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A concept for Safe-Driving-Trainings with a focus on risky behavior and safety related attitudes has been evaluated. 519 participants have been tested before and after the training by means of a questionnaire with the topics: technical driving competence, awareness of risks, and propensity for anticipation. A control group (131 subjects) was used to check for the possibility of response artifacts. Three months later, 92 members of the treatment group and 25 members of the control group have been tested again. The results show significant positive changes in driving competence, risk awareness, and safety related attitudes, especially anticipation, due to the training. Compared to the control group the participants have become more risk aware and they regard of risk avoiding behavior as more important. The results show that this concept for Safe-Driving-Trainings has not only short-term but, more importantly, long-term positive effects on the safety-relevant attitudes and cognitions of young drivers.
The presentation deals with the simulation tool rateEFFECT which intends to answer the following questions: Which active safety systems should be developed to maximize safety benefit in real traffic accidents? What is the effectiveness of a specific active safety system in the real world? How many casualties could be avoided by such a system? It is shown that a lot of information is required to simulate existing accidents in order to estimate ADAS effects. This particularly includes numerical values for the pre-crash and in-crash phase. The database GIDAS provides a required minimum number of these parameters for a statistically significant sample.
Im Hinblick auf das Lösen werden Boden und Fels nach DIN 18300 beschrieben. Dabei werden bindige Bodenarten in Abhängigkeit von ihrer Konsistenz in unterschiedliche Bodenklassen unterteilt. Bodenarten von leichter bis mittlerer Plastizität und weicher bis halbfester Konsistenz werden der Bodenklasse 4 zugeordnet. Ausgeprägt plastische Tone von weicher bis halbfester Konsistenz gehören der Bodenklasse 5 an. Bodenarten von fester Konsistenz sind der Bodenklasse 6 zuzuordnen. Die Grenze zwischen halbfester und fester Konsistenz ist dabei über die Schrumpfgrenze definiert, die nach DIN 18122-2 bestimmt wird. Da vor allem bei leichtplastischen Böden der Wassergehalt an der Schrumpfgrenze häufig oberhalb des Wassergehaltes an der Ausrollgrenze liegt, kommt es bei der Einordnung bindiger Böden in die Bodenklassen der DIN 18300 häufig zu Unklarheiten, was zu Streitfällen zwischen Auftragnehmer und Auftraggeber führen kann. Das Ziel des Forschungsvorhabens war es deshalb, ein geeigneteres Kriterium zur Einordnung halbfester und fester Böden in die Bodenklassen der DIN 18300 zu erarbeiten und dazu eine Versuchstechnik zu entwickeln. In einem ersten Schritt wurde das Schrumpfverhalten bindiger Böden analysiert und die Versuchstechnik zur Bestimmung der Schrumpfgrenze untersucht. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass bei Böden mit einer Plastizitätszahl IP < 18 % der Wassergehalt an der Schrumpfgrenze in der Regel oberhalb des Wassergehalts an der Ausrollgrenze liegt. Anhand von Untersuchungen zum Schrumpfverhalten an Proben, die bei unterschiedlichen Spannungen vorbelastet worden waren, wurde ausserdem festgestellt, dass der Wassergehalt an der Schrumpfgrenze mit zunehmender Vorbelastung abnimmt. Diese Untersuchungen haben damit bestätigt, dass anhand der nach DIN 18122-2 ermittelten Schrumpfgrenze keine eindeutige Zuordnung in die Bodenklassen 4 und 6 bzw. 5 und 6 möglich ist. Deshalb wurden im Folgenden Untersuchungen zu anderen Kriterien zur Unterscheidung zwischen halbfesten und festen Böden durchgeführt. Hierzu wurden zunächst Untersuchungen zur einaxialen Druckfestigkeit durchgeführt. Da das Herausarbeiten von ungestörten Probekörpern im relevanten Konsistenzbereich aber mit großen Schwierigkeiten verbunden ist, kann die Verwendung der einaxialen Druckfestigkeit zur Einordnung der Bodenklassen nicht empfohlen werden. Im Rahmen des Forschungsvorhabens wurden daher im weiteren Verlauf Untersuchungen zu einem einfach durchzuführenden Versuch durchgeführt, der eine Unterscheidung von halbfestem und festem Boden auf Grundlage der Festigkeit ermöglicht. Dazu wurden an aufbereiteten Böden Eindringversuche mit einer Proctornadel und einer Konusspitze durchgeführt. Die Versuchsergebnisse belegen, dass ein klarer Zusammenhang zwischen der Konsistenz und dem Eindringwiderstand besteht und dass eine Bewertung der Festigkeit mit Hilfe dieser Versuche prinzipiell möglich ist. Zur Festlegung konkreter Werte für eine Unterscheidung der Bodenklassen 4, 5 und 6 gemäß DIN 18300 sind jedoch weitere Untersuchungen erforderlich.
Rear-end collisions are the most frequent same and opposite-direction crashes. Common causes include momentary inattention, inadequate speed or inadequate distance. While most rear-end collisions in urban traffic only result in vehicle damage or slight injuries, rear-end collisions outside built-up areas or on motorways usually cause fatal or serious injuries. Driver assistance systems that detect dangerous situations in the longitudinal vehicle direction are therefore an essential safety plus. In view of this, for ADAC, systems that alert drivers to dangerous situations and initiate autonomous braking complement ESC as one of the most important active safety features in modern vehicles. The aim of ADAC is to provide consumers with technical advice and competent information about the systems available on the market. Reliable comparative tests that are based on standardised test criteria may provide motorists with important information and help them make a buying decision. In addition, they raise consumer awareness of the systems and speed up their market penetration. The assessment must focus on as many aspects of effectiveness as possible and include not only autonomous braking but also collision warning and autonomous brake assist. The work of the ADAC accident research is the development of the testing scenarios with direct link to accident situations and the identification of useful test criteria for testing.
The GIDAS-investigation team of Dresden (VUFO) has documented more than 11.500 accidents since 1999. The documentation of the accident includes beside vehicle-, injury- and environmental-data very detailed reconstruction data. Within this accident investigation the VUFO began to record the skid resistance of the accident site in 2009. The measurements are divided in macro- and microroughness (Sand depth method and Portable Skid Resistance Tester-SRT-by Munro-Stanley London-©). Both methods are used to determine the skid resistance for more than 1000 passenger cars. The aim of the present study is to find out a relationship between the measured skid resistance, the road conditions and the friction coefficient, which is used to calculate the maximum accelerations and decelerations during a reconstruction of an accident. Basic approach to convert the SRT-value into the friction coefficient is the calculation of the theoretical absorbed energy of the spring rubber system of the swinging arm of lever. This absorbed energy is used to get the friction coefficient by using the equations for the work of friction. To consider the road-behavior, in correlation to the friction coefficient, the results will be merged with existing literature. Last step for this study will be a comparison between actual used friction coefficients all over the GIDAS-database and the theoretical results. The study shows, if it is possible to use the SRT-Measurement for the estimation of a friction coefficient for the reconstruction of a traffic accident. As expected, the GIDAS-Database and the additional measurement of the roughness of the road directly on the spot are an enormous useful dataset.
This paper will outline ETSC's contribution to the European Union's road safety policy 2011-2020. It will present some of the main recommendations from ETSC's Blueprint for the 4th Road Safety Action Programme and will introduce the response to the European Commission's Road Safety Policy Orientations 2011-2020 (published July 2010). The second framework document presented is the Transport White Paper (published March 2011). The paper will focus on new targets and the new vision set for Europe's Road Safety policy picking out some issues in particular such as traffic law enforcement and the protection of vulnerable road users. It will argue that by reinforcing the current Road Safety Policy Orientations, the EU will be better placed to reach its new ambitious goal of halving road deaths by 2020 and the longer term zero casualty vision.
Cycle helmets have continued to increase in popularity since their introduction half a century ago. Many studies indicate that overall, head injury can be significantly reduced by wearing them. This study was conducted using two distinct sets of real-world cycling collision data from Ireland, namely cases involving police collision reports and cases involving admission to a hospital emergency department. The analyses sought to simulate and analyse the protective performance of cycle helmets in such collision scenarios, by comparing the Head Injury Criterion score and peak head accelerations, both linear and angular. Cycle collisions were simulated using the specialised commercial software MADYMO. From the simulation results, these key metrics were compared between the same-scenario helmeted and unhelmeted cyclist models. Results showed that the inclusion of bicycle helmets reduced linear accelerations very significantly, but also increased angular accelerations significantly compared to unhelmeted situations. Given the modest protective performance of cycle helmets against angular accelerations, it is recommended that cycle helmet manufacturers and international test standards need to pay more attention to head angular accelerations.
The effect of fatigue on driving has been compared to the effect of alcohol impairment in both driver performance and crash studies. However are crash characteristics and causation mechanisms similar in crashes involving fatigue to those involving alcohol when studied in the real world? This has been explored by examining data held in the EC project SafetyNet Accident Causation Database. Causation data was recorded using the SafetyNet Accident Causation System (SNACS). The focus was on Cars/MPV crashes and drivers assigned the SNACS code Alcohol or Fatigue. The Alcohol group included 44 drivers and the Fatigue group included 47. "Incorrect direction" was a frequently occurring critical event in both the Alcohol and Fatigue groups. The Alcohol group had more contributory factors related to decision making and the Fatigue group had more contributory factors relating to incorrect observations. This analysis does not allow for generalised statements about the significance of the similarities and differences between crashes involving alcohol and fatigue, however the observed differences do suggest that attempts to quantify the effect of fatigue by using levels of alcohol impairment as a benchmark should be done with care.
Real world accident reconstruction with the Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS) in Pam-Crash
(2013)
Further improvement of vehicle safety needs detailed analysis of real world accidents. According to GIDAS (German In-Depth Accident Study) most car to car front accidents occur at mid-crash severity. In this range thoracic injuries already occur. In this study a real world frontal crash with mid-crash severity out of the AARU database was reconstructed. The selected car to car accident was reconstructed by AARU by means of pc-crash software in order to get the initial dynamic accident conditions. These initial conditions were used to reconstruct the complete accident in more detail using FE models for the car structure and the occupants. Occupant simulations were performed with FE HIII-dummy models and the THUMS using Pam-Crash code. An initial THUMS validation was performed in order to verify the model-´s biofidelity by means of table-top test simulations. THUMS bone stiffness values were modified to match the real word occupant age. A comparison between driver and passenger restraint system loading was done, as well as an injury prediction comparison between the HIII-dummy model and THUMS response for both cases. Detailed comparison between the HIII-dummy models and THUMS regarding thoracic loading are discussed.