Sonstige
Filtern
Dokumenttyp
- Konferenzveröffentlichung (256) (entfernen)
Sprache
- Englisch (256) (entfernen)
Volltext vorhanden
- ja (256) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- Conference (237)
- Konferenz (236)
- Accident (123)
- Unfall (123)
- Germany (118)
- Deutschland (117)
- Injury (85)
- Verletzung (84)
- Unfallrekonstruktion (72)
- Statistics (56)
- Statistik (55)
- Analyse (math) (53)
- Analysis (math) (52)
- Schweregrad (Unfall, Verletzung) (52)
- Severity (accid, injury) (50)
- Tödlicher Unfall (50)
- Fatality (49)
- Reconstruction (accid) (46)
- Data acquisition (39)
- Datenerfassung (39)
- injury) (38)
- Datenbank (37)
- Simulation (37)
- Schweregrad (Unfall (36)
- Verletzung) (36)
- Car (35)
- Cause (35)
- On the spot accident investigation (35)
- Untersuchung am Unfallort (35)
- Ursache (35)
- Fußgänger (34)
- Pedestrian (34)
- Severity (accid (34)
- Fahrzeug (29)
- Vehicle (28)
- Data bank (27)
- Safety (27)
- Unfallverhütung (27)
- Zusammenstoß (27)
- Accident prevention (26)
- Accident reconstruction (26)
- Collision (26)
- Sicherheit (26)
- Geschwindigkeit (25)
- Motorcyclist (24)
- Motorradfahrer (24)
- Speed (24)
- Cyclist (23)
- Radfahrer (23)
- Leistungsfähigkeit (allg) (22)
- Bewertung (21)
- Driver (21)
- Evaluation (assessment) (21)
- Fahrer (21)
- PKW (21)
- Active safety system (20)
- Anfahrversuch (20)
- Frontalzusammenstoß (20)
- Efficiency (19)
- Head on collision (19)
- Insasse (19)
- Aktives Sicherheitssystem (18)
- Method (18)
- Europa (17)
- Europe (17)
- Fahrerassistenzsystem (17)
- Risiko (17)
- Verfahren (17)
- Vehicle occupant (16)
- Interview (15)
- Passives Sicherheitssystem (15)
- Pkw (15)
- Test (15)
- Risk (14)
- Sicherheitsgurt (14)
- Versuch (14)
- Benutzung (13)
- Driver assistance system (13)
- Motorrad (13)
- Passive safety system (13)
- Use (13)
- Accident rate (12)
- Motorcycle (12)
- Safety belt (12)
- Überschlagen (12)
- Auffahrunfall (11)
- Child (11)
- Kind (11)
- Rear end collision (11)
- Schutzhelm (11)
- Seitlicher Zusammenstoß (11)
- Unfallhäufigkeit (11)
- Berechnung (10)
- Crash helmet (10)
- Human factor (10)
- Impact test (veh) (10)
- Menschlicher Faktor (10)
- Overturning (veh) (10)
- Rechenmodell (10)
- Risikobewertung (10)
- Side impact (10)
- Calculation (9)
- Database (9)
- Fahrzeugsitz (9)
- Head (9)
- Japan (9)
- Kopf (9)
- Leg (human) (9)
- Mathematical model (9)
- Prognose (9)
- Risk assessment (9)
- Age (8)
- Airbag (8)
- Alte Leute (8)
- Alter (8)
- Behaviour (8)
- Brustkorb (8)
- Development (8)
- Digital model (8)
- Entwicklung (8)
- Fehler (8)
- Lorry (8)
- Numerisches Modell (8)
- Old people (8)
- Seat (veh) (8)
- Verhalten (8)
- Air bag (restraint system) (7)
- Antikollisionssystem (7)
- Austria (7)
- Biomechanics (7)
- Biomechanik (7)
- Error (7)
- Erste Hilfe (7)
- Fahranfänger (7)
- Fracture (bone) (7)
- Front (7)
- Improvement (7)
- Knochenbruch (7)
- Krankenhaus (7)
- Prevention (7)
- Recently qualified driver (7)
- USA (7)
- Verbesserung (7)
- Wirbelsäule (7)
- Österreich (7)
- Bein (menschl) (6)
- Bremsung (6)
- China (6)
- Collision avoidance system (6)
- Deformation (6)
- Forecast (6)
- Hospital (6)
- India (6)
- Indien (6)
- Ort (Position) (6)
- Portugal (6)
- Software (6)
- Thorax (6)
- Vereinigtes Königreich (6)
- Verformung (6)
- Verminderung (6)
- Analyse (Math) (5)
- Braking (5)
- Cervical vertebrae (5)
- Correlation (math, stat) (5)
- Decrease (5)
- Driver training (5)
- EU (5)
- Eins (5)
- Fahrausbildung (5)
- First aid (5)
- Halswirbel (5)
- Impact study (5)
- Impact test (5)
- Knotenpunkt (5)
- Location (5)
- One (5)
- Post crash (5)
- Prüfverfahren (5)
- Spinal column (5)
- Test method (5)
- Vorn (5)
- Wirksamkeitsuntersuchung (5)
- Adolescent (4)
- Angle (4)
- Bremse (4)
- Coefficient of friction (4)
- Collision test (veh) (4)
- Cost benefit analysis (4)
- Distraction (4)
- Dynamics (4)
- Dynamik (4)
- Electronic stability program (4)
- Estimation (4)
- Fahrdatenschreiber (4)
- France (4)
- Frankreich (4)
- Frau (4)
- Jugendlicher (4)
- Junction (4)
- Korrelation (math, stat) (4)
- LKW (4)
- Measurement (4)
- Messung (4)
- Modification (4)
- Oberflächentextur (4)
- Occupant (veh) (4)
- Policy (4)
- Politik (4)
- Regression analysis (4)
- Regressionsanalyse (4)
- Reibungsbeiwert (4)
- Schweden (4)
- Sensor (4)
- Sichtbarkeit (4)
- Surface texture (4)
- Unfallfolgemaßnahme (4)
- United Kingdom (4)
- Verhütung (4)
- Veränderung (4)
- Sichtbarkeit (4)
- Winkel (4)
- Wirtschaftlichkeitsrechnung (4)
- Ablenkung (psychol) (3)
- Anthropometric dummy (3)
- Befreiung (Bergung) (3)
- Bicycle (3)
- Blickfeld (3)
- Brake (3)
- Crash test (3)
- Czech Republic (3)
- Damage (3)
- Delivery vehicle (3)
- Drunkenness (3)
- Effectiveness (3)
- Elektronisches Stabilitätsprogramm (3)
- Erziehung (3)
- Event data recorder (road vehicle) (3)
- Extrication (3)
- Fahrgeschicklichkeit (3)
- Fahrrad (3)
- Fahrstabilität (3)
- Field of vision (3)
- Finite element method (3)
- Human body (3)
- Impact sled (3)
- Information (3)
- Information documentation (3)
- Interior (veh) (3)
- Kleidung (3)
- Korea (Süd) (Demokratische Republik) (3)
- Lieferfahrzeug (3)
- Lkw (3)
- Man (3)
- Mann (3)
- Menschlicher Körper (3)
- Passenger (3)
- Probability (3)
- Republic of Korea (3)
- Run off the road (accid) (3)
- Sachschaden (3)
- Schutzeinrichtung (3)
- Seite (3)
- Steifigkeit (3)
- Stiffness (3)
- Technologie (3)
- Technology (3)
- Trunkenheit (3)
- Tschechische Republik (3)
- United kingdom (3)
- Vehicle handling (3)
- Verkehrsteilnehmer (3)
- Verschiebung (3)
- Versuchspuppe (3)
- Wahrscheinlichkeit (3)
- Woman (3)
- Abbiegen (2)
- Abdomen (2)
- Abkommen von der Fahrbahn (Unfall) (2)
- Accuracy (2)
- Advanced driver assistance system (2)
- Aufprallschlitten (2)
- Ausrüstung (2)
- Australia (2)
- Australien (2)
- Automatisch (2)
- Automatische Notbremsung (2)
- Autonomous emergency braking (2)
- Behinderter (2)
- Bein (2)
- Beinahe Unfall (2)
- Belastung (2)
- Blutkreislauf (2)
- Body (car) (2)
- Bremsweg (2)
- Bus (2)
- Camera (2)
- Circulation (blood) (2)
- Classification (2)
- Clothing (2)
- Coach (2)
- Compatibility (2)
- Contact (tyre road) (2)
- Cost (2)
- Crash victim (2)
- Crossing the road (2)
- Decision process (2)
- Deformable barrier (impact test) (2)
- Depth (2)
- Detection (2)
- Deutschalnd (2)
- Digital image processing (2)
- Digitale Bildverarbeitung (2)
- Disablement (2)
- Dreidimensional (2)
- Driver information (2)
- Driving (veh) (2)
- Edge (2)
- Education (2)
- Eindringung (2)
- Eingabedaten (2)
- Einstellung (psychol) (2)
- Electric bicycle (2)
- Electronic driving aid (2)
- Elektrofahrrad (2)
- Entdeckung (2)
- Entscheidungsprozess (2)
- Equipment (2)
- Ergonomics (2)
- Ergonomie (2)
- Eu (2)
- Fahrbahnüberquerung (2)
- Fahrsimulator (2)
- Fahrzeugführung (2)
- Fahrzeuginnenraum (2)
- Fernverkehrsstraße (2)
- Forschungsarbeit (2)
- Geländefahrzeug (2)
- Government (national) (2)
- Griffigkeit (2)
- Harmonisation (2)
- Hazard (2)
- Head restraint (2)
- Highway (2)
- Highway design (2)
- Hinten (2)
- Input data (2)
- International (2)
- Kamera (2)
- Karosserie (2)
- Klassifizierung (2)
- Knee (human) (2)
- Knie (menschl) (2)
- Kompatibilität (2)
- Kontakt Reifen Straße (2)
- Kontrolle (2)
- Kopfstütze (2)
- Kosten (2)
- Langfristig (2)
- Load (2)
- Long term (2)
- Main road (2)
- Medical aspects (2)
- Medizinische Gesichtspunkte (2)
- Medizinische Untersuchung (2)
- Methode der finite Elemente (2)
- Methode der finiten Elemente (2)
- Mobile phone (2)
- Mobiltelefon (2)
- Movement (2)
- Near miss (2)
- Netherlands (2)
- Niederlande (2)
- Output (2)
- Overlapping (2)
- Penetration (2)
- Posture (2)
- Quality (2)
- Qualität (2)
- Reaction (human) (2)
- Reaktionsverhalten (2)
- Rear (2)
- Recording (2)
- Regierung (staat) (2)
- Reisebus (2)
- Restraint system (2)
- Road traffic (2)
- Road user (2)
- Safety fence (2)
- Severity (acid (2)
- Shock (2)
- Simulator (driving) (2)
- Skidding resistance (2)
- Skill (road user) (2)
- Spain (2)
- Spanien (2)
- Specifications (2)
- Sport utility vehicle (2)
- Standardisierung (2)
- Straßenentwurf (2)
- Straßenverkehr (2)
- Surveillance (2)
- Sweden (2)
- Telefon (2)
- Telephone (2)
- Theorie (2)
- Theory (2)
- Three dimensional (2)
- Tiefe (2)
- Time (2)
- Trend (stat) (2)
- Turn (2)
- Unfallopfer (2)
- Unterleib (2)
- Vehicle regulations (2)
- Vorne (2)
- Wet road (2)
- Zeit (2)
- Zeitreihe (stat) (2)
- Überlappung (2)
- Ability (road user) (1)
- Abkommen von der Fahrbahn (1)
- Ablenkung (1)
- Absorption (1)
- Abstandsregeltempomat (1)
- Acceleration (1)
- Acceptability (1)
- Accident black spot (1)
- Accident proneness (1)
- Accident severity (1)
- Active safety system; Automatic; Brake; Car; Collision avoidance system; Conference; Driver assistance system; Germany; Impact test (veh); Rear end collision; Severity (accid (1)
- Activity report (1)
- Adaptive cruise controll (1)
- Administration (1)
- Adult (1)
- Aggression (psycho) (1)
- Aggression (psychol) (1)
- Air traffic control (1)
- Airbag (restraint system) (1)
- Analyse (1)
- Analyses (math) (1)
- Anthropometrie (1)
- Anthropometry (1)
- Anti locking device (1)
- Antiblockiereinrichtung (1)
- Apparatus (measuring) (1)
- Arbeitsgruppe (1)
- Arm (human) (1)
- Arm (menschl) (1)
- Atives Sicherheitssystem (1)
- Attention (1)
- Attitude (psychol) (1)
- Audit (1)
- Auffharunfall (1)
- Aufmerksamkeit (1)
- Aufzeichnung (1)
- Aufzeichung (1)
- Autobahn (1)
- Automatic (1)
- Autotür (1)
- Back (human) (1)
- Batterie (1)
- Battery (1)
- Baumusterzulassung (1)
- Bein [menschl] (1)
- Bemessung (1)
- Bepflanzung (1)
- Beschleunigung (1)
- Bevölkerung (1)
- Bewehrung (1)
- Bone (1)
- Braking distance (1)
- Breaking (1)
- Bruch (mech) (1)
- Budget (1)
- Car door (1)
- Carbon dioxide (1)
- Chest (1)
- Cognitive impairment (1)
- Colthing (1)
- Communication (1)
- Comprehension (1)
- Compression (1)
- Computation (1)
- Concentration (chem) (1)
- Conference; Germany; Injury; Medical examination; Spinal column; X ray (1)
- Contact (tyre (1)
- Crashtest (1)
- Cross roads (1)
- Cycle track (1)
- Cycling (1)
- Damping (1)
- Data base (1)
- Data transmission (telecom) (1)
- Datenübertragung (Telekom) (1)
- Datenübertragung (telekom) (1)
- Dauer (1)
- Day (24 hour period) (1)
- Deformierbare Barriere (Anpralltest) (1)
- Deformierte Barriere (Anpralltest) (1)
- Density (1)
- Design (overall design) (1)
- Detektion (1)
- Dichte (1)
- Digital computer (1)
- Digitalrechner (1)
- Displacement (1)
- Distribution (gen) (1)
- Driving aid (electronic) (1)
- Dtetection (1)
- Durchsichtigkeit (1)
- Dämpfung (1)
- EU directive (1)
- EU-Richtlinie (1)
- Eigenschaft (1)
- Ejection (1)
- Elastizitätsmodul (1)
- Electric vehicle (1)
- Electronics (1)
- Elektrofahrzeug (1)
- Elektronik (1)
- Elektronisches Stabilitätsprogram (1)
- Emergency (1)
- Emergency medical aid (1)
- Energie (1)
- Energy (1)
- Enforcement (law) (1)
- Entgleisung (Zug) (1)
- Erfahrung (menschl) (1)
- Erwachsener (1)
- Event data recorder (Road vehicle) (1)
- Experience (human) (1)
- Expert system (1)
- Expertensystem (1)
- Expressway (1)
- Face (human) (1)
- Facility (1)
- Fahrerinformationen (1)
- Fahrzeugdach (1)
- Fahrzeugflotte (1)
- Fahrzeugrückhaltesystem (1)
- Fahrzeugteil (Sicherheit) (1)
- Fatigue (human) (1)
- Fear (1)
- Fence (1)
- Feuer (1)
- Financing (1)
- Finanzierung (1)
- Finland (1)
- Finnland (1)
- Fire (1)
- Fleet of vehicles (1)
- Flugsicherung (1)
- Foot (not a measure) (1)
- Form (1)
- Frequency (1)
- Friction (1)
- Fuel tank (1)
- Furcht (1)
- Fuß (1)
- Führerschein Punktesystem (1)
- Genauigkeit (1)
- Geografisches Information System (1)
- Geographical information system (1)
- Geometry (shape) (1)
- Geradeausverkehr (1)
- Geschwindigkeitsbeschränkung (1)
- Gesetzesdurchführung (1)
- Gesetzesübertretung (1)
- Gesetzgebung (1)
- Gesicht (1)
- Gesundheit (1)
- Gewicht (1)
- Harmonisierung (1)
- Health (1)
- Herausschleudern (1)
- Hip (human) (1)
- Homogeneity (1)
- Homogenität (1)
- Hospitsl (1)
- Häufigkeit (1)
- Hüfte (1)
- Illness (1)
- Image analysis (1)
- Image generation (1)
- Impact (collision) (1)
- In situ (1)
- Inertia reel safety belt (1)
- Infotainment System (1)
- Infotainment system (1)
- Installation (1)
- Interactive model (1)
- Interaktives Modell (1)
- Intersection (1)
- Inventar (1)
- Inventory (1)
- Ireland (1)
- Irland (1)
- Italien (1)
- Italy (1)
- Itinerary (1)
- Jahreszeit (1)
- Knochen (1)
- Kognitive Beeinträchtigung (1)
- Kohlendioxid (1)
- Kommunikation (1)
- Kontakt Reifen-Straße (1)
- Konzentration (1)
- Korea (Süd) (1)
- Korrelation [math (1)
- Kraftstofftank (1)
- Krankheit (1)
- Kreisverkehrsplatz (1)
- Kreuzung (1)
- Körperhaltung (1)
- Körperstellung (1)
- Lap strap (1)
- Lateral (1)
- Lateral collision (1)
- Learning (1)
- Legislation (1)
- Leistungsfähigkeit (Allg.) (1)
- Length (1)
- Links (1)
- Länge (1)
- Lärm (1)
- Malaysia (1)
- Massenunfall (1)
- Mathematical Model (1)
- Matrix (1)
- Mean (math) (1)
- Medical examination (1)
- Text (1)
- Messgerät (1)
- Mittelwert (1)
- Mobility (1)
- Mobilität (1)
- Model (not math) (1)
- Modell (1)
- Modulus of elasticity (1)
- Montage (1)
- Moped (1)
- Motorisierungsgrad (1)
- Multiple collision (1)
- Müdigkeit (1)
- Nachricht (1)
- Nasse Strasse (1)
- Nasse Straße (1)
- Nigeria (1)
- Noise (1)
- Nordamerika (1)
- Norm (tech) (1)
- North America (1)
- Norway (1)
- Norwegen (1)
- Notfall (1)
- Nummer (1)
- Nutzwertanalyse (1)
- Offence (1)
- Official approval (1)
- Offset impact test (1)
- On the left (1)
- On the right (1)
- On the spot investigation (1)
- Organisation (1)
- Organization (association) (1)
- Overturning (1)
- Oxygen (1)
- Padding (safety) (1)
- Partnerschaft (1)
- Partnership (1)
- Perception (1)
- Personal (1)
- Personnel (1)
- Pfosten (1)
- Planning (1)
- Planung (1)
- Point demerit system (1)
- Pole (1)
- Police (1)
- Polizei (1)
- Population (1)
- Portable (1)
- Position (1)
- Pregnancy (1)
- Properties (1)
- Protective helmet (1)
- Prototyp (1)
- Prototype (1)
- Pssives Sicherheitssystem (1)
- Psychological aspects (1)
- Psychologische Gesichtspunkte (1)
- Public transport (1)
- QAccident (1)
- Quality assurance (1)
- Quality management system (1)
- Qualitätsmanagementsystem (1)
- Qualitätssicherung (1)
- Radfahren (1)
- Radweg (1)
- Rail bound transport (1)
- Rail traffic (1)
- Rechts (1)
- Reconstruction [accid] (1)
- Reduction (decrease) (1)
- Rehabilitation (1)
- Rehabilitation (road user) (1)
- Reibung (1)
- Reifen (1)
- Reifenprofil (1)
- Reinforcement (in mater) (1)
- Reiseweg (1)
- Republic of Corea (1)
- Research project (1)
- Research projekt (1)
- Residential area (1)
- Resuscitation (1)
- Reversing (veh) (1)
- Rib (1)
- Richtlinie (1)
- Richtlinien (1)
- Risk taking (1)
- Road network (1)
- Road transport (1)
- Roll over (veh) (1)
- Roof (veh) (1)
- Rotation (1)
- Roundabout (1)
- Rsk (1)
- Rupture (1)
- Röntgenstrahlung (1)
- Rücken (1)
- Rücksichtslosigkeit (1)
- Rückwärtsfahren (1)
- Safety harness (1)
- Safety system (1)
- Saftey (1)
- Sauerstoff (1)
- Schienentransport (1)
- Schienenverkehr (1)
- Schlag (1)
- Schleudertrauma (1)
- Schwangerschaft (1)
- Schweiz (1)
- Schweregrad (UNfall (1)
- Schätzung (1)
- Season (1)
- Seat (1)
- Seat belt (1)
- Seat harness (1)
- Severity (accid, injuy) (1)
- Sicherheitspolsterung (1)
- Side (1)
- Significance (1)
- Signifikanz (1)
- Specification (standard) (1)
- Speed limit (1)
- Speed) (1)
- Spinal calum (1)
- Sri Lanka (1)
- Stadt (1)
- Stahl (1)
- Standardization (1)
- Statistik (math) (1)
- Steel (1)
- Stochastic process (1)
- Stochastischer Prozess (1)
- Stopping distance (1)
- Straight ahead (traffic) (1)
- Strasse (1)
- Straße (1)
- Straßennetz (1)
- Straßentransport (1)
- Switzerland (1)
- Tag (24 Stunden) (1)
- Technische Vorschriften (1)
- Technische Vorschriften (Kraftfahrzeug) (1)
- Tension (1)
- Thailand (1)
- Traffic (1)
- Traffic restraint (1)
- Tragbar (1)
- Transparent (1)
- Transport infrastructure (1)
- Transport operator (1)
- Transportunternehmen (1)
- Traveler (1)
- Two dimensional (1)
- Tyre (1)
- Tyre tread (1)
- Tätigkeitsbericht (1)
- Underride prevention (1)
- Unfallfolgephase (1)
- Unfallneigung (1)
- Unfallrate (1)
- Unfallrekonsruktion (1)
- Unfallschwerpunkt (1)
- Unfallverhütug (1)
- Ungeschützter Verkehrsteilnehmer (1)
- Unterfahrschutz (1)
- Untersuchung am Umfallort (1)
- Urban area (1)
- Usa (1)
- Value analysis (1)
- Variance analysis (1)
- Varianzanalyse (1)
- Vegetation (1)
- Vehicle ownership (1)
- Vehicle restraint system (1)
- Vehicle safety device (1)
- Veletzung) (1)
- Vereinigtes Königreichl (1)
- Verfahen (1)
- Verkehr (1)
- Verkehrsbeschränkung (1)
- Verkehrsinfrastruktur (1)
- Vermeidung (1)
- Verständnis (1)
- Verteilung (allg) (1)
- Verwaltung (1)
- Visualisation (1)
- Visualisierung (1)
- Vulnerable road user (1)
- Wahrnehmung (1)
- Wasser (1)
- Water (1)
- Weather (1)
- Weight (1)
- Whiplash injury (1)
- Window (veh) (1)
- Windschutzscheibe (1)
- Witterung (1)
- Wohngebiet (1)
- Women (1)
- Working group (1)
- Zahl (1)
- Zug (mech) (1)
- Zusammendrückung (1)
- Zweidimensional (1)
- accident (1)
- aktives Sicherheitssystem (1)
- analyses (math) (1)
- ar (1)
- efficiency (1)
- fatality (1)
- finite element method (1)
- head (1)
- road) (1)
- simulation (1)
- stat] (1)
- tödlicher Unfall (1)
- Öffentlicher Verkehr (1)
Institut
With an ever rising human life expectancy the share of elderly people in society is constantly rising. This leads to the fact that at the same rate the share of people with age related diseases such as dementia and poor eyesight taking part in traffic will rise and therefore traffic accidents caused by this group of people due to the disease will play an ever greater role. This Situation will be among the future challenges of road safety work. At present this study displays specific characteristics of accidents caused by elderly car drivers (aged 65 or higher) based on the analysis of the German In-Depth Accident Study GIDAS. Herein almost 1000 elderly car drivers were identified as accident participants in the years 2008 to 2011. The focus of this study lies on identifying special types of accidents which are caused by elderly drivers and on characterizing these types with the information gathered on scene and by interviewing the participants. The main evidence analyzed is the knowledge about the accident locality, the trajectories of the participants as well as the reasons for the occurrence of the accidents. Furthermore personal information such as the personal condition before the accident and driving purposes is used to identify patterns of contributing circumstances for accidents caused by elderly traffic participants.
Looking at the total of sum of fatal car accidents the number of single-vehicle accidents and particularly run-offroad (ROR) accidents are most frequent. In Austria on the Autobahn ROR accidents amounts to almost 45% of all fatal accidents, i.e. nearly every second fatal accident is caused by ROR accidents and interaction with infrastructure. Approximately 43 people were killed on Autobahns in ROR accidents with passenger cars. One possibility of protection against impacts with infrastructure is the use of guardrails. However, the initial element identified as a turned down terminal could become a dangerous impact object. These turned down terminals may lead a vehicle to roll over or the car "takes-off" when impacting the turned down guardrail. In many cases it is reported that the vehicle is jumping into road side objects such as traffic sign poles or overpasses. On average, nine people are killed in such accidents every year in Austria.
In a first step, we have examined approximately 23 000 single vehicle accidents within the Austrian National Statistics database. In a second step, we considered 15% of all fatal "running off the road" accidents that occurred in Austria in 2003. As a result, two accident categories were specified; "leaving the road without preceding manoeuvre" and "leaving the road with preceding manoeuvre". These two categories can be basically characterised by the vehicle- heading angle and its velocity angle. In this report, we further suggest theoretical approaches for the dimensioning of a safety zone, an area adjacent to the road free of fixed objects or dangerous slopes. We also show the link between the two accident categories mentioned above and the real world accidents analysed in detail. These observations also form the basis for the required length for safety devices. Finally, we summarise accident avoidance strategies.
The focus of the technical innovation in the automobile industry is currently changing to sensor based safety systems, which are operating in the pre-crash phase of an accident. To get more information about this pre-crash phase for real accidents a simulation of this phase using the GIDAS database is done. The basics for this simulation are geometrical information about the accident location and the exact accident data out of the GIDAS database. This aggregated information gives the possibility to simulate an exact motion for every accident participant, using MATLAB / SIMULINK, in the pre-crash phase. After the simulation the information about the geometrical positions, the velocities and maneuvers of the drivers to an individual TTC (time to collision) are available. With those results it is possible to develop new useful sensor geometries using pre-crash scatter plots or estimate the efficiency of implemented active safety systems in combination with sensor characteristics. This simulation can be done for every reconstructed accident included in the GIDAS database, so these results can represent a wide spread basis for the further development of active safety systems and sensor geometries and characteristics
The so-called "seat-belt injuries" or "seat-belt syndromes", described as 2-point seat-belt injuries, contain heavy inflection injuries of the lumbal spinal column, combined with heavy abdominal injuries as rupture of the upper intestinal bold or heavy injuries of the upper entrails. With "playing" children in the font of the car, with inappropriate plant of 3-point belts, identical injuries can occur.
In Germany averagely two million traffic accidents happen each year and emergency medical services are called to more than 400 000 patients. Even though this number is decreasing continuously (due to improvements in the fields of vehicle safety, road construction, and accident prevention) every case is yet a challenge for the rescuers and requires improvements in emergency medicine as well. Especially during diagnostics right at the accident scene, there are only limited instruments available to gain the necessary knowledge of the injuries suffered, to come to essential decisions about treatment or transport. To provide an additional diagnostic aid by scouting and estimating the situation, a software-tool calculating the likeliness of the most frequent severe injuries (AIS 3-6) of front occupants in passenger cars has been developed to deliver this necessary information about particular accident scenarios. To achieve this, logistic likelihood functions have been calculated in a multivariate regression analysis analysing all AIS 3+ injuries in the GIDAS database of the years 1999-2006 that happened more than four times
In most of developed countries, the progress made in passive safety during the last three decades allowed to drastically reduce the number of killed and severely injured especially for occupants of passenger cars. This reduction is mainly observed for frontal impacts for which the AIS3+ injuries has been reduced about 52% for drivers and 38% for front passengers. The stiffening of the cars' structure coupled with the generalization of airbags and the improvement of the seatbelt restraint (load limiter, pretension, etc.) allowed to protect vital body regions such as head, neck and thorax. However, the abdomen did not take advantage with so much success of this progress. The objective of this study is to draw up an inventory on the abdominal injuries of the belted car occupants involved in frontal impact, to present adapted counter-measures and to assess their potential effectiveness. In the first part the stakes corresponding to the abdominal injuries will be defined according to types of impact, seat location, occupants' age and type of injured organs. Then, we shall focus on the abdominal injury risk curves for adults involved in frontal impact and on the comparisons of the average risks according to the seat location. In the second part we will list counter-measures and we shall calculate their effectiveness. The method of case control will be used in order to estimate odds ratio, comparing two samples, given by occupants having or not having the studied safety system. For this study, two type of data sources are used: national road injured accident census and retrospective in-depth accident data collection. Abdominal injuries are mainly observed in frontal impact (52%). Fatal or severe abdominal occupant- injuries are observed at least in 27% of cases, ranking this body region as the most injured just after the thorax (51%). In spite of a twice lower occupation rate in the back seats compared to the front seats, the number of persons sustaining abdominal injuries at the rear place is higher than in the front place. In recent cars, the risk of having a serious or fatal abdominal injury in a frontal impact is 1.6% for the driver, 3.6% for the front passenger and 6.3% for the rear occupants. The most frequently hurt organs are the small intestine (17%), the spleen (16%) and the liver (13%). The most common countermeasures have a good efficiency in the reduction of the abdominal injuries for the adults: the stiffness of the structure of the seats allows decreasing the abdominal injury risk from 54% (driver) to 60% (front occupant), the seatbelt pretensioners decrease also this risk from 90% (driver) to 83% (front passenger).
The European Union has set a target to reduce all road fatalities (over 40,000) with 50% in 2010. This target percentage remained unchanged with the introduction of the ten new member states within the EU as by May 1st, 2004. According to Eurostat, 34% of all fatalities in 1998 in the, then, fifteen states of the European Union were the result of single vehicle collisions. This represents over 14,000 lives lost each year of which many can likely be saved through better roadside infrastructure design. The challenge for road safety professionals is to find methods and design strategies that help to reduce these casualties. Procedures for full-scale vehicle crash testing of guard rails were first published in the US in 1962. Present European regulation is mainly based on these procedures and later developments. Since then the vehicle fleet has changed considerably. Due to the complexity of the actual safety problem the numerical simulation approach offers a good opportunity to evaluate the different parameters involved in road safety, such as infrastructure properties, vehicle type, vehicle occupants and injuries. The ideal situation would be that simulation tools are coupled or integrated and all involved effects would be related. At the moment this is not the case yet, but initiatives are taken and a new virtual era has started. This paper offers a method looking at two components that encompass the driving environment: the car and the guardrail. As part of the EC-funded project, RISER (Roadside Infrastructure for Safer European Roads) a multi body simulation program study is carried out to determine sensitivities of some parameters in car to guardrail collisions and gives insides in performance of the car with passive safety equipment, the guardrail and the interaction of these objects with each other. By offering a set of methods that includes these two aspects and their intertwining relations, more confidence can be gained in actually reducing fatalities due to single vehicle collisions with, or due to, roadside furniture. Reducing the number of fatalities of single vehicle crashes would contribute greatly to the stated goal of reducing casualties altogether.
This work aims at bringing evidence for mass incompatibility in frontal impact for cars built according to the UNECE R94 regulation. French national injury accidents database census for years 2005 to 2008 were used for the analysis. The heterogeneity of frontal self-protection among cars of different masses is investigated, as well as the partner protection parameter offered by these cars. The last part of the analysis deals with the estimation of the benefit, in terms of fatal and severe injuries avoided, if crashworthiness was harmonized for the whole fleet of vehicle. This calculation is done for France and is extended to all Europe.
Automotive Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and TechnologyrnAbstract: The degrees of injury severity, as a rule injuries scaled by AIS of specific regions of the human body, investigated out of road traffic accidents correspond to the body-specific loading values, which are found out with the aid of experimental or mathematical simulation of crash tests with motor vehicles or with sled tests. The coherence between the injured human being on the one hand and the physical and the theoretical model respectively on the other hand is established by the risk function, which describes the probability of degrees of injury severity in dependence on the protection criteria. Due to the different physical characteristics in the simulation, e.g. accelerations, forces, compressions and their velocity, the compilation of these quantities, comparable to the MAIS, the maximal occurred single AIS obtained in accident analysis is much more difficult in the simulation than in the accident occurrence. Therefore it is obvious to normalize the loading values gained out of simulation and to summarise them to an entire value in a suitable manner, the safety index.rn
A concept for Safe-Driving-Trainings with a focus on risky behavior and safety related attitudes has been evaluated. 519 participants have been tested before and after the training by means of a questionnaire with the topics: technical driving competence, awareness of risks, and propensity for anticipation. A control group (131 subjects) was used to check for the possibility of response artifacts. Three months later, 92 members of the treatment group and 25 members of the control group have been tested again. The results show significant positive changes in driving competence, risk awareness, and safety related attitudes, especially anticipation, due to the training. Compared to the control group the participants have become more risk aware and they regard of risk avoiding behavior as more important. The results show that this concept for Safe-Driving-Trainings has not only short-term but, more importantly, long-term positive effects on the safety-relevant attitudes and cognitions of young drivers.
Rollover scenarios in Europe
(2005)
Rollover accidents seem to be a rising problem in Europe and therefore the systematic of this accident scenario should be investigated. Based on statistical investigations on major European accident databases for different countries a series of 73 real world rollover accidents was analysed. These cases were reconstructed using PC-Crash and preliminary categorised using a modified USbased rollover classification. In a first step, the rollover events were reconstructed from the point of conflict to the vehicle- rest position. The vehicles kinematics as well as its linear and rotational velocities were derived. In a second step typical velocity characteristics as well as kinematics were identified and the events categorised according to these criteria. Based on these results four main categories were defined, covering all reconstructed accidents. This categorisation was based on mechanical parameters (rotatory and translator kinematical data of the vehicle). Significant differences can be seen for different scenarios for the "first phase of rollover".
While cyclists and pedestrians are known to be at significant risk for severe injuries when exposed to road traffic accidents (RTAs) involving trucks, little is known about RTA injury risk for truck drivers. The objective of this study is to analyze the injury severity in truck drivers following RTAs. Between 1999 and 2008 the Hannover Medical School Accident Research Unit prospectively documented 43,000 RTAs involving 582 trucks. Injury severity including the abbreviated injury scale (AIS) and the maximum abbreviated injury scale (MAIS) were analyzed. Technical parameters (e.g. delta-v, direction of impact), the location of accident, and its dependency on the road type were also taken into consideration. The results show that the safety of truck drivers is assured by their vehicles, the consequence being that the risk of becoming injured is likely to be low. However, the legs especially are at high risk for severe injuries during RTAs. This probability increases in the instance of a collision with another truck. Nevertheless, in RTAs involving trucks and regular passenger vehicles, the other party is in higher risk of injury.
Over 3,814 young drivers died in European Countries in 2004. Based on the recent OECD study: "Young drivers: the road to safety" (OECD, 2006), this paper addresses the question of the factors contributing to this high risk, and it draws together the experiences of many countries in reducing this risk. The comparisons across countries show that young driver safety is related to the quality of the traffic system. Safe countries have also safe young drivers, demonstrating that raising general safety levels is beneficial for young novice drivers. The analysis of the developments over time reveals that young males in contrast to young females have not benefited enough from the latest safety measures, indicating the need for a better understanding of the nature of the young male driver accident proneness. Although, recent studies on brain development indicate that youngsters may not be sufficiently physiologically matured to handle complex and dangerous tasks such as car driving, crash patterns indicate that enhanced driving experience may have protective effects. The paper closes with a 9 point policy plan. The full OECD report (258 pages) can be downloaded for free from http://internationaltransportforum.org/Pub/pdf/06YoungDrivers.pdf.
Since the compulsory use of child restraints for children up to 5 years of age was introduced in 2000, restraint use among younger children has increased significantly. However, the observed rate of child restraint use plateaus at around 50%, and apparently little spillover effect has been found for older children who are not covered by the law. This report examines the restraint use patterns for children who were injured in cars in relation to driver and child passenger characteristics. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to describe the association between the outcome measure (the proper use of restraints for children) and relevant variables. Better ways for parents and caregivers to improve the use of restraints for children are also discussed.
Relevant accident related factors : risk and frequencies of contributing to road traffic accidents
(2009)
In the course of the European Project TRACE (Traffic Accident Causation in Europe) an attempt was made to analyse the cause of road traffic accidents from a factors' point of view. By literature review the most important independent risk factors for traffic accidents were identified to be speed, alcohol intake, male gender, young age, cell phone use, and fatigue. However, the impact of an accident related factor also depends on its prevalence in traffic and accidents, respectively. Available to the Partners in the TRACE Project were different accident databases. Causally contributing factors found by accident investigations that are most often coded in accident databases are connected to unadapted speed and inattention. Taking into account the risk increase and the frequency of contribution to accidents the conclusion can be drawn that the most relevant factors for accident causation are: "alcohol", "speed", and "inattention and distraction".
Beside numerous information about vehicles injuries and environmental data the GIDAS database contains detailed reconstruction data. This data is calculated by a reconstruction engineer who handles about 1000 accidents per year. The spectrum of one reconstruction ranges from simple crossing accidents to complex run-off accidents with rollover events. Especially for complex accident scenarios there is a large effort to design the environment of the accident scene within PC-Crash ®. To reduce the reconstruction time by maintaining the high quality of reconstruction 3D-geodata can be useful. Geodata is available for nearly every area in Germany and can be used for a fast and detailed creation of complex accident environments. In combination with the accident sketch areal images of the accident scene can be created and the participants are implemented in the new-built 3D-reconstruction environment. As a consequence, the characteristics of the terrain can be considered within the reconstruction which is especially important for run-off accidents.
Bone fracture patterns could be crucial in reconstructing the nature of loading, especially in the lower limb and upper limb kinematics in vehicle-pedestrian crashes. In addition, use of FE bone models can be a handy tool to predict vehicle impact velocity and the impact direction. The point of fracture initiation in bone loading has been predicted quite accurately earlier. A methodology that predicts bone crack initiation and its propagation pattern for the six known loading directions using a single material and failure model is presented.
A set of recommendations for pan-European transparent and independent road accident investigations has been developed by the SafetyNet project. The aim of these recommendations is to pave the way for future EU scale accident investigation activities by setting out the necessary steps for establishing safety oriented road accident investigations in Member States. This can be seen as the start of the process for establishing road accident investigations throughout Europe which operate according to a common methodology. The recommendations propose a European Safety Oriented Road Accident Investigation Programme which sets out the procedures that need to be put in place to investigate a sample of every day road accidents. They address four sets of issues; institutional addressing the characteristics of the programme; operational describing the conditions under which data isrncollected; data storage and protection; and reports, countermeasures and the dissemination of data.rn
Real world accident reconstruction with the Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS) in Pam-Crash
(2013)
Further improvement of vehicle safety needs detailed analysis of real world accidents. According to GIDAS (German In-Depth Accident Study) most car to car front accidents occur at mid-crash severity. In this range thoracic injuries already occur. In this study a real world frontal crash with mid-crash severity out of the AARU database was reconstructed. The selected car to car accident was reconstructed by AARU by means of pc-crash software in order to get the initial dynamic accident conditions. These initial conditions were used to reconstruct the complete accident in more detail using FE models for the car structure and the occupants. Occupant simulations were performed with FE HIII-dummy models and the THUMS using Pam-Crash code. An initial THUMS validation was performed in order to verify the model-´s biofidelity by means of table-top test simulations. THUMS bone stiffness values were modified to match the real word occupant age. A comparison between driver and passenger restraint system loading was done, as well as an injury prediction comparison between the HIII-dummy model and THUMS response for both cases. Detailed comparison between the HIII-dummy models and THUMS regarding thoracic loading are discussed.