83 Unfall und Mensch
Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
- 2015 (7) (entfernen)
Dokumenttyp
- Konferenzveröffentlichung (7) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- Accident (5)
- Conference (5)
- Deutschland (5)
- Germany (5)
- Konferenz (5)
- Unfall (5)
- Interview (3)
- Unfallrekonstruktion (3)
- Accident reconstruction (2)
- Driver (2)
- Fahrer (2)
- Ability (road user) (1)
- Active safety system (1)
- Aggression (psycho) (1)
- Aggression (psychol) (1)
- Air traffic control (1)
- Aktives Sicherheitssystem (1)
- Alte Leute (1)
- Aufzeichnung (1)
- Behaviour (1)
- Beinahe Unfall (1)
- Benutzung (1)
- Bewertung (1)
- Bicycle (1)
- Camera (1)
- Cause (1)
- Cyclist (1)
- Data acquisition (1)
- Data transmission (telecom) (1)
- Datenerfassung (1)
- Datenübertragung (Telekom) (1)
- Decision process (1)
- Detection (1)
- Detektion (1)
- Digital model (1)
- Dreidimensional (1)
- Driver assistance system (1)
- Driving (veh) (1)
- Efficiency (1)
- Eins (1)
- Entscheidungsprozess (1)
- Ergonomics (1)
- Ergonomie (1)
- Estimation (1)
- Evaluation (assessment) (1)
- Fahrerassistenzsystem (1)
- Fahrgeschicklichkeit (1)
- Fahrrad (1)
- Fahrsimulator (1)
- Fahrzeugführung (1)
- Flugsicherung (1)
- Fußgänger (1)
- Geschwindigkeit (1)
- Human factor (1)
- Illness (1)
- Kamera (1)
- Krankheit (1)
- Leistungsfähigkeit (allg) (1)
- Menschlicher Faktor (1)
- Near miss (1)
- Netherlands (1)
- Niederlande (1)
- Numerisches Modell (1)
- Old people (1)
- On the spot accident investigation (1)
- One (1)
- Pedestrian (1)
- Prognose (1)
- Radfahrer (1)
- Reaction (human) (1)
- Reaktionsverhalten (1)
- Reconstruction (accid) (1)
- Recording (1)
- Risk taking (1)
- Rücksichtslosigkeit (1)
- Safety (1)
- Schweregrad (Unfall (1)
- Sensor (1)
- Severity (acid (1)
- Sicherheit (1)
- Simulation (1)
- Simulator (driving) (1)
- Software (1)
- Speed (1)
- Statistics (1)
- Statistik (1)
- Telefon (1)
- Telephone (1)
- Test (1)
- Three dimensional (1)
- Two dimensional (1)
- Untersuchung am Unfallort (1)
- Ursache (1)
- Use (1)
- Verhalten (1)
- Verletzung) (1)
- Versuch (1)
- Visualisation (1)
- Visualisierung (1)
- Zweidimensional (1)
- injury) (1)
- simulation (1)
Introduction: The method of causation analysis applied under the German accident survey GIDAS, which is based on Accident Causation Analysis System (ACAS) focuses on an on-scene data collection of predominantly directly event-related causation factors which were crucial in the accident emergence as situational resulting events and influences. The paradigm underlying this method refers to the findings of the psychological traffic accident research that most causally relevant features of the system components human, infrastructure and vehicle technology are found directly in the situation shortly before the accident. This justifies the survey method which is conducted directly at the accident (on-scene), shortly after the accident occurrence (in-time) with the detection of human-related causes (in-depth). Human aspects of the situation analysis that interact and influence the risk situations shortly before the collision are reported as errors, lapses, mistakes and failures in ACAS in specific categories and subcategories. Thus methodically ACAS is designed primarily for the collection of accident features on the level of operational action, which certainly leads to valid findings and behavioral causes of accidents. The enhancement by means of Moderating Conditions concerns the pre-crash phase in different levels: strategical, tactical and operational.
The changed focus in vehicle safety technology from secondary to primary safety systems need to evolve new methods to investigate accidents, high critical, critical and normal driving situations. Current Naturalistic Driving Studies mostly use vehicles that are highly equipped with additional measuring devices, video cameras, recording technology, and sensors. These equipped fleets are very expensive regarding the setup and administration of the study. Due to the great rarity of crashes it is additionally necessary to have a high distribution and a homogeneous distribution of subject groups. At the end all these facts are leading to a very expensive study with a manageable number of data. Smartphones are becoming more and more popular not only for younger people. Contrary to traditional mobile phones they are mostly equipped with sensors for acceleration and yaw rates, GPS modules as well as cameras in high definition resolution. Additionally they have high-performance processors that enable the execution of CPU-intensive tools directly on the phone. The wide distribution of these smartphones enables researchers to get high numbers of users for such studies. The paper shows and demonstrates a software app for smartphones that is able to record different driving situations up to crashes. Therefore all relevant parameter from the sensors, camera and GPS device are saved for a given duration if the event was triggered. The complete configuration is independently adjustable to the relevant driver and all events were sent automatically to the research institute for a further process. Direct after the event, interviews with the driver can be done and important data regarding the event itself are documented. The presentation shows the methodology and gives a demonstration of the working progress as well as first results and examples of the current study. In the discussion the advantages of this method will be discussed and compared with the disadvantages. The paper shows an alternative method to investigate real accident and incident data. This method is thereby highly cost efficient and comparable with existing methods for benefit estimation.
The main focus of the benefit estimation of advanced safety systems with a warning interface by simulation is on the driver. The driver is the only link between the algorithm of the safety system and the vehicle, which makes the setup of a driver model for such simulations very important. This paper describes an approach for the use of a statistical driver model in simulation. It also gives an outlook on further work on this topic. The build-up process of the model suffices with a distribution of reaction times and a distribution of reaction intensities. Both were combined in different scenarios for every driver. Each scenario has then a specific probability to occur. To use the statistical driver model, every accident scene has to be simulated with each driver scenario (combinations of reaction times and intensities). The results of the simulations are then combined regarding the probabilities to occur, which leads to an overall estimated benefit of the specific system. The model works with one or more equipped participants and delivers a range for the benefit of advanced safety systems with warning interfaces.
Many safety-relevant tasks in control or diagnostics require binary choices such as "conflict versus separation" in air traffic control, "normal versus pathological" when interpreting x-ray pictures, or "permitted versus forbidden" when inspecting airport security scans. Deciders often are uncertain, but nevertheless required to decide between two alternatives, that is, they have not only to decide upon an action, but also about the admissible level of uncertainty. If the accepted level of judgment certainty is not taken into account, the sequence of decisions does not capture the full picture of the underlying decision process. Differences in judgment certainty are relevant, because they reflect not only the adequacy of the human-machine interface that is evaluated, but also the differences in expertise of the decider and the requirements of the actual situation or task. Therefore, capturing both judgment certainty and discrimination performance is essential. A comparison of different human-machine-interfaces (for air traffic control) is used to illustrate a methodological approach, which allows for integrated analyses of decision processes based on receiver-operator-characteristics and practical guidelines for the evaluation of human-machine-interfaces for safety-relevant operation procedures are provided.
The current paper reports on the results of a pilot study aiming to investigate the effect of mobile telephone use on the driving performance of 5 amateur and 5 professional drivers. Their driving acuity was tested through a driving simulator. Analysis and interpretation of the results occurred comparing the drivers' driving performance while talking, reading messages and writing a message on the mobile phone (intervention time) with the drivers' driving performance engaged in no activity (control time). The variables affected by the mobile phone were the "steering", the "lane offset" and the "duration of lane offset". Moreover, the drivers involved in a car crash in the last five years appeared to differ from those who were not involved in a crash in both "lane offset" and "following distance". The results of this pilot study will inform the design of a large experimental study on 50 professional and 50 amateur drivers.
Accident simulation and reconstruction for enhancing pedestrian safety: issues and challenges
(2015)
The enhancement of pedestrian safety represents a major challenge in traffic accidents. This study allows a better understanding of the issues in pedestrian protection. It highlights the potential of in-depth studies in identifying relevant crash parameters interfering in the pedestrian safety. A computational simulation tool was developed to reconstruct pedestrian real-world crashes. A sample of 100 in-depth accident cases was reconstructed from two sources: 40 crashes provided by IFSTTAR-LMA and 60 crashes from CASR. To exemplify the methodology, two accident cases from each database were illustrated. A description of the sample of crashes was presented including the travel and impact speed of the vehicle, the driver reaction, the pedestrian walking speed, the scene configuration with the eventual obstacles, etc. This detailed description is pointing to the major factors affecting the limits of pedestrian safety systems.
Cycling supports the independence and health of the aging population. However, elderly cyclists have an increased injury risk. The majority of injured cyclists is victim of a single-sided accident, an accident in which there is no other party involved. The aim of the project "Safe and Aware on the bicycle" is to develop guidelines for an advisory system that is useful in preventing single-sided accidents. This system is able to support the elderly cyclist; enabling the cyclist to timely adapt his cycling behaviour and improve cycling safety and comfort. For the development of such advisory system the causes of singles accidents and the wishes of the elderly cyclist must be known. First step to obtain this insight was a literature survey and an GIDAS research. Unfortunately accidentology research with GIDAS did not give the full understanding of the pre-crash situations and (especially the behaviour related) factors leading to the accident. The second step was consultation of elderly cyclist through a questionnaire (n=800), in-depth interviews (n=12) and focus group sessions (n=15). This offered complementary information and a much better understanding of the behavioural aspects. Results concern the behaviour in traffic and identify specific physical (i.e. problems looking backwards over the shoulder) and mental issues. Furthermore, the needs and wishes for support in specific cycling situations were identified. In conclusion; The GIDAS results together with the information obtained contacting the elderly cyclists enabled setting up requirements for an advisory system, which is useful in preventing single-sided accidents.