Sonstige
Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
Dokumenttyp
- Konferenzveröffentlichung (404) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- Conference (324)
- Konferenz (320)
- Germany (151)
- Accident (150)
- Unfall (150)
- Deutschland (149)
- Injury (101)
- Verletzung (100)
- Unfallrekonstruktion (81)
- Analyse (math) (64)
- Analysis (math) (63)
- Statistics (63)
- Statistik (62)
- Schweregrad (Unfall, Verletzung) (59)
- Severity (accid, injury) (57)
- Tödlicher Unfall (56)
- Fatality (55)
- Safety (54)
- Sicherheit (53)
- Reconstruction (accid) (52)
- Bewertung (50)
- Evaluation (assessment) (49)
- Simulation (49)
- Datenbank (46)
- Fußgänger (45)
- Pedestrian (45)
- injury) (45)
- On the spot accident investigation (43)
- Schweregrad (Unfall (43)
- Verletzung) (43)
- Car (42)
- Data acquisition (42)
- Datenerfassung (42)
- Untersuchung am Unfallort (42)
- Severity (accid (40)
- Cause (39)
- Driver (39)
- Ursache (39)
- Fahrer (37)
- Fahrzeug (37)
- Unfallverhütung (36)
- Collision (35)
- Vehicle (35)
- Zusammenstoß (35)
- Anfahrversuch (34)
- Accident prevention (31)
- Radfahrer (31)
- Cyclist (30)
- Data bank (30)
- Accident reconstruction (29)
- Test (29)
- Europa (28)
- Europe (28)
- Frontalzusammenstoß (28)
- Prüfverfahren (28)
- Test method (28)
- Head on collision (27)
- Motorcyclist (27)
- Motorradfahrer (27)
- Versuch (27)
- Geschwindigkeit (26)
- Fahrerassistenzsystem (25)
- Impact test (veh) (25)
- Method (25)
- Speed (25)
- Active safety system (24)
- Leistungsfähigkeit (allg) (24)
- Passives Sicherheitssystem (23)
- Risiko (23)
- Verfahren (23)
- Aktives Sicherheitssystem (22)
- Insasse (22)
- Driver assistance system (21)
- Efficiency (21)
- PKW (21)
- Alte Leute (20)
- Passive safety system (20)
- Pkw (20)
- Interview (19)
- Old people (19)
- Risk (19)
- Vehicle occupant (19)
- Child (17)
- Kind (17)
- Prevention (17)
- Accident rate (16)
- Benutzung (16)
- Improvement (16)
- Sicherheitsgurt (16)
- Use (16)
- Verbesserung (16)
- Anthropometric dummy (15)
- Behaviour (15)
- Biomechanics (15)
- Biomechanik (15)
- Motorrad (15)
- Risikobewertung (15)
- Seitlicher Zusammenstoß (15)
- Unfallhäufigkeit (15)
- Verhalten (15)
- Berechnung (14)
- Database (14)
- Head (14)
- Kopf (14)
- Measurement (14)
- Messung (14)
- Motorcycle (14)
- Risk assessment (14)
- Safety belt (14)
- Side impact (14)
- Specifications (14)
- Calculation (13)
- Digital model (13)
- Driving aptitude (13)
- Leg (human) (13)
- Numerisches Modell (13)
- Richtlinien (13)
- Verminderung (13)
- Auffahrunfall (12)
- Brustkorb (12)
- Decrease (12)
- Development (12)
- Dummy (12)
- Entwicklung (12)
- Fahrzeugsitz (12)
- Rear end collision (12)
- Rechenmodell (12)
- Überschlagen (12)
- Airbag (11)
- Error (11)
- Fahrzeugführung (11)
- Human factor (11)
- Legislation (11)
- Mathematical model (11)
- Menschlicher Faktor (11)
- Prognose (11)
- Schutzhelm (11)
- Seat (veh) (11)
- Skill (road user) (11)
- Bremsung (10)
- Crash helmet (10)
- Driving (veh) (10)
- EU (10)
- Fahranfänger (10)
- Fehler (10)
- Gesetzgebung (10)
- Overturning (veh) (10)
- Recently qualified driver (10)
- Thorax (10)
- Tunnel (10)
- Air bag (restraint system) (9)
- Austria (9)
- Bein (menschl) (9)
- Braking (9)
- Deformation (9)
- Driver training (9)
- Front (9)
- Instandsetzung (9)
- Japan (9)
- Krankenhaus (9)
- Lorry (9)
- Metal bridge (9)
- Modification (9)
- Orthotropic plate (9)
- Planning (9)
- Repair (9)
- Sachschaden (9)
- Stahlbrücke (9)
- Verhütung (9)
- Veränderung (9)
- Österreich (9)
- Age (8)
- Alter (8)
- Bemessung (8)
- Blood alcohol content (8)
- Blutalkoholgehalt (8)
- Bridge (8)
- Damage (8)
- Drunkenness (8)
- Forecast (8)
- Hospital (8)
- Medizinische Untersuchung (8)
- Planung (8)
- Road network (8)
- Straßennetz (8)
- Trunkenheit (8)
- Verformung (8)
- Verkehrsinfrastruktur (8)
- Wirbelsäule (8)
- Antikollisionssystem (7)
- Belastung (7)
- Blood (7)
- Blut (7)
- Cracking (7)
- Design (overall design) (7)
- Einstellung (psychol) (7)
- Erste Hilfe (7)
- Erziehung (7)
- Expert opinion (7)
- Fahrausbildung (7)
- Fahreignung (7)
- Fracture (bone) (7)
- Frau (7)
- Gutachten (7)
- Illness (7)
- Impact study (7)
- International (7)
- Knee (human) (7)
- Knochenbruch (7)
- Krankheit (7)
- Load (7)
- Medical examination (7)
- Policy (7)
- Politik (7)
- Rissbildung (7)
- Standardisierung (7)
- Transport infrastructure (7)
- USA (7)
- Vereinigtes Königreich (7)
- Adolescent (6)
- Air pollution (6)
- Attitude (psychol) (6)
- Cervical vertebrae (6)
- Chemical analysis (6)
- Chemische Analyse (6)
- China (6)
- Collision avoidance system (6)
- Cost benefit analysis (6)
- Detection (6)
- Education (6)
- Fahrgeschicklichkeit (6)
- Halswirbel (6)
- Human body (6)
- Impact test (6)
- India (6)
- Indien (6)
- Interior (veh) (6)
- Jugendlicher (6)
- Knie (menschl) (6)
- Knotenpunkt (6)
- Leistungsfähigkeit (Fahrer) (6)
- Luftverunreinigung (6)
- Menschlicher Körper (6)
- Nitrogen oxide (6)
- Ort (Position) (6)
- Orthotrope Fahrbahntafel (6)
- Portugal (6)
- Road construction (6)
- Software (6)
- Spinal column (6)
- Standardization (6)
- Steifigkeit (6)
- Stiffness (6)
- Straßenbau (6)
- Traffic (6)
- Verkehr (6)
- Vorn (6)
- Wirksamkeitsuntersuchung (6)
- Wirtschaftlichkeitsrechnung (6)
- Woman (6)
- Analyse (Math) (5)
- Angle (5)
- Bau (5)
- Bearing capacity (5)
- Bremse (5)
- Brücke (5)
- Classification (5)
- Construction (5)
- Correlation (math, stat) (5)
- Dauerhaftigkeit (5)
- Decision process (5)
- Delivery vehicle (5)
- Detektion (5)
- Droge (5)
- Drugs (5)
- Durability (5)
- Eins (5)
- Electronic stability program (5)
- Entscheidungsprozess (5)
- Fahrstabilität (5)
- Fahrzeuginnenraum (5)
- Fernverkehrsstraße (5)
- Finite element method (5)
- First aid (5)
- Forschungsarbeit (5)
- France (5)
- Frankreich (5)
- Highway (5)
- Information (5)
- Klassifizierung (5)
- Location (5)
- Main road (5)
- Medical aspects (5)
- Medizinische Gesichtspunkte (5)
- Mobility (5)
- Mobilität (5)
- Oberfläche (5)
- One (5)
- Post crash (5)
- Research project (5)
- Schweissen (5)
- Sensor (5)
- Stickoxid (5)
- Straße (5)
- Surface (5)
- Surfacing (5)
- Technologie (5)
- Technology (5)
- Tragfähigkeit (5)
- United Kingdom (5)
- Vehicle handling (5)
- Verkehrsteilnehmer (5)
- Welding (5)
- Winkel (5)
- Abdomen (4)
- Alcohol test (4)
- Alkoholtest (4)
- Arbeitsgruppe (4)
- Autobahn (4)
- Automatisch (4)
- Balken (4)
- Beam (4)
- Berufsausübung (4)
- Bicycle (4)
- Blech (4)
- Boden (4)
- Brake (4)
- Camera (4)
- Coefficient of friction (4)
- Collision test (veh) (4)
- Compatibility (4)
- Concentration (chem) (4)
- Deformable barrier (impact test) (4)
- Distraction (4)
- Driver information (4)
- Dynamics (4)
- Dynamik (4)
- Elektronisches Stabilitätsprogramm (4)
- Estimation (4)
- Fahrdatenschreiber (4)
- Fahrrad (4)
- Fahrtüchtigkeit (4)
- Fire (4)
- Geschichte (4)
- History (4)
- Impact sled (4)
- Information documentation (4)
- Junction (4)
- Kamera (4)
- Kompatibilität (4)
- Kontrolle (4)
- Korrelation (math, stat) (4)
- LKW (4)
- Lieferfahrzeug (4)
- Life cycle (4)
- Lkw (4)
- Man (4)
- Mann (4)
- Methode der finiten Elemente (4)
- Modell (4)
- Nanotechnologie (4)
- Nanotechnology (4)
- Oberflächentextur (4)
- Occupant (veh) (4)
- Occupation (4)
- Organisation (4)
- Oxid (4)
- Oxide (4)
- Probability (4)
- Quer (4)
- Regression analysis (4)
- Regressionsanalyse (4)
- Reibungsbeiwert (4)
- Reinforcement (gen) (4)
- Reproducibility (4)
- Reproduzierbarkeit (4)
- Rigid pavement (4)
- Risk taking (4)
- Road user (4)
- Schrägseilbrücke (4)
- Schweden (4)
- Seite (4)
- Sheet (metal) (4)
- Sichtbarkeit (4)
- Soil (4)
- Stadt (4)
- Stayed girder bridge (4)
- Straßenverkehrsrecht (4)
- Surface texture (4)
- Surveillance (4)
- Titan (4)
- Titanium (4)
- Traffic regulations (4)
- Transverse (4)
- Unfallfolgemaßnahme (4)
- Unterleib (4)
- Urban area (4)
- Verstärkung (allg) (4)
- Sichtbarkeit (4)
- Wahrscheinlichkeit (4)
- Working group (4)
- Abkommen von der Fahrbahn (Unfall) (3)
- Ablenkung (psychol) (3)
- Adaptation (psychol) (3)
- Administration (3)
- Advanced driver assistance system (3)
- Anpassung (psychol) (3)
- Arzneimittel (3)
- Attention (3)
- Aufmerksamkeit (3)
- Aufprallschlitten (3)
- Auftrag (3)
- Ausrüstung (3)
- Australia (3)
- Australien (3)
- Automatic (3)
- Autonomes Fahren (3)
- Autonomes Fahrzeug (3)
- Autonomous driving (3)
- Autonomous vehicle (3)
- Befreiung (Bergung) (3)
- Bein (3)
- Beinahe Unfall (3)
- Beschichtung (3)
- Betonstraße (Oberbau) (3)
- Blickfeld (3)
- Brand (3)
- Bridge deck (3)
- Brückenbelag (3)
- Cable (3)
- Case law (3)
- Cement (3)
- Coating (3)
- Concrete (3)
- Contract (3)
- Cost (3)
- Crash test (3)
- Czech Republic (3)
- Decke (Straße) (3)
- Deformierbare Barriere (Anpralltest) (3)
- Digitale Bildverarbeitung (3)
- Earthworks (3)
- Effectiveness (3)
- Electric vehicle (3)
- Elektrofahrzeug (3)
- Environment (3)
- Equipment (3)
- Erdarbeiten (3)
- Ermüdung (mater) (3)
- Event data recorder (road vehicle) (3)
- Extrication (3)
- Fahrbahntafel (3)
- Fahrsimulator (3)
- Field of vision (3)
- Financing (3)
- Finanzierung (3)
- Fuge (3)
- Fugenfüllung (3)
- Gefahrenabwehr (3)
- Gemeindeverwaltung (3)
- Genauigkeit (3)
- Gesetzesdurchführung (3)
- Government (national) (3)
- Grenzwert (3)
- Griffigkeit (3)
- Hazard (3)
- Head restraint (3)
- Installation (3)
- Joint (structural) (3)
- Kleidung (3)
- Konzentration (chem) (3)
- Kopfstütze (3)
- Korea (Süd) (Demokratische Republik) (3)
- Kosten (3)
- Langfristig (3)
- Lebenszyklus (3)
- Limit (3)
- Local authority (3)
- Long term (3)
- Medication (3)
- Model (not math) (3)
- Montage (3)
- Motorway (3)
- Near miss (3)
- Netherlands (3)
- Niederlande (3)
- Norm (tech) (3)
- Orthotrope Platte (3)
- Overlapping (3)
- Passenger (3)
- Personal (3)
- Personnel (3)
- Police (3)
- Polizei (3)
- Psychologie (3)
- Psychology (3)
- Public transport (3)
- Reaction (human) (3)
- Reaktionsverhalten (3)
- Rechtsprechung (3)
- Recording (3)
- Rehabilitation (3)
- Rehabilitation (road user) (3)
- Reinforcement (in mater) (3)
- Republic of Korea (3)
- Run off the road (accid) (3)
- Schutzeinrichtung (3)
- Security (3)
- Severity (acid (3)
- Shock (3)
- Simulator (driving) (3)
- Skidding resistance (3)
- Spain (3)
- Spanien (3)
- Specification (standard) (3)
- Steife (Brücke) (3)
- Stiffener (Bridge) (3)
- Straßenverkehr (3)
- Theorie (3)
- Theory (3)
- Tschechische Republik (3)
- Umwelt (3)
- Unfallschwerpunkt (3)
- United kingdom (3)
- Verschiebung (3)
- Versuchspuppe (3)
- Verwaltung (3)
- Vorne (3)
- Zement (3)
- Öffentlicher Verkehr (3)
- Abbiegen (2)
- Abdichtung (2)
- Acceleration (2)
- Accident black spot (2)
- Accident proneness (2)
- Accuracy (2)
- Adult (2)
- Aggression (psychol) (2)
- Alcohol (2)
- Alkohol (2)
- Anti locking device (2)
- Antiblockiereinrichtung (2)
- Audit (2)
- Aufzeichnung (2)
- Automatische Notbremsung (2)
- Autonomous emergency braking (2)
- Ballungsgebiet (2)
- Behinderter (2)
- Beschleunigung (2)
- Beton (2)
- Bewehrung (2)
- Blutkreislauf (2)
- Body (car) (2)
- Bremsweg (2)
- Bridge surfacing (2)
- Budget (2)
- Bus (2)
- CEN (2)
- Chromatographie (2)
- Chromatography (2)
- Circulation (blood) (2)
- Clothing (2)
- Coach (2)
- Communication (2)
- Compliance (specif) (2)
- Composite bridge (2)
- Condition survey (2)
- Contact (tyre road) (2)
- Continuous (2)
- Conurbation (2)
- Crash victim (2)
- Crashtest (2)
- Crossing the road (2)
- Cycle track (2)
- Damping (2)
- Data base (2)
- Data security (2)
- Datensicherheit (2)
- Depth (2)
- Deutschalnd (2)
- Digital image processing (2)
- Disablement (2)
- Dreidimensional (2)
- Dämpfung (2)
- EU directive (2)
- EU-Richtlinie (2)
- Edge (2)
- Eigenschaft (2)
- Eindringung (2)
- Eingabedaten (2)
- Electric bicycle (2)
- Electronic driving aid (2)
- Elektrofahrrad (2)
- Emission control (2)
- Emissionskontrolle (2)
- Enforcement (law) (2)
- Entdeckung (2)
- Erfahrung (menschl) (2)
- Ergonomics (2)
- Ergonomie (2)
- Erwachsener (2)
- Eu (2)
- European Union (2)
- Experience (human) (2)
- Fahrbahnüberquerung (2)
- Fahrerinformation (2)
- Fahrernachschulung (2)
- Fahrerweiterbildung (2)
- Fahrtauglichkeit (2)
- Faserbewehrter Beton (2)
- Fatigue (human) (2)
- Fatigue (mater) (2)
- Festigkeit (2)
- Fiber reinforced concrete (2)
- Finland (2)
- Finnland (2)
- Foot (not a measure) (2)
- Frequency (2)
- Fuß (2)
- Gas (2)
- Geländefahrzeug (2)
- Geologie (2)
- Geomembran (2)
- Geomembrane (2)
- Gesetzesübertretung (2)
- Gewicht (2)
- Group analysis (test) (2)
- Haftung (jur) (2)
- Harmonisation (2)
- High performance concrete (2)
- Highway design (2)
- Hinten (2)
- Input data (2)
- Intelligent transport system (2)
- Intersection (2)
- Joint sealing (2)
- Karosserie (2)
- Kommunikation (2)
- Kontakt Reifen Straße (2)
- Kontinuierlich (2)
- Learning (2)
- Lebensdauer (2)
- Length (2)
- Liability (2)
- Longitudinal (2)
- Längs (2)
- Lärm (2)
- Lärmschutzwand (2)
- Maintenance (2)
- Methode der finite Elemente (2)
- Mittelwert (2)
- Mobile phone (2)
- Mobiltelefon (2)
- Movement (2)
- Müdigkeit (2)
- Noise (2)
- Noise barrier (2)
- Nutzwertanalyse (2)
- Offence (2)
- Organization (2)
- Organization (association) (2)
- Output (2)
- PVC (2)
- Penetration (2)
- Polyvinylchloride (2)
- Posture (2)
- Privatisierung (2)
- Properties (2)
- Prototyp (2)
- Prototype (2)
- Psychological aspects (2)
- Psychological examination (2)
- Psychologische Gesichtspunkte (2)
- Psychologische Untersuchung (2)
- Public private partnership (2)
- Pylon (2)
- Quality (2)
- Qualität (2)
- Radweg (2)
- Rail traffic (2)
- Rear (2)
- Regierung (staat) (2)
- Reifenprofil (2)
- Reisebus (2)
- Responsibility (2)
- Restraint system (2)
- Retraining of drivers (2)
- Ringanalyse (2)
- Risikoverhalten (2)
- Road traffic (2)
- Rücksichtslosigkeit (2)
- Safety fence (2)
- Schienenverkehr (2)
- Schlag (2)
- Schleudertrauma (2)
- Schutz (2)
- Schweiz (2)
- Seil (2)
- Seminar (2)
- Side (2)
- Sport utility vehicle (2)
- Straßenentwurf (2)
- Strength (mater) (2)
- Stress (psychol) (2)
- Sweden (2)
- Switzerland (2)
- Telecommunication (2)
- Telefon (2)
- Telekommunikation (2)
- Telephone (2)
- Three dimensional (2)
- Tiefe (2)
- Time (2)
- Trapezförmiger Träger (2)
- Trapezoidal beam (2)
- Trend (stat) (2)
- Turn (2)
- Tyre tread (2)
- Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung (2)
- Unfallneigung (2)
- Unfallopfer (2)
- Unterhaltung (2)
- Value analysis (2)
- Vegetation (2)
- Vehicle regulations (2)
- Verantwortung (2)
- Verbundbrücke (2)
- Vorschrifteneinhaltung (2)
- Wasser (2)
- Water (2)
- Waterproofing (2)
- Weight (2)
- Wet road (2)
- Whiplash injury (2)
- Windschutzscheibe (2)
- Zeit (2)
- Zeitreihe (stat) (2)
- Zustandsbewertung (2)
- Überlappung (2)
- (menschl) (1)
- Abgaben (1)
- Ability (road user) (1)
- Abkommen von der Fahrbahn (1)
- Ablenkung (1)
- Absorption (1)
- Abstandsregeltempomat (1)
- Acceptability (1)
- Accident data (1)
- Accident prone location (1)
- Accident severity (1)
- Active safety (1)
- Active safety system; Automatic; Brake; Car; Collision avoidance system; Conference; Driver assistance system; Germany; Impact test (veh); Rear end collision; Severity (accid (1)
- Activity report (1)
- Adaptive cruise controll (1)
- Addiction (1)
- Aesthetics (1)
- Aethanol (1)
- Aged people (1)
- Ageing (1)
- Aggression (psycho) (1)
- Aggressiveness (psychol) (1)
- Air quality management (1)
- Air traffic control (1)
- Airbag (restraint system) (1)
- Aktive Sicherheit (1)
- Alterung (mater) (1)
- Aluminat (1)
- Aluminate (1)
- Analyse (1)
- Analyses (math) (1)
- Anchorage (1)
- Animal (1)
- Anthropometrie (1)
- Anthropometry (1)
- Apparatus (measuring) (1)
- Arbeitsplatz (1)
- Arm (human) (1)
- Arm (menschl) (1)
- Asphaltoberbau (1)
- Atem (1)
- Atives Sicherheitssystem (1)
- Auffharunfall (1)
- Aufzeichung (1)
- Ausführungsfehler (1)
- Auslaugung (1)
- Autotür (1)
- Average (1)
- Back (human) (1)
- Batterie (1)
- Battery (1)
- Baum (1)
- Baumusterzulassung (1)
- Bein [menschl] (1)
- Bepflanzung (1)
- Beton ; Betonstraße (Oberbau) (1)
- Bevölkerung (1)
- Bicyclist (1)
- Bindemittel (1)
- Binder (1)
- Black ice (1)
- Blasting (1)
- Bone (1)
- Brain (1)
- Braking distance (1)
- Brasilien (1)
- Brazil (1)
- Breaking (1)
- Breath (1)
- Bridge management system (1)
- Brittleness (1)
- Bruch (mech) (1)
- Brücken Management System (1)
- Bypass (loop road) (1)
- Cadaver (1)
- Calcium (1)
- Calibration (1)
- Cantilever (1)
- Car door (1)
- Carbon dioxide (1)
- Carriageway (1)
- Case study (1)
- Chassis (1)
- Chest (1)
- Clay (1)
- Climate change (1)
- Cognitive impairment (1)
- Colthing (1)
- Comprehension (1)
- Compression (1)
- Computation (1)
- Conference; Germany; Injury; Medical examination; Spinal column; X ray (1)
- Contact (tyre (1)
- Contractor (1)
- Cooperative intelligent transport system (1)
- Corrosion (1)
- Costs (1)
- Crash Test (1)
- Critical path method (1)
- Cross roads (1)
- Cross section (1)
- Customer (1)
- Cycling (1)
- Data processing (1)
- Data transmission (telecom) (1)
- Datenverarbeitung (1)
- Datenübertragung (Telekom) (1)
- Datenübertragung (telekom) (1)
- Dauer (1)
- Day (24 hour period) (1)
- Decke [Straße] (1)
- Defect (tech) (1)
- Deformierte Barriere (Anpralltest) (1)
- Demand (econ) (1)
- Demografie (1)
- Demography (1)
- Density (1)
- Design (1)
- Deterioration (1)
- Dichte (1)
- Digital computer (1)
- Digitalrechner (1)
- Dispersion (stat) (1)
- Displacement (1)
- Distribution (gen) (1)
- Driving (1)
- Driving aid (electronic) (1)
- Dtetection (1)
- Durchsichtigkeit (1)
- Economic efficiency (1)
- Ecosystem (1)
- Eichung (1)
- Einbau (1)
- Einfahrt (1)
- Ejection (1)
- Elastizitätsmodul (1)
- Electronics (1)
- Elektronik (1)
- Elektronische Fahrhilfe (1)
- Elektronisches Stabilitätsprogram (1)
- Emergency (1)
- Emergency medical aid (1)
- Empfindlichkeit (1)
- Energie (1)
- Energy (1)
- Enteignung (1)
- Entgleisung (Zug) (1)
- Entrance (1)
- Entschädigung (1)
- Environmental impact analysis (1)
- Environmental protection (1)
- Epilepsie (1)
- Epilepsy (1)
- Ernährung (1)
- Ersatzdroge (1)
- Ethanol (1)
- Evacuation (1)
- Evakuierung (1)
- Evaluation (1)
- Event data recorder (Road vehicle) (1)
- Experimental road (1)
- Expert system (1)
- Expertensystem (1)
- Explosion (1)
- Expressway (1)
- Expropriation (1)
- Face (human) (1)
- Facility (1)
- Fahrbahn (1)
- Fahrer ; Fahrerassistenzsystem (1)
- Fahrerinformationen (1)
- Fahrleistung (1)
- Fahrwerk (1)
- Fahrzeugdach (1)
- Fahrzeugflotte (1)
- Fahrzeugrückhaltesystem (1)
- Fahrzeugteil (Sicherheit) (1)
- Fallstudie (1)
- Fatigue (mech) (1)
- Fear (1)
- Feinstaub (1)
- Fence (1)
- Feuer (1)
- Fleet of vehicles (1)
- Flooding (1)
- Flugsicherung (1)
- Flächennutzungsplan (1)
- Flächentragwerk (1)
- Food (1)
- Force (1)
- Form (1)
- Forschungsbericht (1)
- Foundation (1)
- Frequenz (1)
- Friction (1)
- Fruchtsaft (1)
- Fruit (1)
- Fruit juice (1)
- Fuel tank (1)
- Full depth asphalt pavement (1)
- Furcht (1)
- Führerschein Punktesystem (1)
- Gehirn (1)
- Geografisches Information System (1)
- Geographical information system (1)
- Geometry (shape) (1)
- Geophysic (1)
- Geophysik (1)
- Geradeausverkehr (1)
- Geschwindigkeitsbeschränkung (1)
- Gesicht (1)
- Gesundheit (1)
- Glatteis (1)
- Gravity (1)
- Grooving (1)
- Grunderwerb (1)
- Gründung (1)
- Gussasphalt (1)
- Harmonisierung (1)
- Head (human) (1)
- Health (1)
- Heat (1)
- Height (1)
- Heissmischgut (1)
- Herausschleudern (1)
- Herstellung (1)
- Highway traffic (1)
- Hip (human) (1)
- Hochfester Beton (1)
- Hochleistungsbeton (1)
- Homogeneity (1)
- Homogenität (1)
- Hospitsl (1)
- Hot coated material (1)
- Human machine interface (1)
- Hängebrücke (1)
- Häufigkeit (1)
- Höhe (1)
- Hüfte (1)
- Hüfte (menschl) (1)
- Image analysis (1)
- Image generation (1)
- Image processing (1)
- Immission (1)
- Impact (collision) (1)
- Impact study (environment) (1)
- In situ (1)
- Indemnity (1)
- Inertia reel safety belt (1)
- Information management (1)
- Infotainment System (1)
- Infotainment system (1)
- Intelligentes Transportsystem (1)
- Intelligentes Verkehrssystem (1)
- Interactive model (1)
- Interaktives Modell (1)
- Interface (1)
- Inventar (1)
- Inventory (1)
- Ireland (1)
- Irland (1)
- Italien (1)
- Italy (1)
- Itinerary (1)
- Jahreszeit (1)
- Kabel (1)
- Kalk (1)
- Kleintransporter (1)
- Klimawandel (1)
- Knie (1)
- Knochen (1)
- Kognitive Beeinträchtigung (1)
- Kohlendioxid (1)
- Kontakt Reifen-Straße (1)
- Konzentration (1)
- Kooperatives System (ITS) (1)
- Kopf (menschl) (1)
- Korea (Süd) (1)
- Korrelation [math (1)
- Korrosion (1)
- Kraft (1)
- Kraftfahrzeug (1)
- Kraftstofftank (1)
- Kragarm (1)
- Kreisverkehrsplatz (1)
- Kreuzung (1)
- Kunde (1)
- Körperhaltung (1)
- Körperstellung (1)
- Laboratorium (1)
- Laboratory (1)
- Land acquisition (1)
- Landstraße (1)
- Lap strap (1)
- Lateral (1)
- Lateral collision (1)
- Law enforcement (1)
- Layer (1)
- Laying (1)
- Leaching (1)
- Leichnam (1)
- Leistungsfähigkeit (Allg.) (1)
- Lernen (1)
- Lime (1)
- Links (1)
- Luftreinhaltung (1)
- Länge (1)
- Malaysia (1)
- Manufacture (1)
- Market (1)
- Markt (1)
- Mass spectrometry (1)
- Massenspektrometrie (1)
- Massenunfall (1)
- Materialveraenderung (allg) (1)
- Mathematical Model (1)
- Matrix (1)
- Mean (math) (1)
- Mechanics (1)
- Mechanik (1)
- Mensch Maschine Schnittstelle (1)
- Text (1)
- Messgerät (1)
- Methanol (1)
- Minimum (1)
- Modulus of elasticity (1)
- Moped (1)
- Motorisierungsgrad (1)
- Multiple collision (1)
- Nachfrage (1)
- Nachricht (1)
- Nacht (1)
- Nachtrunk (1)
- Nasse Strasse (1)
- Nasse Straße (1)
- Nerve (1)
- Nerven (1)
- Network (traffic) (1)
- Netzplantechnik (1)
- Neural network (1)
- Neurologie (1)
- Neurology (1)
- Neuronales Netz (1)
- Nigeria (1)
- Night (1)
- Nordamerika (1)
- North America (1)
- Norway (1)
- Norwegen (1)
- Notfall (1)
- Nummer (1)
- Obst (1)
- Offender (1)
- Official approval (1)
- Offset impact test (1)
- On the left (1)
- On the right (1)
- On the spot investigation (1)
- Overturning (1)
- Oxidation (1)
- Oxygen (1)
- Padding (safety) (1)
- Particulate matter (1)
- Partnerschaft (1)
- Partnership (1)
- Passive restraint system (1)
- Pavement Management System (1)
- Peat (1)
- Pelvis (1)
- Perception (1)
- Pfahl (1)
- Pflasterstein (1)
- Pfosten (1)
- Physiologie (1)
- Physiology (1)
- Pile (1)
- Platte (1)
- Point demerit system (1)
- Pole (1)
- Pollutant (1)
- Pollution (1)
- Pollution concentration (1)
- Polyolefin (1)
- Polyvinylhydrocarbon (1)
- Population (1)
- Portable (1)
- Position (1)
- Pregnancy (1)
- Preloading (soil) (1)
- Privat (1)
- Private (1)
- Privatisation (1)
- Privatization (1)
- Prohibition (1)
- Protective helmet (1)
- Prüefverfahren (1)
- Prüfung (1)
- Pssives Sicherheitssystem (1)
- Public participation (1)
- QAccident (1)
- Quality assurance (1)
- Quality management system (1)
- Qualitätsmanagementsystem (1)
- Qualitätssicherung (1)
- Querschnitt (1)
- Radar (1)
- Radfahren (1)
- Rail bound transport (1)
- Rain (1)
- Rechts (1)
- Rechtsübertreter (1)
- Recidicist (1)
- Reconstruction [accid] (1)
- Reduction (decrease) (1)
- Regen (1)
- Regierung (Staat) (1)
- Regional planning (1)
- Reibung (1)
- Reifen (1)
- Reiseweg (1)
- Republic of Corea (1)
- Research projekt (1)
- Research report (1)
- Residential area (1)
- Resuscitation (1)
- Reversing (veh) (1)
- Rib (1)
- Richtlinie (1)
- Rillenherstellung (1)
- Road (1)
- Road pricing (1)
- Road transport (1)
- Roadside (1)
- Robot (1)
- Roboter (1)
- Roll over (veh) (1)
- Roof (veh) (1)
- Rotation (1)
- Roundabout (1)
- Rsk (1)
- Run oo the road (accid) (1)
- Rupture (1)
- Rural road (1)
- Röntgenstrahlung (1)
- Rücken (1)
- Rückfalltäter (1)
- Rückwärtsfahren (1)
- Safety harness (1)
- Safety system (1)
- Saftey (1)
- Sauerstoff (1)
- Schadstoff (1)
- Schicht (1)
- Schienentransport (1)
- Schnittstelle (1)
- School (1)
- Schule (1)
- Schwangerschaft (1)
- Schweregrad (UNfall (1)
- Schwerkraft (1)
- Schwingung (1)
- Schätzung (1)
- Sealing compound (1)
- Season (1)
- Seat (1)
- Seat belt (1)
- Seat harness (1)
- Sensitivity (1)
- Service life (1)
- Sett (1)
- Settlement (1)
- Setzung (1)
- Severity (accid, injuy) (1)
- Shell (struct) (1)
- Sicherheitspolsterung (1)
- Significance (1)
- Signifikanz (1)
- Slab (1)
- Social factors (1)
- Soziale Faktoren (1)
- Spaltzugfestigkeitsversuch (1)
- Span (1)
- Spannung (mater) (1)
- Spannweite (1)
- Speed limit (1)
- Speed) (1)
- Spinal calum (1)
- Splitting tensile test (1)
- Sprödigkeit (1)
- Sri Lanka (1)
- Stadtentwicklung (1)
- Stahl (1)
- Stand der Technik (Bericht) (1)
- Standardabweichung (1)
- State of the art report (1)
- Statistik (math) (1)
- Steel (1)
- Stickoxide (1)
- Stochastic process (1)
- Stochastischer Prozess (1)
- Stopping distance (1)
- Straight ahead (traffic) (1)
- Strasse (1)
- Straßenbenutzungsgebühr (1)
- Straßenseitenfläche (1)
- Straßentransport (1)
- Stress (1)
- Stress (in material) (1)
- Subsequent drink (1)
- Subsoil (1)
- Substitution drugs (1)
- Sulfat (1)
- Sulphate (1)
- Suspension bridge (1)
- Süchtigkeit (1)
- Tag (24 Stunden) (1)
- Tal (1)
- Tax (1)
- Technische Vorschriften (1)
- Technische Vorschriften (Kraftfahrzeug) (1)
- Tension (1)
- Test procedure (1)
- Thailand (1)
- Tier (1)
- Ton (Gestein) (1)
- Torf (1)
- Tower (Bridge) (1)
- Tower (bridge) (1)
- Traffic infrastructure (1)
- Traffic restraint (1)
- Tragbar (1)
- Transfer (phys) (1)
- Transparent (1)
- Transport operator (1)
- Transportunternehmen (1)
- Traveler (1)
- Two dimensional (1)
- Tyre (1)
- Tätigkeitsbericht (1)
- Ultraviolet (1)
- Ultraviolett (1)
- Umgehungsstraße (1)
- Umweltschutz (1)
- Underride prevention (1)
- Unfalldaten (1)
- Unfallfolgephase (1)
- Unfallrate (1)
- Unfallrekonsruktion (1)
- Unfallspurensicherung (1)
- Unfallverhütug (1)
- Ungeschützter Verkehrsteilnehmer (1)
- Unterfahrschutz (1)
- Untergrund (1)
- Untersuchung am Umfallort (1)
- Urban development (1)
- Urin (1)
- Urine (1)
- Usa (1)
- Valley (1)
- Variance analysis (1)
- Varianzanalyse (1)
- Vehicle mile (1)
- Vehicle ownership (1)
- Vehicle restraint system (1)
- Vehicle safety (1)
- Vehicle safety device (1)
- Veletzung) (1)
- Verankerung (1)
- Verbot (1)
- Vereinigtes Königreichl (1)
- Verfahen (1)
- Verfahren ; Verkehrsinfrastruktur (1)
- Verkehrsbeschränkung (1)
- Verkehrsnetz (1)
- Vermeidung (1)
- Verständnis (1)
- Verstärkung (Brücke) (1)
- Versuchsstrecke (1)
- Verteilung (allg) (1)
- Vertragspartner (1)
- Vibration (1)
- Visualisation (1)
- Visualisierung (1)
- Vorbelastung (Boden) (1)
- Vulnerable road user (1)
- Wahrnehmung (1)
- Warning (1)
- Warnung (1)
- Weather (1)
- Window (veh) (1)
- Windscreen (veh) (1)
- Winter maintenance (1)
- Winterdienst (1)
- Wirkungsanalyse (1)
- Wirtschaftlichkeit (1)
- Witterung (1)
- Wohngebiet (1)
- Women (1)
- Workplace (1)
- Wärme (1)
- Zahl (1)
- Zug (mech) (1)
- Zusammendrückung (1)
- Zusammenstoss (1)
- Zweidimensional (1)
- accident (1)
- aktives Sicherheitssystem (1)
- analyses (math) (1)
- ar (1)
- efficiency (1)
- fatality (1)
- finite element method (1)
- head (1)
- road) (1)
- simulation (1)
- stat] (1)
- tödlicher Unfall (1)
- Ästhetik (1)
- Öffentlich Private Partnerschaft (1)
- Öffentliche Beteiligung (1)
- Ökosystem (1)
- Überdeckung (1)
- Überrollung (1)
- Überschwemmung (1)
- Übertragung (phys) (1)
Sedan type vehicles in which adult rear seat passengers were present and which were involved in frontal collisions were investigated, and the influence of unbelted rear seat passengers on the injuries of front seat occupants was studied. Unbelted rear seat passengers move forward during impact. It was observed that there were not only cases in which front seat occupants sustained injuries caused by direct contact with rear seat passengers, but also cases where front seat occupants received severe injuries due to additional force from rear seat passengers, either impacting directly or indirectly as a result of deformation of the front seat. Severe injuries of front seat occupants were observed in the latter cases. This research validates the importance of seat-belt use for rear seat passengers, not only to protect themselves but also to mitigate injuries of front seat occupants.
Motorcycle safety research
(2007)
Honda- global motorcycle sales exceeded the 10 million units mark since 2004, and further expansion is expected. As a responsibility for a company to provide mobility, Honda is focusing on motorcycle safety as top priority and has been working on various activities for both aspects of hardware and software. Here, we present Honda- activity for the safety technology of motorcycles. At present, Honda is promoting motorcycle safety in the four themes of prevention and collision safety such as safety education, recognition assistance, accident prevention and injury reduction. First, in the area of the safety education, the "Honda Safety Driving Promotion Center" was established in 1970, and motorcycle riders and vehicle driver trainings have been organized, and the traffic training centers are used as an actual practice field not only in Japan but also in many other regions in the world. Through our training activities, the new area of safety training with hardware assistance was developed and Honda- unique technology was accumulated such as the riding simulator which can provide experience of potentially dangerous situations without risk. Especially, the "riding trainer", the popular version of the riding simulator, was introduced at several motor shows in various countries and launched in September 2005. It was distributed first in Europe and is expected to expand globally aiming at 3000 units worldwide.. And in Europe, the newest version, which includes the suburban roads program, jointly developed with ADAC, will be released in near future. In the area of recognition assistance, "vehicle to vehicle communication technology" is under development using the advantage of being a manufacturer of both motorcycles and cars. This technology is under research as Honda "ASV-3" in Japan, and as part of C2C activity in Europe. As for the accident prevention, advanced brake systems for motorcycles to assist more effective brake operation have been expanded, Honda signed the European Road Safety Charter in April 2004 with the advanced brake systems commitment and furthermore, they are expanding according to vehicle characteristics and region. Then all models above 250 cc will have a version of the system by 2010. And as the last theme, "motorcycle airbag system" is introduced which is equipped on a mass production motorcycle for the first time in the world. It has been researched and developed for a long time as an injury reduction technology for collision accidents. Honda automobile technology was used for the research and development of the motorcycle airbag, and many specific issues such as the analysis of the collision conditions particular to motorcycles have been solved to realize today- success. It might be known that ADAC in-house crash test held in August this year confirmed the high effectiveness of the airbag system and showed a positive result. This motorcycle airbag system is equipped to the Honda Gold Wing and launched in North America in August, 2006. Also in Europe, it will be sold by the end of this year. Each theme of Honda motorcycle safety technology can be seen at the Honda booth.
Small overlap frontal crashes are defined by a damage pattern with most of the vehicle deformation concentrated outboard of the main longitudinal structures. These crashes are prominent among frontal crashes resulting in serious and fatal injuries, even among vehicles that perform well in regulatory and consumer information crash tests. One of the critical aspects of understanding these crashes is knowing the crash speeds that cause the types of damage associated with serious injuries. Laboratory crash tests were conducted using 12 vehicles in three small overlap test conditions: pole, vehicle-to-vehicle collinear, and vehicle-to-vehicle oblique (15-degree striking angle). Field reconstruction techniques were used to estimate the delta V for each vehicle, and these results were compared with actual delta V values based on vehicle accelerometer data. Estimated delta Vs were 50% lower than actual values. Velocity change estimates for small overlap frontal crashes in databases such as NASS-CDS significantly underestimate actual values.
This work aimed for getting the main features of accidents involving Light Goods Vehicles (LGV), using accident cases collected in the In-Depth Accidents Studies built up at IFSTTAR-LMA (France), in order to analyse thoroughly the proceedings of these accidents and identify the major factors for the different types of LGV. This work was based on the analysis of 88 accident cases involving LGV with a Maximum Authorised Mass inferior to 3.5 tonnes. In particular kinematics reconstruction of these accidents were performed to calculate the average impact speeds and to better understand the compatibility problems between LGV and antagonist vehicles. Specific features have been reviewed to pick up problems concerning safety, maintenance, loading, LGV design: general conditions of the accident, vehicle features, and passive safety. The main results of this study are presented in this paper.
Detailed investigations and reconstructions of real accidents involving vulnerable road users
(2005)
The aim of this research is to improve knowledge about vulnerable road users accidents and more specifically pedestrians or cyclists. This work has been based on a complete analysis of real accidents. From accidents chosen from an in-depth multidisciplinary investigation (psychology, technical, medical), we have tried to identify the configuration of the impact: car speed, pedestrian or cyclist orientations. Then, we have made a numerical modelling of the same configuration with a multibody software. In particular, we have reproduced the anthropometry of the victim and the front shape of the car. A first simulation has been performed on this starting configuration. Next, effects of some parameters such as car velocity or victim position at impact have been numerically studied in order to find the best correlations with all indications produced by the in-depth analysis. Finally, the retained configuration was close to the presumed real accident conditions because it reproduces in particular the same impact points on the car, the same injuries, and is according to the driver statement. This double approach associating an in-depth accident analysis and a numerical simulation has been applied on pedestrian-to-car and bicyclist-tocar accidents. It has allowed us to better understand the real kinematics of such impacts. Even if this method is based on a case to case study, it underlines which parameters are relevant on a vulnerable road user accident investigation and reconstruction.
PROSPECT (Proactive Safety for Pedestrians and Cyclists) is a collaborative research project involving most of the relevant partners from the automotive industry (including important active safety vehicle manufacturers and tier-1 suppliers) as well as academia and independent test labs, funded by the European Commission in the Horizon 2020 research program. PROSPECT's primary goal is the development of novel active safety functions, to be finally demonstrated to the public in three prototype vehicles. A sound benefit assessment of the prototype vehicle's functionality requires a broad testing methodology which goes beyond what has currently been used. Since PROSPECT functions are developed to prevent accidents in intersections, a key aspect of the test methodology is the reproduction of natural driving styles on the test track with driving robots. For this task, data from a real driving study with subjects in a suburb of Munich, Germany was used. Further data from Barcelona will be available soon. The data suggests that intersection crossing can be broken down into five phases, two phases with straight deceleration / acceleration, one phase with constant radius and speed turning, and two phases where the bend is imitated or ended. In these latter phases, drivers mostly combine lateral and longitudinal accelerations and drive what is called a clothoid, a curve with curvature proportional to distance travelled, in order to change lateral acceleration smoothly rather than abrupt. The data suggests that the main parameter of the clothoid, the ratio distance travelled to curvature, is mostly constant during the intersections. This parameter together with decelerations and speeds allows the generation of synthetic robot program files for a reproduction of natural driving styles using robots, allowing a much greater reproducibility than what is possible with human test drivers. First tests show that in principle it is possible to use the driving robots for vehicle control in that manner; a challenge currently is the control performance of the robot system in terms of speed control, but it is anticipated that this problem will be solved soon. Further elements of the PROSPECT test methodology are a standard intersection marking to be implemented on the test track which allows the efficient testing of all PROSPECT test cases, standard mobile and light obstruction elements for quick reproduction of obstructions of view, and a concept for tests in realistic surroundings. First tests using the PROSPECT test methodology will be conducted over the summer 2017, and final tests of the prototype vehicles developed within PROSPECT will be conducted in early 2018
Das Ziel des DRUGS-Kurses ist eine dauerhafte Distanzierung vom Drogenkonsum durch Drogenabstinenz. Der Kursteilnehmer verpflichtet sich, für die Dauer des Kurses jeglichen Drogenkonsum zu unterlassen. Während des Kurses erfolgt eine Abstinenzkontrolle durch ein forensisch verwertbares Drogenscreening. Auf die Basisstufe entfallen die ersten vier Sitzungen. Darauf folgt eine vierwöchige Selbstbeobachtungsphase, in der auch das Drogenscreening durchgeführt wird. Die in der Selbstbeobachtungsphase gemachten Erfahrungen werden in der anschließenden Aufbauphase besprochen und optimiert. Der individualpsychologische Ansatz berücksichtigt insbesondere die Psychodynamik in der Gruppe. Die Teilnehmer, welche Drogenkonsum oft mit Gruppennormen und -zwängen verbinden, können hier auch die Erfahrung machen, dass sie als Einzelne in der Lage sind, Gruppennormen mitzugestalten und sich davon, wo nötig, zu distanzieren und eine eigene Position in der Gruppe einzunehmen. Die Gruppe bietet auch das Übungsfeld für Verhaltensweisen, welche in der sozialen Gruppe außerhalb des Kurses notwendig sind.
Real world accident reconstruction with the Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS) in Pam-Crash
(2013)
Further improvement of vehicle safety needs detailed analysis of real world accidents. According to GIDAS (German In-Depth Accident Study) most car to car front accidents occur at mid-crash severity. In this range thoracic injuries already occur. In this study a real world frontal crash with mid-crash severity out of the AARU database was reconstructed. The selected car to car accident was reconstructed by AARU by means of pc-crash software in order to get the initial dynamic accident conditions. These initial conditions were used to reconstruct the complete accident in more detail using FE models for the car structure and the occupants. Occupant simulations were performed with FE HIII-dummy models and the THUMS using Pam-Crash code. An initial THUMS validation was performed in order to verify the model-´s biofidelity by means of table-top test simulations. THUMS bone stiffness values were modified to match the real word occupant age. A comparison between driver and passenger restraint system loading was done, as well as an injury prediction comparison between the HIII-dummy model and THUMS response for both cases. Detailed comparison between the HIII-dummy models and THUMS regarding thoracic loading are discussed.
Die Brücke hat eine Länge von 660 Metern und überquert das Haseltal mit einer maximalen Höhe von 70 Metern. Sie ist ein Durchlaufträger über sieben Felder mit Stützweiten von 5 x 101,60 Metern für die Mittelöffnungen und 2 x 76,20 Metern für die Endfelder. Zwei im Abstand von 18,53 Metern angeordnete vollwandige Hauptträger unterstützen die als orthotrope Platte ausgebildete 29,30 Meter breite Fahrbahntafel. Die seitlichen Kragarme sind über 5 Meter weit gespannt. Erbaut wurde die Brücke in den Jahren 1959 bis 1961. Die konstruktive Ausbildung des Überbaus wird im Einzelnen beschrieben. Auffällig ist das geringe Flächengewicht des Überbaus von nur 248 Kilogramm je Quadratmeter. Beschrieben wird zunächst der Bauablauf mit einigen Besonderheiten, ausserdem die Prüfungen während der Bauausführung und der Zustand des Bauwerks zum Ablauf der zehnjährigen Gewährleistungszeit. Bei einer Hauptprüfung des Überbaus wurden 1983 neben anderen Schäden zahlreiche systematische Risse, besonders in den Schweissnähten festgestellt, die 1985 bis 1988 zu einer umfangreichen Instandsetzung führten. Im Jahre 2002 wurden erneut viele Risse in den Schweissnähten gefunden, die umgehend wieder instand gesetzt wurden. Es wurden jährliche Sonderprüfungen angeordnet und wegen des desolaten Zustandes des Überbaus ein Neubau beschlossen. Einzelheiten zu den Schadensursachen, die durch Gutachten und Versuche festgestellt wurden, werden dargestellt.
Since its beginning in 1999, the German In-Depth Accident Study (GIDAS) evolved into the presumably leading representative road traffic accident investigation in Europe, based on the work started in Hanover in 1973. The detailed and comprehensive description of traffic accidents forms an essential basis for vehicle safety research. Due to the ongoing extension of demands of researchers, there is a continuous progress in the techniques and systematic of accident investigation within GIDAS. This paper presents some of the most important developments over the last years. Primary vehicle safety systems are expected to have a significant and increasing influence on reducing accidents. GIDAS therefore began to include and collect active safety parameters as new variables from the year 2005 onwards. This will facilitate to assess the impact of present and future active safety measures. A new system to analyse causation factors of traffic accidents, called ACASS, was implemented in GIDAS in the year 2008. The whole process of data handling was optimised. Since 2005 the on-scene data acquisition is completely conducted with mobile tablet PCs. Comprehensive plausibility checks assure a high data quality. Multi-language codebooks are automatically generated from the database structure itself and interfaces ensure the connection to various database management systems. Members of the consortium can download database and codebook, and synchronize half a terabyte of photographic documentation through a secured online access. With the introduction of the AIS 2005 in the year 2006, some medical categorizations have been revised. To ensure the correct assignment of AIS codes to specific injuries an application based on a diagnostic dictionary was developed. Furthermore a coding tool for the AO classification was introduced. All these enhancements enable GIDAS to be up to date for future research questions.
Aufgrund ständig steigender Verkehrsintensität und gleichzeitig ansteigenden Fahrzeuggewichten werden auch die Stahlbrücken mit orthotropen Fahrbahnplatten hinsichtlich Ermüdung stärker beansprucht. Zumeist wurden diese Brücken in den 60er Jahren gebaut und die heutigen Qualitätsstandards und Empfehlungen wurden nur zum Teil eingehalten. Ein nicht ausreichender Ermüdungswiderstand der Details in Kombination mit steigenden Ermüdungsbeanspruchungen führt früher oder später zu Schäden; bei einigen Brücken in Deutschland sind Schäden aufgetreten. Die zukünftige Verkehrsbeanspruchung führt dazu, dass eine Reparatur alleine nicht ausreichend ist, sondern eine nachhaltige Instandsetzung, das heisst Ertüchtigung bestehender orthotroper Platten erfolgen muss, um auch bei weiter ansteigenden Ermüdungsbeanspruchungen eine hinreichende Gesamtlebensdauer ohne erhöhten Wartungsaufwand sicherzustellen. Vor diesem Hintergrund haben das Bundesministerium fuer Verkehr, Bau- und Wohnungswesen (BMVBW) und die Bundesanstalt fuer Straßenwesen (BASt) ein Forschungsvorhaben in Auftrag gegeben, um nachhaltige Instandsetzungsmaßnahmen zur Ertüchtigung von orthotropen Fahrbahnplatten bei Stahlbrücken unter der besonderen Berücksichtigung des Belagsystems zu untersuchen und zu entwickeln. Zurzeit sind verschiedene Lösungen zur nachhaltigen Ertüchtigung orthotroper Fahrbahnplatten in der Erforschung, teilweise wurden bereits erste Probeanwendungen durchgeführt. Erste Pilotprojekte wurden in Deutschland mit der SPS-Maßnahme, dem Einsatz von PmB 25 und in den Niederlanden unter anderem mit dem hochfesten, mit Stahlfasern versehenen und bewehrten Beton durchgeführt. Zu weiteren Möglichkeiten, wie dem offenporig mit Epoxidharz vergossenen Asphalt, werden noch Bauteilversuche durchgeführt, die die Wirksamkeit solcher Maßnahmen bestätigen sollen. Die Schlussfolgerungen sind zur Zeit wie folgt: - Behandlung bauweisenbedingter Schäden: Zur Behebung der Ursachen sind fallspezifische Lösungen erforderlich, die in der Regel nicht zu einer Verbesserung der allgemeinen Ermüdungsfestigkeit orthotroper Fahrbahnplatten beitragen. - Behandlung bauweisenunabhängiger Schäden: Die Instandsetzung der Schäden ist möglichst in Kombination mit einer geeigneten Ertüchtigungsmaßnahme durchzuführen, sodass die orthotrope Fahrbahnplatte auch für zukünftige Verkehrsbeanspruchungen dauerhaft ist. - Die Instandsetzungsmaßnahmen sind im Gesamtzusammenhang des Brückenbauwerks zu sehen: Die Instandsetzung von Schäden ist in einem Gesamtzusammenhang mit anderen erforderlichen Unterhaltungsmaßnahmen an der Brücke zu sehen, so kann zum Beispiel eine mögliche Schweissreparatur an der Brücke ein Auswahlkriterium für die Art der Belagserneuerung und die Wahl einer geeigneten Abdichtung sein.
Stahlbrücken mit orthotropen Fahrbahnplatten haben in Deutschland eine lange Traditon, bedürfen aber aufgrund der ständig gestiegenen Belastung durch den Schwerverkehr in einigen Fällen einer Instandsetzung oder sogar einer nachträglichen Verstärkung. Der Beitrag stellt vor diesem Hintergrund neue Wege und Methoden zur Verstärkung orthotroper Fahrbahnplatten vor und erläutert die Grundsätze und Randbedingungen ihrer Anwendung. Alle Erfahrungen haben gezeigt, dass nur Verstärkungsmethoden, die das Trag- und Verformungsverhalten der orthotropen Platte beachten und verbessern, erfolgreich sind. Nachdem die technische Entwicklung der orthotropen Platte dargestellt wurde, geht der Bericht auf die Bemessung sowie auf das Trag- und Verformungsverhalten dieses Bauteils ein. Grundsätzlich erfolgt die Berechnung und Bemessung der orthotropen Platte durch Zerlegung des Gesamtsystems in einzelne Subsysteme, die den Kräfteweg von den einwirkenden Reifenlasten bis in die Auflagerkräfte der Brücke stufenweise nachvollziehen. Auf die Bemessung der Subsysteme und die potenziell an den Systemen möglichen Schäden wird eingegangen. In einem weiteren Teil behandelt der Bericht Erfahrungen mit Instandsetzungsverfahren. Die Gefährdung der Dauerhaftigkeit der Bauteile wird in die Kategorien 1 bis 4 eingeteilt, mit Kategorie 1 als höchster Gefährdungsstufe. Die bei den einzelnen Kategorien aufgetretenen Schäden, ihre Ausprägung und die Ursachen des Entstehens werden erläutert. Der Bericht beschreibt auch Planungsmittel für Instandsetzungs- und Verstärkungsmaßnahmen sowie prophylaktische Verstärkungsmaßnahmen und die Entwicklung nachhaltiger Verstärkungen. Dabei spielt bei einigen Maßnahmen die Verbesserung der Verbundeigenschaften zwischen Stahlblech und Asphaltbelag eine wichtige Rolle. Weitere Entlastungsmöglichkeiten des Deckblechs bestehen darin, die Steifigkeit durch eine aufgesetzte Sandwichkonstruktion zu vergrößern oder das Deckblech mit einer 50 mm dicken Schicht aus bewehrtem hochfesten Stahlfaserbeton zu verstärken.
Die Begutachtung der Fahreignung beinhaltet in Deutschland neben einer medizinischen Untersuchung und einer psychologischen Exploration gegebenenfalls auch die Anwendung anlassbezogener verhaltenswissenschaftlicher/psychologischer Testverfahren. Diese stellen keine isolierte Maßnahme dar, sondern sind Bestandteil eines Begutachtungsprozesses. Dabei stellt der sachgerechte Gebrauch von so genannten Grenzwerten unter Berücksichtigung der Einzelfallgerechtigkeit und der Einhaltung des Grundsatzes der Verhältnismäßigkeit eine unabdingbare Voraussetzung dar. Testwerte sind nicht absolut, sondern relativ und üben von daher einen eher geringen Einfluss auf das Gutachtenergebnis in Bezug auf eine Prognose des Verkehrsverhaltens aus. Im Bereich des Verkehrsverhaltens kommt es nicht entscheidend darauf an, ob eine im Milli- oder Nanobereich exakte Messgenauigkeit erreicht wird, sondern wie die verkehrsmedizinischen, verkehrspsychologischen, technischen und anderen Sachverständigen mit dem Messwert fachlich umgehen. So müssen im Bereich der Begutachtung der Fahreignung tätige psychologische und medizinische Sachverständige in der Lage sein, Befunde im Einzelfall fehler-, mangel- sowie widerspruchsfrei zu interpretieren. Dies beinhaltet auch, sich mit den Ergebnissen eines psychologischen Testverfahrens fach- und sachgerecht auseinanderzusetzen, nach Kompensationsmöglichkeiten zu suchen und gegebenenfalls eine psychologische Fahrverhaltensbeobachtung durchzuführen. Bei grenzwertigen Vorgaben handelt es sich nicht um "Cut-Offs", sondern um "kritische Grenzwerte", die im Zusammenhang mit mehreren anderen Faktoren zu werten sind.
The accident research of Hanover and (from 1999 on) Dresden registered 736 leg injuries (AIS ≥ 2) from 1983 to March 2007. 174 of these injuries (23.6 %) were fractures or dislocations of foot and ankle. 149 feet of 141 front seat car occupants in 140 cars were affected. Of these 117 were drivers, 24 were front seat passengers. The mean age of occupants was 38.5 -± 16.8 years. Ankle fractures were the most frequent injury (n = 82; 80 malleolar fractures, 2 pilon fractures). 34 fractures and dislocations affected the hindfoot (5 talus and 26 calcaneal fractures, 2 subtalar dislocations and 1 subtotal amputation) , 16 to midfoot (4 navicular fractures, 5 cuboid fractures, 3 fractures of cuneiformia, 2 dislocations of chopart joint, 1 subtotal amputation, and one severe decollement) and 39 the forefoot (metatarsal fractures). Open fractures were seldom seen (2 malleolar fractures, 1 metatarsal fracture). Both feet were injured in 10 cases. 33 occupants (23.4 %) were polytaumatic had a polytrauma, 17 of them died. 81 percent of the occupants were belted. The cars were divided in pre EuroNCAP (year of manufacture 1997 and older) and post EuroNCAP cars (year of manufacture 1998 and newer). Most of the foot injuries were seen in pre EuroNCAP cars. Most of the occupants sat in compact cars (40 drivers and 9 front seat passengers) and large family cars (27 drivers and 7 co-drivers). 49 of 140 accidents occurred on country roads, 26 on main roads and 13 on motorways. The crash direction was mostly frontal. Generally were found no differences of delta v- and EES-level between the injured foot regions, but divided into pre- and post-EuroNCAP cars there was a tendency to higher delta v- and EES-levels in newer cars. The frequency of foot injuries increased linearly with increasing delta v-level; but above delta v-level of 55 km/h the linear increase only was seen in pre-EuroNCAP cars, post-EuroNCAP cars showed no further increase of injuries. The footwell intrusion showed no difference between the injured foot regions but pre-EuroNCAP cars had a tendency to higher footwell intrusion. There were no differences in footwell intrusion between the car types. Only 29 of 174 fractures or dislocations of foot were seen in post-EuroNCAP cars, the predominate number of these injuries (n = 145) were noticed in pre-EuroNCAP cars. A lower probability of long-term impairment was found in post-EuroNCAP cars for equal delta v levels, using the AIS2008 associated Functional Capacity Index (FCI) for the foot region.
The improvement of passive car security devices led to a reduction of injuries, especially of the head, the neck and the torso mainly due to the airbag function. The passenger's foot and ankle could not profit from this development. Some investigators even reported a progression of leg injuries (1). In this study, we investigated a current collective of patients with foot and ankle fractures or severe soft tissue injuries in relation with defined crash parameters. Special interest was paid to the car's footwell.
Since its creation in 2011 the Pre-Crash-Matrix (PCM) offers the possibility to observe the pre-crash phase until five seconds before crash for a wide range of accidents. Currently the PCM contains more than 8.000 reconstructed accidents out of the GIDAS (German In-Depth Accident Study) database and is enlarged continuously by more than 1.000 cases per year. Hence, a detailed investigation of active safety systems in real accident situations has been made feasible. The PCM contains all relevant data in database format to simulate the pre-crash phase until the first collision of the accident for a maximum of two participants. This includes the definition of the participants and their characteristics, the dynamic behavior of the participants as time-dependent course for five seconds before crash as well as the geometry of the traffic infrastructure. The digital sketch of the accident and information from GIDAS as well as from supplementary databases represent the main input for the simulation of the pre-crash phase of an accident with the VUFO simulation model VAST (Vufo Accident Simulation Tool). This simulation in turn embodies the foundation of the PCM. The PCM underlies continual improvements and enhancements in consultation with its users. In addition to collisions of cars with other cars, pedestrians, bicycles and motorcycles the PCM now also covers car to object and car to truck collisions. The paper illustrates car to truck collisions as a showcase and explains perspectives for further developments. In 2016 a more detailed definition of the contour of the vehicle was added. Furthermore, the geometrical surroundings of the accident site will be provided in a new structure with a higher level of detail. Thus, a precise classification of road marks and objects is possible to further improve the support of developing and evaluating ADAS. This paper gives an overview about the latest developments of the PCM with its innovations and provides an outlook to upcoming enhancements. Besides potential areas of application for the development of ADAS are shown.
The sequence of accident events can be classified by three essential phases, the pre-crash-sequence, the crash-sequence and the post-crash-sequence. The level of reliability of the information in the GIDAS-database (German In Depth Accident Study) is provided predominantly on the passive side. The period to evaluate active safety systems begins already in the pre-crash-sequence. The assessment of the potential of sensor- or communication-based active safety systems can only be accomplished by a detailed analysis of the pre-crash-phase. Hence the necessity to analyze the early period of the accident event in detail arises. This is possible with the help of the digital sketches of the accident site and the simulation of the accident by a simulation method of the VUFO GmbH. After simulating the pre-crash scenario it is possible to generate additional and standardized data to describe the pre-crash-sequences of an accident in a very high detail. These data are documented in a second database called the GIDAS Pre-Crash-Matrix (PCM). The PCM contains various tables with all relevant data to reproduce the pre-crash-sequence of traffic accidents from the GIDAS database until 5 seconds before the first collision. This includes parameters to describe the environment data, participant data and motion or dynamic data. This paper explains the creation of the PCM, the simulation itself and the contents and structure of the PCM. With this information of the pre-crash-sequence for various accident scenarios an improved benefit estimation and development of active safety systems can be made possible.
Nowadays airbags are part of the standard equipment in almost all new cars. While airbags are saving an increasing number of people from severe injuries and death in moderate and high speed crashes, they do not completely prevent dashboard injuries. The most common mechanism in dashboard injuries is a posteriorly directed force to the proximal tibia with the knee flexed. This may occur during a motor vehicle frontal impact accident when a knee of the driver or the front-seat passenger strikes the dashboard. The posterior force can be combined with a abducting or rotational force leading to concomitant lateral or posterolateral injury. Car and airbag manufacturers therefore develop special inflatable systems to reduce the impact force in dashboard injuries. Every new inflatable system, however, has to be evaluated in out of position situations in which the system might cause injuries to certain body areas. Therefore, we investigated a new kneebag system in different critical seating positions of post mortem test subjects (PMTS). The tested knee airbag module is a folded airbag (18 litre volume) which is installed below the lower section of the instrument panel of a passenger car. Using four PMTS (2 male, 2 female, age 36"67) the following positions were tested: normal seating position, knee flexed >90 degrees and knee flexed <60 degrees in static deployment tests with direct contact. In addition a dynamic test (48.8kph, AAMA-pulse) was carried out with the PMTS belted in a normal seating position. The inflation phase and the impact of the system on the knee/lower leg were analysed by high speed videos. After the test the lower legs of the PMTS were examined by Xray and autopsy. All soft tissue injuries and bone fractures were recorded. All the tests could be evaluated. Except some superficial skin lesions in the impact area no fracture of the bones around the knee and no knee ligament and tendon injuries were observed. Neither video analysis nor autopsy of the PMTS showed any critical contact injuries caused by the inflation process of the bag. Therefore, it can be concluded that in the tested seating positions which are the most critical for the knee area the knee bag system is safe.
The primary goal of this investigation was to determine the relative risk of traffic accidents in students. In a two year period, a survey amongst 2,325 students was carried out, and 3,645 injuries sustained by students treated at our hospital were analyzed. Moped-riding in adolescents were associated with a 23.75-fold increased risk for injury as compared to biking. Children who ride bicycles have a 2.2-fold increased risk for an injury sustained by traffic accidents compared to pedestrians. None of 50 injured bicycle riders with helmet had an AIS for head injuries of more than 2. 24 of 233 injured bicycle drivers without helmet had an AIS for head injuries of more than 2. The use of a protective helmet significantly reduced the severity of head injuries. The level of awareness towards danger and a history of previous accidents correlate with the likelihood of future accidents. Due to the severity of traffic accidents, more adequate prevention measures (wearing of bicycle helmets and better education for moped riders) are urgently needed.
To date, the Trauma Registry (TraumaRegister DGU-® contains data of approximately 100.000 severely injured patients, 65% of which suffered from a road traffic crash. Thus, it is the world's largest data base for severely injured patients. The article describes the development of the registry and explains how it was rolled out over Germany using the established structure of the German Trauma Network (TraumaNetzwerk DGU-®). In addition, this article presents three typical use cases from the fields of quality management, policy making and system-wide interventions, clinical research and injury prevention. In conclusion, the TraumaRegister DGU-® is a well-established tool for various purposes related to the control and reduction of the burden of road injury. Its ongoing expansion to other countries will support the goal of international benchmarking of hospitals and trauma systems.