period was extended. To assure a sufficient medical care of seriously injured persons further on, a fulltime and area-wide expostulation of efficient facilities is necessary. For this purpose it is necessary to establish regional trauma networks as well as emergency medical service at night time. Beyond that, a cost efficient compensation of the structural, personnel and logistic expenses has to be assured.