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The second ESAR Conference took place at the Medical University Hannover. This year conference presents the current state of affairs of relevant research activities in the field of in-depth investigations. The first conference on ESAR (Expert Symposium on Accident Research) was established in 2004. It is planned to hold ESAR every two years. Hannover seems to be the right place for this conference concerning the fact that the first in-depth research team was found here in the year 1973 and comprehensive studies on accident analysis were spread out from here around the world continuously. This year conference topped all expectations in terms of the numbers of participants, in the variety of papers and the interdisciplinary of presenters from medical, psychological and engineering background. More than 100 delegates from all over the world, that means 13 different countries and from 4 different continents, came to Hannover, presented their results of accident investigation and discussed countermeasures for accident prevention and injury reduction. ESAR should be a platform for exchange of knowledge to find an optimized way for increase of traffic and vehicle safety by in-depth investigation and methodology. ESAR as international conference should be a platform for consideration of all nations round the world. This seems to be very important for the current situation, having high safety in the high industrial countries of Europe, US and Australia, but low safety and high injury risk in Asia and Africa.
Empirical vehicle crashworthiness studies are usually based on national or in-depth traffic accident surveys: Data on accident-involved cars/drivers are analysed in order to quantify the chance of driver injury and to assess certain risk factors like car make and model. As the cars/drivers involved in the same accident form a "cluster", where the size of the cluster equals the number of accident-involved parties, traffic accident survey data are typical multi-level data with accidents as first-level or primary and cars/drivers as secondlevel or secondary units (car occupants in general are to be considered as third level units). Consequently, appropriate statistical multi-level models are to be used for driver injury risk estimation purposes as these models properly account for the cluster structure of traffic accident survey data. In recent years various types of regression models for clustered data have been developed in the statistical sciences. This paper presents multi-level statistical models, which are generally applicable for vehicle crashworthiness assessment in the sense that data on single and multiple car crashes can be analysed simultaneously. As a special case of multi-level modelling driver injury risk estimation based on paired-by-collision car/driver data is considered. It is demonstrated that assessment results may be seriously biased, if the cluster structure inherent in traffic accident survey data is erroneously ignored in the data analysis stage.
Mit dem Forschungs- und Entwicklungsvorhaben sollten bestehende Wissenslücken zum Verkehrssicherheitspotenzial an innerörtlichen Haltestellen des straßen- und schienengebundenen öffentlichen Personennahverkehrs geschlossen werden. Untersuchungsgegenstand waren Haltestellen im Linienbus- und Straßenbahnverkehr mit Lage im Straßenraum. Neben einer Auswertung der Straßenverkehrsunfallstatistik des Statistischen Bundesamtes erfolgten vertiefende Unfallanalysen in vier Fallbeispielen (Städte Düsseldorf, Leipzig und Zwickau sowie Landkreis Mayen-Koblenz) als Grundlage für ein Sicherheitsranking relevanter Haltestellentypen, ergänzt um Einzelfallanalysen für ausgewählte Haltestellenbereiche unterschiedlichen Typs. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten jeweils auf der Basis von Unfalldaten aus drei Kalenderjahren. Insgesamt wurden in den vier Fallbeispielen rund 2.550 Teilhaltestellen unterschiedlichen Typs untersucht, davon 1.750 Bushaltestellen, 690 Straßenbahnhaltestellen und 110 kombiniert genutzte Haltestellen. In den Haltestellenbereichen waren in 3 Kalenderjahren rund 770 Unfälle mit Personenschaden zu verzeichnen. Rund 85 Prozent (im Landkreis Mayen-Koblenz 91 Prozent) der Bushaltestellen und 30 Prozent der Straßenbahnhaltestellen wiesen in den untersuchten drei Kalenderjahren keinen Unfall mit Personenschaden auf. Als spezifische Kenngröße für die vergleichende Beurteilung der unterschiedlichen Haltestellenformen wurden haltestellenbezogene Unfallkosten UK zugrunde gelegt, um über die Unfallanzahl hinaus auch die Unfallschwere in die Betrachtungen einzubeziehen. Im vorliegenden Falle wurde diese Kenngröße als UK(P) ermittelt, da nur Unfälle mit Personenschäden in die Untersuchungen einbezogen wurden. Verwendet wurden an die Verunglücktenstruktur angepasste Unfallkostensätze. Quantifizierte Ergebnisse konnten für die Bushaltestellentypen "Bucht" und "Fahrbahnrand/Kap" sowie die Straßenbahnhaltestellentypen "Fahrbahnrand/Kap", "Fahrbahn" (mit den Varianten "StVO" und "Zeitinsel") sowie "Seitenbahnsteig" ermittelt werden. Zusammenfassend konnte festgestellt werden: - Im Vergleich der ÖPNV-Teilsysteme sind Bushaltestellen sicherer als Straßenbahnhaltestellen und kombinierte Haltestellen. - Im Vergleich der Haltestellentypen sind Haltestellen am Fahrbahnrand (einschließlich Kaplösungen) am sichersten, gefolgt vom Typ "Bucht" und den beiden auf das ÖPNV-Teilsystem Straßenbahn bezogenen Haltestellentypen "Fahrbahn" und "Seitenbahnsteig". - Bezogen auf das ÖPNV-Teilsystem Bus schneidet der Haltestellentyp "Bucht" deutlich ungünstiger ab als der Typ "Fahrbahnrand/ Kap". - Bezogen auf das ÖPNV-Teilsystem Straßenbahn schneidet der Haltestellentyp "Fahrbahnrand/Kap" am günstigsten ab, gefolgt vom Typ "Fahrbahn". Am ungünstigsten sind die Werte für den Typ "Seitenbahnsteig". - In Bezug auf den Straßenbahnhaltestellentyp "Fahrbahn" ergaben die Ergebnisse zu den beiden Varianten "Fahrbahn, StVO" und "Fahrbahn, Zeitinsel" deutliche Unterschiede. Sowohl bei den spezifischen Unfallkosten als auch in Bezug auf die mittlere jährliche Unfallanzahl pro Teilhaltestelle und die mittleren Unfallkosten von Unfällen mit Personenschaden im Haltestellenbereich ergab die Variante "Zeitinsel" ungünstigere Werte als die Variante "StVO". Empfohlen wird insbesondere: - die Priorisierung des Typs "Fahrbahnrand/Kap" als Standardlösung für Bushaltestellen (VwV-StVO), - eine Neubewertung des Typs "Fahrbahn" und hier wiederum der Variante "StVO" in VwV-StVO und Regelwerken mit dem Ziel einer Priorisierung dieses Typs gegenüber dem Typ "Seitenbahnsteig" (bei vergleichbaren Rahmenbedingungen) sowie der Variante "StVO" gegenüber der Variante "Zeitinsel", die Konkretisierung und Weiterentwicklung der Einsatzkriterien für Zeitinseln sowie - eine verstärkte Berücksichtigung der Verkehrssicherheit von im Haltestellenbereich die Fahrbahn querenden Fußgängern.
Es ist zu beobachten, dass trotz einer Abnahme der Zahl der Verletzungen und der Verletzungsschwere der Insassen bei Pkw-Unfällen Halswirbelsäulen (HWS)-Distorsionen, speziell im unteren Geschwindigkeitsbereich häufiger auftreten. Neben anderen Faktoren werden auch veränderte Beschleunigungs- und Verzögerungsimpulse, die im Crashfall auf die Insassen wirken, als möglicherweise ursächlich für die Entstehung von HWS-Distorsionen angesehen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird untersucht, welchen Einfluss konstruktive Veränderungen, die durch Versicherungseinstufungstests bedingt werden, auf die Beschleunigungs- und Verzögerungsimpulse im Fahrzeuginnenraum haben. Versuche zum Fußgängerschutz wurden einvernehmlich nicht durchgeführt, da die Fahrzeuge noch nicht konsequent nach Fußgängerschutzkriterien konzipiert werden. Die Untersuchungsmethode lässt sich gliedern in: - Analyse von internationalen Versicherungssystemen und Analyse der aus den Versicherungseinstufungstests resultierenden Veränderungen von Fahrzeugstrukturen; - Durchführung und Analyse von eigenen Aufprallversuchen mit Fahrzeugteilstrukturen und vergleichende Analyse von Vollfahrzeugversuchen der Versicherungswirtschaft; Zusammenführen der getätigten Schritte. Bei der Ersteinstufung eines Pkw in die Vollversicherung dient der Versicherungseinstufungstest des RCAR/AZT (Prüfgeschwindigkeit 15 km/h) zur Bestimmung der Schadenshöhe und damit zur Einstufung in eine Typklasse. In vielen weiteren Staaten dienen dieser oder ähnliche Tests zur Bewertung der Reparaturfreundlichkeit von Pkw. Um bei einem Versicherungseinstufungstest den Schaden möglichst gering zu halten, haben nahezu alle Neufahrzeuge Querträgersysteme mit kostenarm wechselbaren Absorptionselementen, die die Crashenergie gezielt auf kurzem Weg aufnehmen. Durch die neu EG-Richtlinie 2003/102/EG zum Fußgängerschutz müssen zukünftig hinter der Stoßfängeraußenhaut und vor dem massiven Querträger weiche Schäume untergebracht werden. Der Bauraum für Querträger und Energieabsorptionselemente wird dadurch weiter eingeschränkt. Diese Anforderungen veranlassen die Hersteller dazu, die Energieabsorptionselemente steifer zu gestalten, um einen effektiven Energieabbau bei kurzen Stopplängen zu gewährleisten. Durch diese Maßnahmen wird zwar der Insassenschutz bei Frontalaufprallen im Hochgeschwindigkeitsbereich verbessert, es werden aber zugleich höhere Innenraumverzögerungen (schnellerer Anstieg, höhere mittlere Verzögerung) bei Crashs im gesamten Geschwindigkeitsbereich erzeugt. Eine durchgeführte Korrelation zwischen konstruktiven Veränderungen am Fahrzeug und empirisch bestimmten Verzögerungsverläufen zeigte, dass eine günstigere Einstufung in der Fahrzeugvollversicherung nicht zwangsläufig höhere Verzögerungsimpulse für den Innenraum bedingen muss. Bei der Analyse von 172 Crashversuchen des Allianz Zentrums für Technik mit Neufahrzeugen aus den Jahren 1992 bis 2003 zeichnen sich aber statistisch bedeutsame ßnderungen in den Verzögerungsverläufen über die Prüfjahre ab: - Anstieg der Verzögerung wird steiler; - Mittelwert der Verzögerung wird grösser; - Zeitdauer bis zum Auftreten der maximalen Verzögerung wird kürzer; - dynamische Gesamtdeformation wird kleiner. Die steife Auslegung der für den Versicherungseinstufungstest relevanten Crashteile verbessert den Insassenschutz bei Hochgeschwindigkeitscrashs. Wenn es sich aber durch weitere Untersuchungen bestätigt, dass höhere Verzögerungs- beziehungsweise Beschleunigungsimpulse die Auftretenswahrscheinlichkeit von HWS-Verletzungen im Niedriggeschwindigkeitsbereich vergrößern, so sollten gezielt Maßnahmen zur Verringerung dieser Verletzungsrisiken ergriffen werden. Dazu gehören die weitere Optimierung der Sitzstrukturen einschließlich der Kopfstützen und die Entwicklung adaptiver Crashstrukturen, die dem Crashfall angepasste Kraft-Weg-Kennlinien ermöglichen.
The incidence and treatment of sternal fractures among traffic accidents are of increasing importance to ensure best possible outcomes. Analysis of technical indicators of the collision, preclinical and clinical data of patients with sterna fractures from 1985-2004 among 42,055 injured patients were assessed by an Accident Research Unit. Two time groups were categorized: 1985-1994 (A) vs. 1995-2004 (B). 267/42,055 patients (0.64%) suffered a sterna fracture. Regarding the vehicle type, the majority occurred after car accidents in 0.81% (251/31,183 pts), followed by 0.19% (5/2,633pts) driving motorbike, and 0.11% (4/3,258pts) driving a truck. 91% wore a safety belt. Only 13% of all passengers suffering a sternal fracture had an airbag on board (33/255 car/trucks), with an airbag malfunction in 18%. The steering column was deformed in 39%, the steering wheel in 36%. Cars in the recent years were significantly older (7.67-±5 years (B) vs. 5.88-±5 years (A), p=0.003). Cervical spine injuries are frequent (23% vs. 22%), followed by multiple rib fractures (14% vs. 12%) and lung injuries (12% vs. 11%). We found 9/146 (6%) and 3/121 patients (3%) with heart contusion among the 267 sternal fractures. MAIS was 2.56-±1.3 vs. 2.62-±1.3 (A vs. B, p=0.349). 18% of patients were polytraumatized, with 11.2% dying at the scene, 2.3% in the hospital. Sternal fractures occur most often in old cars to seat-belted drivers often without any airbag. Severe multiple rib fractures and lung contusion are concomitant injuries in more than 10% each indicating the severity of the crash. Over a twentyyear period, the injury severity encountered was not different with 18% polytrauma patients suffering sternal fractures.
The fact that ADAC Air Rescue handles approximately 4,000 road accident missions every year gave rise to set up an accident research programme for which ADAC Air Rescue provides its data. This data is of initial informational quality and will be supplemented by data from the police, experts, fire brigades as well as hospitals and forensic institutes. Although the number of cases is still rather low, certain tendencies can be identified. The causes for most accidents occur when joining or intersecting traffic, followed by speeding in road bends and tailgating. Many accidents involve HGV rear end collisions, often causing serious injuries, considerable damage and technical problems for the rescue operations. With regard to the various impact types, it has become obvious that most of the extremely serious injuries are inflicted during a passenger car side impact. In addition, access to and removal of trapped passengers is becoming more and more complicated, partly due to the increasing use of high-strength materials, and rescue operations tend to be more time consuming.
Bicyclists are minimally or unprotected road users. Their vulnerability results in a high injury risk despite their relatively low own speed. However, the actual injury situation of bicyclists has not been investigated very well so far. The purpose of this study was to analyze the actual injury situation of bicyclists in Germany to create a basis for effective preventive measures. Technical and medical data were prospectively collected shortly after the accident at the accident scenes and medical institutions providing care for the injured. Data of injured bicyclists from 1985 to 2003 were analyzed for the following parameters: collision opponent, collision type, collision speed (km/h), Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), Maximum AIS (MAIS), incidence of polytrauma (Injury Severity Score >16), incidence of death (death before end of first hospital stay). 4,264 injured bicyclists were included. 55% were male and 45% female. The age was grouped to preschool age in 0.9%, 6 to 12 years in 10.8%, 13 to 17 years in 10.4%, 18 to 64 years in 64.7%, and over 64 years in 13.2%. The MAIS was 1 in 78.8%, 2 in 17.0%, 3 in 3.0%, 4 in 0.6%, 5 in 0.4%, and 6 in 0.2%. The incidence of polytrauma was 0.9%, and the incidence of death was 0.5%. The incidence of injuries to different body regions was as follows: head, 47.8%; neck, 5.2%, thorax, 21%; upper extremities, 46.3%; abdomen, 5.8%; pelvis, 11.5%, lower extremities, 62.1%. The accident location was urban in 95.2%, and rural in 4.8%. The accidents happened during daylight in 82.4%, during night in 12.2%, and during dawn/dusk in 5.3%. The road situation was as follows: straight, 27.3%; bend, 3.0%; junction, 32.0%; crossing, 26.4%; gate, 5.9%; others, 5.4%. The collision opponents were cars in 65.8%, trucks in 7.2%, bicycles in 7.4%, standing objects in 8.8%, multiple objects in 4.3%, and others in 6.5%. The collision speed was grouped <31 in 77.9%, 31-50 in 4.9%, 51-70 in 3.7%, and >70 in 1.5%. The helmet use rate was 1.5%. 68% of the registered head injuries were located in the effective helmet protection area. In bicyclists, head and extremities are at high risk for injuries. The helmet use rate is unsatisfactorily low. Remarkably, two thirds of the head injuries could have been prevented by helmets. Accidents are concentrated to crossings, junctions and gates. A significant lower mean injury severity was observed in victims using separate bicycle lanes. These results do strongly support the extension or addition of bicycle lanes and their consequent use. However, the lanes are frequently interrupted at crossings and junctions. This emphasizes also the important endangering of bicyclists coming from crossings, junctions and gates, i.e. all situations in which contact of bicyclists to motorized vehicles is possible. Redesigning junctions and bicycle traffic lanes to minimize the possibility of this dangerous contact would be preventive measures. A more consequent helmet use and use and an extension of bicycle paths for a better separation of bicyclists and motorized vehicle would be simple but very effective preventive measures.
This study aimed to identify the occurrence, type and mechanisms of the traumatic injuries of the vulnerable road users in vehicle collisions, and to determine the effects of human, engineering, and environment factors on traffic accidents and injuries. The pedestrian accident cases were collected in the years 2000 to 2005 from Changsha Wujing hospital China and Accident Research Unit at Medical University Hannover in Germany. A statistic analysis was carried out using the collected accident data. The results from analysis of Changsha data were compared with results from analysis of GIDAS data Hannover. The injury severities were determined using AIS code and ISS values. The results were presented in terms of cause of injuries, injury distributions, injury patterns, injury severity. The factors influenced the injury outcomes were proposed and discussed for the vehicle transport environment and road users. The results were discussed with regard to accident data collection, accident sampling and injury distributions etc. In the urban area of Changsha, motorcycles and passenger cars are most frequently involved in vehicle pedestrian accidents. Head and lower extremities injuries are the predominant types of pedestrian injuries. The pedestrian accidents were identified as vital issue in urban traffic safety and therefore a high priority should be given to this road user group in research of safe urban transportation. In Hannover area, cars are most frequently involved in traffic accidents, injured pedestrians are involved in road traffic of Germany in 13% of all causalities only in 2005 and have nearly the same number as motorcyclists, but the half of bicyclists.
Description of road traffic related knee injuries in published investigations is very heterogeneous. The purpose of this study was to estimate the risk of knee injuries in real world car impacts in Germany focusing vulnerable road users (pedestrians, bicyclists and motorcyclists) and restrained car drivers. The accident research unit analyses technical and medical data collected shortly after the accident at scene. Two different periods (years 1985-1993 and 1995-2003) were compared focusing on knee injuries (Abbreviated Injury Scale (AISKnee) 2/3). In order to determine the influences type of collision, direction and speed as well as the injury pattern and different injury scores (AIS, MAIS, ISS) were examined. 1.794 pedestrians, 742 motorcyclists, 2.728 bicyclists and 1.116 car drivers were extracted. 2% had serious ligamentous or bony injuries in relation to all injured. The risk of injury is higher for twowheelers than for pedestrians, but knee injury severity is higher for the latter group. Overall the current knee injury risk is low and significant reduced comparing both time periods (27%, p<0,0001). Severe injuries (AISKnee 2/3) were below 1%). Improved aerodynamic design of car fronts reduced the risk for severe knee injuries significantly (p=0,0015). Highest risk of injury is for motorcycle followed by pedestrians, respectively. Knee protectors could prevent injuries by reducing local forces. The classically described dashboard injury was rarely identified. The overall injury risk for knee injuries in road traffic is lower than estimated and reduced comparing both periods. The aerodynamic shape of current cars compared to older types reduced the incidence and severity of knee injuries. Further modification and optimization of the interior and exterior design could be a proper measurement. Classic described injury mechanisms were rarely identified. It seems that the AIS is still underestimating extremity injuries and their long term results.
The primary goal of this investigation was to determine the relative risk of traffic accidents in students. In a two year period, a survey amongst 2,325 students was carried out, and 3,645 injuries sustained by students treated at our hospital were analyzed. Moped-riding in adolescents were associated with a 23.75-fold increased risk for injury as compared to biking. Children who ride bicycles have a 2.2-fold increased risk for an injury sustained by traffic accidents compared to pedestrians. None of 50 injured bicycle riders with helmet had an AIS for head injuries of more than 2. 24 of 233 injured bicycle drivers without helmet had an AIS for head injuries of more than 2. The use of a protective helmet significantly reduced the severity of head injuries. The level of awareness towards danger and a history of previous accidents correlate with the likelihood of future accidents. Due to the severity of traffic accidents, more adequate prevention measures (wearing of bicycle helmets and better education for moped riders) are urgently needed.